The Digestive System

The digestive process is a process that involves

the digestive organs and digestive glands

2 types the digestive process, are :

 mechanically
the mechanical digestion process is the process of
changing food from large or rough shape into small or smooth
shapes.
 chemically (enzymatic)
the chemical digestion is a process changes in food from
complex substances to simpler substances with using enzymes
The Anatomy of Digestive System
A. DENTAL AND MOUTH
1. Oris (mouth)
is the beginning of the digestive tract which consists of 2 outer parts,
namely:
 The narrow outer or vestibule is the space between the gums, teeth, lips
and cheeks
 The oral cavity inside the oral cavity is prohibited by the maxillary bone,
platum and mandibular, in the back continue with the pharynx
2. The palate
is made up of two parts, namely:
 The hard palate which is composed of the
palate crowns and the front of the maxillary
bone and more back consisting of 2 palate
bones.
 Paltum mole (soft palate) located behind
which is a hanging fold that can move,
consisting of fibrous tissue and mucous
membranes
3. Tooth
There are 2 types of teeth:
 Primary teeth, begin to grow in children aged 6-7
month. Complete at 2.5 years of age there are 20
pieces, consisting of 8 incisors (dens invasive), 4
canines (dens kasinus), and 8 molars.
 Fixed teeth (permanent teeth) grow at the age of 6-18
years, the number is 32 pieces, consisting of 8
incisors (dens invasive), 4 canines (dens 3 canine), 8
molars, and 12 premolars
4. Tongue
The tongue is divided into 3 parts, the
lingua root (the base of the tongue), the
dorsum lingua (the back of the tongue),
and the lingua aspect (the tip of the
tongue). At the base of the tongue behind
there is an epiglottis which functions to
close the airway when we swallow food,
so as not to enter the airway.
5. Salivary gland
The salivary gland is a gland that has two ducts,
namely the wartony duct and the stensory duct. There
are 2 salivary glands:
 Salivary glands under the jaw (submaxillary gland)
 Lower tongue glands (sublingual glands)
Salivary glands (saliva) are produced in the oral cavity.
Around the oral cavity there are 3 salivary glands
namely: parotid gland, submaxillary gland, and
sublingual gland. Salivary glands are innervated by
unconscious nerves.
B. Pharynx
The pharynx is an organ that
connects the oral cavity with the
esophagus. Inside the pharyngeal arch
there are tonsils which is a collection
of lymph glands that contain lots of
lymphocytes and is a defense against
infection.
C. Esophagus

The esophagus is a channel that

connects the pharynx to the gastric,
± 25 cm long, from the pharynx to
the entrance to the cardisk under
the gastric
D. Gastric
Is a bag located in the abdominal cavity on the left
below the bulkhead of the body cavity. The gastric
can be divided into 3 areas, namely the cardia,
fundus, and pylorus areas:
1. The cardia is the upper part, the area of the food
entrance from the esophagus.
2. Fundus is the middle, rounded shape.
3. Pylorus is the bottom, the area associated with
duodenum.
 Gastric function:
1. Digesting & forwarding food
2. On the gastric wall there are
glands that produce gastric juice:
a.Gastric mucous membrane
lining the gastric mucosa
b. Gland: Enz. Pepsin & HCl,
Renin plays a role in the
3. Gastric Muscles: Emptying of the gastric
Enzymes in the stomach:
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl):
- Acidifying food
- Killing bacteria that enter with food
- Activating pepsinogen into pepsin
• Pepsin, Turns proteins into peptones and polypeptides
• Renin, Precipitates milk protein (casein) from milk
4. Mucus
Protect cells on the surface of the gastric from damage
because of hydrochloric acid
E. Small intestine
The small intestine is the longest digestive tract
approximately 6 meters. The lining of the small intestine:
a. Mucosal layer (inside)
b. Circular Muscle Layer
c. Longitudinal Muscle Layer
d. Serous Layer (Outer)
Small intestine Divided into:
 Duodenum
This part of the intestine is called the duodenum because
it is about 12 fingers long parallel.
 Jejeneum
The length of the empty intestine (yeyeum) is between 1.5
to 1.75 m. The empty intestine produces intestinal sap
containing a variety of 7 kinds of mucus and enzymes that can
break down food molecules into simpler ones. In this intestine
food becomes pulverized and dilute.
 Ileum
Intestinal absorption (ileum) in length between 0.75 to 3.5
m. In this intestine there is absorption of food extracts.
F. Colon (colon)
The colon or major intestine is about 15, 5
m long, 5-6 cm wide. The layers in the
mayor intestine are: mucous membranes,
circular muscle layers, longitudinal muscle
layers, connective tissue. The function of
the mayor intestine is to absorb water and
food essence, a breeding ground for E. coli
bacteria, space for feces.
The mayor intestine is divided into:
 Caecum) and Appendix
Under the cecum there is a vermiformis appendix that is shaped like a worm,
so-called umbai worms, which have a length of about 6 cm.
 Ascending Colon
The length is about 13 cm, located below the right abdomen, extending
upward from the ileum to the bottom of the liver. Under the liver curves to the
left, this arch is called the hepatic flexure, followed by the transverse colon.
 Tranversal Colon
The length is about 38 cm, stretching from the ascending colon to the
descending colon below the abdomen, the right is the hepatic flexure and the
left is the splenic flexure.
 The decendent colon
Decendent colon about 25 cm long, located below the left abdomen stretching
from top to bottom and splenic flexure to the front of the left ileum, mixed
with the sigmoid colon.
 The sigmoid colon
The sigmoid colon is a continuation of the descending colon, located oblique
in the left pelvic cavity, shaped like the letter S, the lower end associated with
the rectum
 Rectum
The rectum is the last organ of the large intestine in some types of
mammals that end in the anus. This organ functions as a temporary storage for
feces. The expansion of the rectal wall because the buildup of material in the
rectum will trigger the nervous system which causes the desire to defecate. If
defecation does not occur, often the material will be returned to the large
intestine, where the absorption of water will be returned. If defecation does
not occur for a long period, constipation and stool hardening will occur.
G. Anus
In the anatomy of the anus is an opening
from the rectum to the outer environment
of the body. The opening and closing of the
anus is regulated by the sphincter muscle.
Feces is removed from the body through a
process of defecation ,which is the main
function of the anus.

