Animal Physiology

HUMAN NUTRITION
HUMAN NUTRITION
 Nutrition is the
taking in of nutrients
which are organic
substances and
mineral ions, then
absorbing and
assimilating them.
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NUTRITION : A SEQUENCE OF PROCESSES

 Nutrition is taken place by digestive

system
 It is a sequence of processes :

i. Ingestion
ii. Digestion

iii. Absorption

iv. Assimilation
v. Egestion
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Human digestive system is composed of
two main parts:
 Digestive tract or alimentary canal
 Associated glands
DIGESTIVE TRACT

 Digestive tract
starts with
mouth and end
with anus.
ASSOCIATED GLANDS
 Salivary glands in the
mouth[buccal] cavity
 Liver
 Pancreas
INGESTION
 Ingestion is the
taking in food and
drinks through mouth.
DIGESTION
 Types of digestion
 Mechanical digestion: large food
substances to small food particles with
the help of organs
 Chemical digestion: large insoluble
molecule to small soluble molecules with
the help of enzymes.
DIGESTION IN MOUTH
 Mouth; first part of
human digestive tract
 Mechanical digestion
can be done by teeth
and tongue in the
mouth/buccal cavity
 Mastication: the
process of crushed
food particles are  www.parotidsurgerymd.com

mixed with saliva.

DIGESTION IN MOUTH
 Chemical digestion
 Salivary glands
produce saliva that
contain water, salts,
mucus and enzymes
 Starch is digested
into maltose with the
help of salivary  www.intranet.tumu.edu.ua

amylase.
OESOPHAGUS
 The oesophagus is a
thick-walled muscular
tube located behind
the trachea
(windpipe).
 The bolus of food
moves through the
oesophagus by a
rhythmic series of
muscular contractions.
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HOW FOOD BOLUS MOVED!!!!
 Muscular tube
oesophagus is composed
of antagonistic muscle
pairs: circular and
longitudinal muscles pairs.
 When the circular muscle
contracts, that caused
the wall of gullet
constrict and pushing the
food bolus towards the
www.medium.com stomach.
PERISTALSIS ACTION
 The involuntary action of the antagonistic
muscles in the oesophagus (gullet).
  Peristalsis squeezes the oesophageal
muscles from top to bottom.
 Peristalsis action pushes food and liquid
alongside the gut as forming a muscular
wave.
STOMACH
 Stomach is a wide
curved sac, placed
across the left side of
upper abdominal
cavity.
 Glands in the wall of
stomach secretes out
hydrochloric acid and
pepsin (protease).
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DIGESTION IN STOMACH
 Stomach received food bolus (foreign substance
that contain microorganisms) from the
oesophagus.
 Hydrochloric acid can kill the microorganisms
stuck in the food bolus.
 Food bolus mixed with Hydrochloric acid is termed
as acidic chyme.
 Proteins is started to digest in the stomach with
the help of pepsin enzyme.
 Proteins to peptides(pH 2-3; 37 ̊C)
DUODENUM
DUODENUM
 Duodenum is the first and shortest part
of the digestive tract.
 It accepts all digestive juice such as:
 Bile Juice from the liver
 Pancreatic Juice from the pancreas.
LIVER IN DIGESTION
 Gall bladder embedded
in the liver produced
bile juice and
introduced in the
duodenum by the bile
duct.
 Bile juice is used to
neutralize the acidic
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chyme and emulsify the
large fat particles to
smaller fat globules.
PANCREAS
 Pancreas secretes out
pancreatic juice and opened
into the duodenum by
pancreatic duct.
 Pancreatic juice contains many
enzymes.
 Pancreatic amylase
 [starch to maltose]
 Tyrpsin
 [proteins to peptides]
 Lipase
 [lipid to fatty acid and
www.shutterlock.com glycerol]
ILEUM
 Ileum is the posterior part of the small
intestine.
 All carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are
digested in the ileum .
 After digestion, smallest soluble
substances are started to absorb in it by
villi and microvilli in the inner lining of the
ileum.
ADAPTED FEATURES OF ILEUM
 long coiled (around 6
m) ileum can increase
the time taken for
passing through
digested molecules.
 Containing numerous
microvilli can increase
the absorptive surface
area of ileum
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ADAPTED FEATURES OF ILEUM
 One-celled thick
epithelium can be a
shorter distance to
diffuse out soluble
molecules.
 Capillary network can
maintain the
concentration gradient
between the ileum and
www.barewalls.com the blood in the
capillaries.
ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTION

 Glucose, amino acid, mineral salts ( and

water) is absorbed in the small intestine
and transported to the liver by the hepatic
portal veins.
 Fatty acid and glycerol are absorbed by the
lacteal and transported directly to the
circulatory system.
 Most absorption of water could be occurred
in the small intestine.
FUNCTION OF LIVER
 in digestion
 To neutralize acidic chyme for emzymetic
digestion
 To emulsify large fat particles to small fat
globules for increasing the action of lipase
enzymes on it.
FUNCTION OF LIVER
 In assimilation process (in liver)
 Conversion of glucose :
 Glucose ------- glycogen (insulin from
pancreas)
 Glycogen ------- glucose (glucagon from
pancreas)
FUNCTION OF LIVER
 Transamination
 useful amino acid -------- Proteins
 Deamination
 Excess amino acid ------- Urea
 Detoxification
 Concentrated toxic ------ dilute toxic
LARGE INTESTINE
 Anterior colon and posterior rectum are
main parts of the large intestine.
 The colon extracts water and salt from
solid wastes before they are eliminated
from the body.
 It reabsorbs water, some minerals and
vitamins,
RECTUM
 The lower part of the large intestine, is
about 15 cm long.
 It receives indigested wastes from the
colon and stored until eliminating them
through defaecation.
ANUS
 The anus is the last part of the digestive
tract and taking egestion process.
 It is made up of the pelvic floor muscles
and two sets of anal sphincter muscles.
SUMMATIVE TEST

Explain the followings;

i. Chemical digestion in
the stomach
ii. Peristalsis in
oesophagus
iii. Where is proteins
started to digest
iv. Absorption process
by microvilli.