Chemistry Presentation 2018

Environmental Chemistry| 23
-Water Pollution and Water Treatment | 23.3
CONTENTS
1. TYPES OF POLLUTION
2. TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WATER
3. PARAMETERS OF WATER ANALYSIS
 • There are two major types:
SUSPENDED SOLID AND
SEDIMENTS
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTIONS DISSOLVED SOLIDS
 WATER POLLUTION

• DEFINATION:
Water pollution is
any chemical, physical or
biological change in the quality of water that
has a harmful effect on any living thing that
drinks or uses or lives (in) it.
• EFEECTS:
When humans drink polluted water it often has
serious effects on their health. Water pollution can
also make water unsuited for the desired use.
 SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND SEDIMENTS
These are wastes which are not completely soluble but suspended in the water.
TYPE SOURCE SPREAD THROUGH EFFECT ON ANIMALS EFFECT ON PLANTS

OIL SPILLAGE Petroleum LEAKAGE FROM • HUMANS: 1. Light transmission is

(fuel, lubricants, • Cargo tankers Polycyclic hydrocarbons affected.
plastics, electrical • Pipelines are carcinogenic. 2. Rate of
appliances, synthetic • Underground • ANIMALS: photosynthesis is
rubber etc) storage tanks 1. Damage of fur & decreased
feather of birds 3. Conc. Of Oxygen is
2. Sometimes death decreased by 50%

LIVE-STOCK WASTE Waste Dumped on open Waste Dumped on open Diseases like These contaminants
land , canals or rivers. land , canals or rivers. a) Dysentery leach into the soil and
b) Typhoid effect the nutrient
c) Hepatitis quality.
Are spread by bacteria
TYPE SOURCE SPREAD THROUGH EFFECT ON ANIMALS EFFECT ON PLANTS
Industrial Waste Highly Toxic organic Heat, smoke , solid a) Unsuitable for drinking. Polluted water cause
(Leather/Tanneries, compounds, heavy or water effluent b) If ingested through difference in irrigation, the
Foods, Sugar, metals like Lead, food/water gets plant growth maybe
Fertilizers, Mercury, Chromium accumulated in affected.
paper/pulp etc) and mineral acids. organism causing health
problems like anemia,
kidney diseases, nervous
disorder and many more

Leather Tanneries Chromium salts with Due to no proper a) Highly toxic, causes
+6 oxidation state disposal system it is cancer
disposed in rivers b) The respiratory tract is
and lakes. the major target of
inhalation exposure
to chromium(VI)
compounds in humans
and animals. ...
Chromium also affects gro
wth of leaves, the main
photosynthetic plant organ
.Increasing chromium conc
entration leads to a
significant reduction in the
leaf area and leaf biomass,
which is accompanied by
decreased photosynthesis
 Detergents
Wastes completely
soluble in water
Dissolved Solids Pesticides

Chemical
Fertilizers
 DETERGENTS AND PESTICIDES
Pb, Cd, Hg

All detergents destroy the

external mucus layers that
protect the fish from
bacteria and parasites; plus
they can cause severe
damage to the gills.
 Chemical Fertilizer
(to increase the yield of the
crops)