 
The Digestive Physiology and Biochemistry

A. Ingestion process, digestion, absorption, and elimination

 Ingestion is the entry of food into the mouth
 Digestion is the chemical hydrolysis (decomposition) of large
molecules into small molecules
 Absorption is the movement of the end product of digestion
from the lumen of the digestive tract into circulatory and
lymphatic
 Elimination of the elimination process of undigested residual
substances.
B. Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids
 Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates are derivatives of aldehydes. Carbohydrates are divided into
four types, namely:
 Monosaccharides Is a form of carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed
again into simpler compounds.
 Disaccharides Is a form of carbohydrate which when hydrolyzed into two
monosaccharides that are the same or different.
 Oligosaccharides Is a form of carbohydrate which when hydrolyzed to two
to ten monosaccharide unit. An example is maltotriosa.
 Polysaccharides Is the most complex form of carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides when hydrolyzed will produce more than ten
monosaccharide molecules.
- protein
1. Anabolism
The basic constituent elements of proteins are amino acids, and 20 of them are
found in body proteins in considerable amounts.
a. Essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized by the body. Ex: threonine,
methionine, lysine, arginine, valine, phenialanine, leucine, tryptophan,
isoleucine, histidine
b. Non essential amino acids: amino acids that can be synthesized by the body.
Ex: alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine,
proline, serine, tyrosine.
2. Catabolism
Once the cell is filled to its limit with stored protein, adding additional amino
acids in body fluids, especially in the liver, will induce the activation of large
amounts of aminotransferase, the enzyme responsible for initiating most of
catabolism (the breakdown of proteins to be used as energy or if excess is
stored primarily as fat / glycogen).
 Hormones that influence protein metabolism:
a. Growth hormone increases cell protein synthesis due to the
acceleration of the transcription and translation processes of RNA
and DNA for protein synthesis.
b. Insulin is needed for protein synthesis. Insulin accelerates the
transport of several amino acids into cells, so that it can be a
stimulus for protein formation.
c. Glucorticoids increase the breakdown of most tissue proteins.
d. Testoterone adds protein deposits to tissues.
e. Estrogen adds a little protein deposit.
f. Thyroxine increases the speed of metabolism of all cells
including proteins
- Lipid
Lipids are divided into 3:
 Triglycerides
 Phospholipids
 Cholesterol
Digestion of fat in the intestine
 Fat emulsification, breaking fat lumps into smaller sizes so that water-soluble
digestive enzymes can work on the surface of fat lumps
 Effect of bile (bile salts + phospholipids lestin) à reduce the voltage between fat
surfaces. (enlarge 1000x total fat surface area)
 Fat + (bile + stirring) à fused fat
 Emulsified fat + (pancreatic lipase) à Fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides
Function of Fats are :
 As a secondary energy source
 Dissolve vitamins A, D, E, and K
 Protect vital tools in the body
 Improve taste of food (savory)
 - Amino acid
Amino acids are any organic compound that has
carboxyl (-COOH) and amine functional groups
(usually -NH2).

Biological functions of amino acids a.

 Compiler proteins, including enzymes.
 The basic framework of a number of important
compounds in metabolism (especially vitamins,
hormones and nucleic acids).
 Binding of important metal ions needed in enzymatic
reactions (cofactors).
-Enzyme
Food digestion chemically occurs
with the help of certain chemicals.
Digestive enzymes are chemicals
that function to solve large and
complex food ingredients into
simpler and smaller molecules
 Various types of digestive
enzymes are:
 Ptialin enzyme
Ptialine enzyme is found in saliva, produced by the salivary glands. The
function of the enzyme. Ptialine to convert starch (starch) to glucose.
 Amylase enzyme
Amylase enzyme is produced by salivary glands (parotid) in the mouth and
pancreatic glands. Amylase enzymes break down these starch molecules into
saccharides with simpler molecules, maltose.
 Maltase enzyme
Maltase enzyme is located in the duodenum, functions to break down maltose
molecules into glucose molecules
 Pepsin enzyme
The pepsin enzyme breaks down complex protein
molecules into simpler molecules, namely peptone.
 Trypsin enzyme
Trypsin enzyme is produced by the pancreas gland and
is channeled into the duodenum. Amino acids have
simpler molecules than peptone molecules
 Renin enzyme
Renin enzyme is produced by glands in the stomach
wall. The function of the enzyme renin to precipitate
casein from milk.
 Acid chloride (HCl)
Chloride acid (HCl) is often known as gastric acid, produced by
glands in the stomach wall. Chloride acid functions to kill certain
microorganisms that enter with food.
 Bile fluid
Bile is produced by the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. Bile
contains dyestuff bilirubin and biliverdin which causes yellowish
digestive waste.
 Lipase enzyme
Lipase enzyme is produced by the pancreas gland and then
channeled into the duodenum. Lipase enzymes break down lipid
molecules into fatty acids and glycerol which have simpler and
smaller molecules
- Motility

Motility is a muscle contraction that mixes and

pushes the contents of the digestive tract, smooth
muscles in the digestive tract wall continuously
contract with low strength called tonus. This
tonus is very important to maintain the pressure
on the contents of the digestive tract remains and
to prevent the digestive tract wall from widening
permanently after distension
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