Recycling of water

By sewage treatment
Chemical wastes such as mercury, nickel
and oil
Discarded rubbish
Untreated sewage
Fertilizers

Water pollution
Chemical waste such as heavy metal (mercury,
nickel…) and oil can cause serious pollution.
Chemical waste dissolved in the soil and absorbed
by the plants that is the producer of a food chain.
Chemical wastes are not digested and excreted
from the body and caused “BIOACCUMUALTION”
Mercury is accumulated in the body of living
organisms and affects on the nervous system of
the body

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL WASTES

 Plastics are non-
biodegradable, are not
broken down by
decomposers
Discarded plastics bottles
can’t trap small animals;
nylon fishing line and
nets can trap birds and
mammals such as seals
and dolphins.
Burning plastics can
released toxic gases to
the surrounding

Effect of dumped rubbish

Sewage contains high levels of nutrients such
as phosphate, organic matter and bacteria.
Phosphates act as fertilizers for algae
Bacteria feed on the organic matter and
reproduce rapidly, using up oxygen in
respiration.
Untreated sewage can caused disease in
organisms such as cholera and typhoid
(transmitted by water)

Effect of untreated sewage

Fertilizers is applied to increase high crop
yielding.
It is very soluble in water and leached out
the soil easily.
Causing eutrophication of rivers and lakes

Use of fertilizers
Sewage is mainly water, contaminated
with organic matters, solids, bacteria and
minerals such as phosphates.
There is short supply of water in some
places, the sewage needs to be treated to
provide clean water for reused.
Any treated effluent that is returned rivers
and will not cause water pollution such as
eutrophication

Sewage treatment
Sewage input
--------
--------
Gritand sundry household items and
potential pathogens
Take sedimentation : allow grit to settle.

Sedimentation
Floatingdebris can be removed by a
coarse metal grid
To avoid block the pumps and pipes in
sewage treatment system

Screening
Suspended solids (in sewage) are allowed
to precipitate as crude sewage sludge by
Iron chloride
Suspended solids and dissolved solutes
can be treated separately.
Dissolved solutes is moved to activated
sludges
Suspended solids leads to digested sludge

Function of first settlement tank

There is aerobic digestion by using bacteria and
fungi in activated sludge.
Convert organic compound to simple inorganic
forms.
Then these inorganic forms are transferred to
second settlement tank that allows suspended
solids to precipitate
[remaining effluent has low BOD, minimize
pathogen] can discharge to the river or sea.
Before discharging, it may be chlorinated to kill
any bacteria for drinking safely.

Activated sludge and second

settlement tank
Suspended solids from first settlement
tank is transferred to the digested sludge
and treated in four main ways:
Dried and sold as natural fertilizers
Used to promote decomposition of wasted
in landfill sites
Dumped at sea
Incinerated
Anaerobic digestion

Digested sludge
Microorganisms involved in anaerobic
digestion of sewage sludge
Fat to fatty acid; proteins to amino acid;
carbohydrates to sugars.
Methane is byproducts in this process
It is used as bio gas to increase
temperature in anaerobic digester.
And also used to generate electricity from
rubbish.

Digested sludge
 Summary
Ecosystem & Environment
Human impact on Environment
CO2 and methane are greenhouse
gases, trapping outgoing long
wavelength radiation in the atmosphere
and warming the Earth.
Increased concentrations of these gases
are causing global warming.

Global warming
SO2 is produced when coal and other
fossil fuels burn.
 SO2 and nitrogen oxides dissolves
and react in water droplets in the
atmosphere, and fall to the ground as
acid rain. This leaches
aluminum ions from soils, and kills plants
and aquatic organisms.

Acid rain
Fall-outfrom accidents at nuclear
reactions emits ionising radiation,
which damages DNA and can cause
mutations, cancer and radiation
burns.

Nuclear fall-out
Deforestation reduces the amount of CO2 that
is taken out of the
atmosphere for photosynthesis, and so may
increase global
warming. Combustion of the felled trees
releases CO2 into the
atmosphere. Deforestation also destroys
habitats for animals, possibly
leading to their extinction. It increases soil
erosion and flooding.

Deforestation
Water pollution by fertilizers or raw sewage
can cause
eutrophication, in which large populations of
aerobic bacteria form,
reducing the amount of dissolved O2 in the
water and making it
impossible for most animals to live there.
Other chemical wastes, such
as heavy metals, can also cause water
pollution

Water pollution
Paper is made from wood (trees). If the
paper is recycled after use, fewer
trees need to be cut down. The used
paper is turned into a pulp and any
dyes such as printing ink are removed.
The pulp is then rolled into sheets
and dried to produce recycled paper that
can be used for newspapers, toilet
paper, hand towels…

Recycle Paper
Conservation is the process of looking
after the natural environment.
Conservation attempts to maintain or
increase the range of
different species living in an area, known
as biodiversity.

Conservation
- Many species of animals and plants are in danger of extinction, due
to
factors such as habitat destruction, the introduction of other species,
international trade and pollution.
- Loss of a species also means that its genes are lost: these may be
important in the future for genetic engineering (e.g. to improve crops)
and
the production of useful chemicals such as medicines.
- The presence of rare species can be an important source of money
for poor
communities, through tourism.
- The species may play an important role in a food chain: its loss could
endanger other species.

The need for conservation of

species
Ifhabitat is lost, so are the species that live in
them, so habitat destruction
poses the greatest threat to the survival of species.
A habitat maybe conserved by:
using laws to protect the habitat
using wardens to protect the habitat
reducing or controlling public access to the habitat
controlling factors, such as water drainage and
grazing, that may otherwise contribute to
destruction of the habitat

The need for conservation of

habitats
Some natural resources (the material we
take from Earth) are not
replaceable (renewable). For example,
fossil fuels such as coal took
millions of years to form. Increasing
demands for energy are depleting these
resources.

The need for conservation of

natural resources
- Increase the use of renewable energy (wind
farms, solar power,
hydroelectric power…).
- Improve the efficiency of energy use (better
insulation, smaller car
engines, more public transports…).
- Grow tree specifically for fuel, then replant as
they are cut down --> the
greenhouse effect is not increased, and habitats
can be maintained when
trees felling is carefully managed.

Ways of conserving natural

resources
Practice Question
The changes nitrates level from W to Z

Practice questions
The changes the level of suspended solids

Practice questions
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