NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Q1. Describe the process of nutrition in amoeba with the help of neat labelled diagram.(Fig. 6.3)
ANS: amoeba has holozoic nutrition. It feed on microscopic plants or animals.(omnivorous) The process
of obtaining food by amoeba is called phagocytosis (cell feeding).
*Amoeba has no mouth or fixed place for ingestion of food. Intake of food occurs through any part of the
body.
*When amoeba come in contact with the food particle, it sends out pseudopodia which encircle the food
and the tips of pseudopodia fuse over the food forming food vacuole - ingestion.(phagocytosis)
*Inside the food vacuole, the enzymes present in it digest the complex food into simpler molecules.-
digestion.
*The digested food in the food vacuole is absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion-absorption.
*The absorbed food in the cytoplasm of amoeba is used for energy, growth, repair etc- assimilation.
*The undigested food collected inside the amoeba is moved towards the surface and is thrown out of the
body- egestion. (Or refer TB for the ANS.)
Q2. How does paramecium ingest the food?
ANS. Paramecium has a definite shape and the food is taken in at a definite spot. (Oral groove leading in
to a gullet through mouth). Food is moved to this spot by the movement of the cilia which cover the entire
surface of the body.

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:

Q3. Give an account of the human digestive system with a labelled diagram.(Fig 6.6)
ANS. The Digestive system of human comprises:
A. Alimentary canal. B. Digestive glands
A) Alimentary canal: The human alimentary canal runs from mouth to anus and is about 9 meters long.
It consists of the following parts.
i) Mouth: Mouth leads into the buccal cavity at the floor of which has a tongue bearing taste buds. The
tongue helps in swallowing, mastication and mucus secretion. There are 32 teeth of four different types,
namely incisors,canines,premolars and molars.
ii) Pharynx: The mouth opens into funnel shaped pharynx which leads to a tube called oesophagus or
food pipe. The food and air passages cross here. Air from the pharynx enters into the trachea or windpipe
through a slit called glottis which bears a cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food
into it.
iii) Oesophagus: This long and narrow muscular tube leads to the stomach. The contraction and
expansion movement of the walls of the food pipe called peristaltic movement, moves the food into the
stomach.
iv) Stomach: It is a large muscular organ which lies below the diaphragm on the left side of the
abdominal cavity and expands when food enters in it.Muscles present on the walls of the stomach churn
and propel the food forward.
v)Small intestine: It is a convoluted tube and consists of three parts-:Duodenum -the C- shaped curve
which is the first part of the small intestine, Jejunum- more coiled and longer tube and Ileum- the last part
that leads to large intestine.
vi)Large intestine: It is shorter and wider than small intestine and has 3 regions: -Caecum-the small
rounded blind sac from which vermiform appendix arises; Colon – The inverted u-shaped tube and
Rectum – which opens to the exterior through Anus.
B) Digestive glands:
i) Salivary glands: -The salivary glands secrete saliva which contains the enzyme Salivary amylase.
ii) Gastric glands: -The glands present in the walls of the stomach secrete gastric juice. It contains 1)
HCL,
2) ENZYMES- Pepsin, Renin and Lipase 3) MUCUS.
iii) Pancreas: -The second largest gland of human body that secretes pancreatic juice. The pancreatic
juice contains enzymes like Trypsin, Amylase and Lipase.
iv) Liver: -The largest gland in human body and secretes Bile which is temporarily stored in gall bladder.
Bile has no enzymes.
v) Intestinal glands: -These glands are present in between the villi. They secrete intestinal juice (called
succus entericus) which contains enzymes to digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Q4. Explain the process of digestion in human beings.
ANS. a) Mouth: Teeth crush the food into small pieces for easy swallowing (physical digestion.) Tongue
mixes this food thoroughly with saliva( produced from 3 pairs salivary glands namely parotid , sublingual
and submaxilary) and moves it around the mouth. Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase
(ptyalin) that breaks down the complex starch molecule to give simple sugar
Starch Salivary amylase Simple sugar(Maltose)
b) Oesophagus: No digestion occurs here
c) Stomach: In the stomach, the food is churned by the muscles of the stomach. The food gets mixed with
the gastric juice which contains HCl, Enzymes and Mucus.
Functions of HCl:

 HCl creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the enzyme called pepsin.
 It kills the bacteria present in the food.
 Stops the action of saliva.
 It softens the food.
Functions of gastric Enzymes:

 Pepsin breaks proteins into peptones.

  Renin is present only in infants and helps in curdling of milk.
Functions of Mucus:

 Protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid under normal condition.
(imbalance in the rate of secretion of gastric juice leads to peptic ulcer which is depressed lesions
the mucus membrane of the stomach)
The exit of the food from stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which releases the food in
small amount into the small intestine.
d) Small intestine: the site of complete digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
Small intestine receives juices from:
i) Liver – Liver secretes bile which is alkaline in nature. Bile has following functions:
(1) Bile makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline, so that pancreatic enzymes act on it.
(2) Bile salts break down the fat present in the food into small globules (Emulsification) making it easy
for the enzymes to act and digest them.
ii) Pancreas – Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes like Trypsin for
digesting proteins, Lipase for breaking down emulsified fats and Pancreatic amylase for digesting
carbohydrates.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secretes intestinal juiceand the food is acted upon
by the enzymes present in the intestinal juice.
The digestion gets completed in the small intestine. Proteins are converted into amino acids, carbo
hydrates in to Glucose and fat in to fatty acids and glycerol.
Absorption: Inner surface of the small intestine has millions of tiny fingers like projections called villi
which increase the surface area for the absorption of digested food.
The villi are richly supplied with blood capillariesand lymph vessels to take the absorbed food to varies
parts.
The absorbed foods its utilised for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and repair of old tissues.
e) Large intestine: The unabsorbed food is sent in to the large intestine where more villi absorb water
and minerals from this material.
The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of this waste material is regulated
by the anal sphincter muscles.
Q5. Describe the different steps in the process of nutrition (holozoic nutrition) in animals.
ANS.INGESTION: The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.
DIGESTION: The process of breaking down of complex insoluble food into simple water-soluble
molecules which can be absorbed by the body is known as digestion.
ABSORPTION: The process of passing of digested food through the intestinal walls into the blood stream
is called absorption.
ASSIMILATION.: The process of taking in the absorbed food by body cells and using it for energy,
growth and repair is called assimilation.
EGESTION: The process of removing undigested food from the body is called egestion.
Q6.Write an experiment to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis?
ANS:REFER TB.ACTIVITY 6.1
Q7.Write an experiment to prove that CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis?
ANS: REFER TB. ACTIVITY 6.2
Q8. Draw and label transverse section of leaf.