1. Increase growth of
algae& other aquatic
plants. Decompose
and produces odor.
2. Depletion of 𝑶𝟐
cause the death of
aquatic animals.
Spread 3. Lakes and slow
SOURCE moving water are
through
Nitrate/ converted into
Rivers,
Phosphate swamps and
lakes and
salts marshes.
ponds
4. Nitrate salts in water
make it undrinkable
for humans.
THERMAL POLLUTION
DEEFINATION:
Thermal pollution is defined as sudden increase or decrease in temperature of a natural body of
water which may be ocean, lake, river or pond by human influence. This normally occurs when a
plant or facility takes in water from a natural resource and puts it back with an altered
temperature. Usually, these facilities use it as a cooling method for their machinery or to help
better produce their products.
Causes:
1. Water as Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing and Industrial plants:
Production and Manufacturing plants are biggest source of thermal pollution. These plants draw water from nearby
source to keep machines cool and then release back to the source with higher temperature.
2. Soil Erosion:
Consistent soil erosion causes water bodies to rise, making them more exposed to sunlight.
3. Deforestation:
Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling directly on lakes, ponds or rivers. When deforestation takes place, these water
bodies are directly exposed to sunlight, thus absorbing more heat and raising its temperature
5. Natural Causes: Natural causes like volcanoes and geothermal activity under the oceans and seas can trigger warm lava to raise
the temperature of water bodies. Lightening can also introduce massive amount of heat into the oceans. This means that the
overall temperature of the water source will rise, having significant impacts on the environment.
 EFFECTS
1. Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Levels: The warm temperature reduces the levels of DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
in water. The warm water holds relatively less oxygen than cold water. The decrease in DO can create
suffocation for plants and animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods, which may give rise to anaerobic
conditions. Warmer water allows algae to flourish on surface of water and over the long term growing algae can
decrease oxygen levels in the water.
2. Increase in Toxins: With the constant flow of high temperature discharge from industries, there is a
huge increase in toxins that are being regurgitated into the natural body of water. These toxins may
contain chemicals or radiation that may have harsh impact on the local ecology and make them susceptible to
various diseases.
3. Loss of Biodiversity: A dent in the biological activity in the water may cause significant loss of biodiversity.
Changes in the environment may cause certain species of organisms to shift their base to some other place
while their could be significant number of species that may shift in because of warmer waters.
4. Ecological Impact: A sudden thermal shock can result in mass killings of fish, insects, plants or amphibians.
Hotter water may prove favorable for some species while it could be lethal for other species.
5. Affects Reproductive Systems: A significant halt in the reproduction of marine wildlife can happen due to
increasing temperatures as reproduction can happen with in certain range of temperature. Excessive
temperature can cause the release of immature eggs or can prevent normal development of certain eggs.
6. Increases Metabolic Rate: Thermal pollution increases the metabolic rate of organisms as increasing enzyme
activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required, if their
environment were not changed. It disrupts the stability of food chain and alter the balance of species
composition.
7. Migration: The warm water can also cause particular species of organisms to migrate to suitable environment
that would cater to its requirements for survival. This can result in loss for those species that depend on them
for their daily food as their food chain is interrupted.
 Waste Water treatment and analysis
DEFINATION:
“Wastewater treatment is a process to convert wastewater – which is water no longer needed or
suitable for its most recent use – into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with
minimal environmental issues or reused. The latter is called water reclamation and implies
avoidance of disposal by use of treated wastewater effluent for various purposes.”
• STAGE ONE: SCREENING
Screening is first stage of the wastewater treatment process. Screening removes large objects
like, diapers, nappies, sanitary items, cotton buds, face wipes and even broken bottles, bottle
tops, plastics and rags that may block or damage equipment.
Special equipment is also used to remove grit that gets washed into the sewer.
• STAGE TWO: PRIMARY TREATMENT
This involve the separation of organic solid matter (or human waste) from the wastewater. This
is done by putting the wastewater into large settlement tanks for the solids to sink to the
bottom of the tank. The settled solids are called ‘sludge’. At the bottom of these circular tanks,
large scrappers continuously scrape the floor of the tank and push the sludge towards the
center where it is pumped away for further treatment. The rest of the water is then moved to
the Secondary treatment.
• STAGE THREE: SECONDARY TREATMENT
The water, at this stage is put into large rectangular tanks. These are called aeration lanes. Air is
pumped into the water to encourage bacteria to breakdown the tiny bits of sludge that
escaped the sludge scrapping process.
• STAGE FOUR: FINAL TREATMENT
Next the ‘almost’ treated wastewater is passed through a settlement tank. Here, more sludge is
formed at the bottom of the tank from the settling of the bacterial action. Again, the sludge is
scrapped and collected for treatment. The water at this stage is almost free from harmless
substances and chemicals. The water is allowed to flow over a wall where it is filtered through
a bed of sand to remove any additional particles.
• The filtered water is then released into the river.
1) What is water pollution? Give different
types.
2) Give any two effect of water pollution.
3) How is preliminary treatment done?
4) How can we prevent thermal pollution?
5) What diseases are caused by live-stock?
6) How is solubility of oxygen reduced in
water?