DATE- 2nd Week –April 2021 ANIMAL NUTRITION

B) HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:- The mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain their

food from other organisms. This form of nutrition differs depending upon the type and availability of
food material as well the method of obtaining it. Organisms show special adaptation to obtain the food
in different ways. They are of many types.

SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION:- In this mode of nutrition, organisms break down the complex food
materials into simple absorbable form outside their body and then absorb the digested nutrients. They
secrete certain enzymes outside their body. Since digestion takes place externally it is known as
extracellular digestion.

Example- Fungi like Bread mould (Rhizopus), Yeast and mushroom(Agaricus).They derive nutrition
from dead decayed organic matter.

PARASITIC NUTRITION:-

In this mode of nutrition organisms derive their nutrition by living on another living organism (plant /
animal). The organism on which they live is called the host. They do not kill the host, but do cause
them harm. There are two types of parasites ectoparasite which feed on the surface (on the host) and
endoparasite, which enter the body of the host and derive nutrition.

Example- Animal parasites are ticks, leeches, lice, tapeworms, roundworms.

Plant parasites are Cuscuta (Amarbel)

HOLOZOIC NUTRITION:- Complex organic matter in the form of whole (solid) food in taken in
digested, absorbed and utilized. Steps of holozoic nutrition are

a) Ingestion (taking in of food)

b) Digestion (converting complex food into simple absorbable form)

c) Absorption (taking up of the digested food by the body cells)

d) Assimilation (utilizing the simple food molecules in the body for growth energy and
development)

e) Egestion (giving out of undigested food from the body)

 Digestion in Amoeba

Amoeba is a unicellular organism having an irregular body design. The finger – like structures present
are called pseudopodia. It shows ‘Holozoic Nutrition’ :

a) INGESTION: Amoeba takes in food particles using temporary finger like extension of

the cell surface (Membrane) i.e. pseudopodia, which fuse over the food particle forming a

food vacuole.

b) DIGESTION: Inside the food vacuole, complex food material (substances) are broken down

into simpler molecules by the enzymes secreted in the food vacuole

c) ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION: The simple molecules of food diffuse into the

cytoplasm and are utilized by the body for growth and development.

d) EGESTION: The remaining undigested material moves to the surface to the cell and is thrown

out from any part of the body (goes to the edge, burst and releases the waste out)
 Digestion in Paramecium

In Paramecium, which is also a unicellular organism,( found in freshwater environment) the cell has a
definite shape and food in taken in at a specific spot. Food is moved to this spot by the movement of
cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell. This specific spot is called oral groove.

*The steps of nutrition are

a) INGESTION: Paramecium has thousands of hair like projections called cilia surrounding its
body. They are responsible for drawing food particles (yeast and algal cells) towards the
mouth which in known as oral groove. When the food particle comes near the oral groove the
cilia continue to beat and draw the food closer until it is engulfed by the paramecium. This
process is known as endocytosis

b) DIGESTION: The food particles that are drawn into the paramecium’s mouth form a food
vacuole. Enzymes in the cytoplasm permeate the wall of the vacuole and digest the food
inside

c) ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION: The nutrients that are released from the food
particle are similarly diffused through to the outside of the vacuole into the cytoplasm,
nourishing the paramecium

d) EGESTION: As the nutritious content of the vacuole exit through diffusion the vacuole
becomes smaller and the waste products within it become more and more concentrated. The
vacuole then comes in contact with the anal pore. The waste is excreted out in to the
surroundings. This process is called exocytosis

*Diagram
 NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

The mode of nutrition is holozoic all the steps of nutrition are carried out by the digestive
system/tract, made of the alimentary canal & associated digestive glands..

The alimentary canal is a long tube (about 9m long) extending from mouth to anus. The parts of the
alimentary canal are as follows

i) Mouth (Buccal Cavity) - Opening through which food is ingested. It leads to the mouth cavity,
which has teeth to chew & grind the food. It has a tongue with taste buds, which help to identify
the taste of the food

ii) Oesophagus: It is a long narrow muscular tube, which carries food from mouth to stomach. The
lining of oesophagus has unstriated muscles which contract and relax rhythmically to push the
food forward These movements in the gut are called peristaltic movements brought about by
muscles throughout the alimentary canal

iii) Stomach. The stomach is a wide C-shaped/J-shaped muscular sac present on the left side of the
abdomen.

which expands when food enters it. It helps in storing & digesting the food. From the stomach food
goes to small intestine. The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which
releases it into the small intestine in limited amounts.
iv) Small intestine: It is the longest, highly coiled part of the alimentary canal, which is fitted into a
compact space because of extensive coiling. The length of the small intestine differs in different
organisms depending upon the type of food they eat. Herbivores (grass eating animals) have a
longer small intestine to allow the cellulose to be digested. On the other hand carnivores
(meat-eating animals) have a shorter small intestine because meat is easier to digest. The small
intestine has 3 regions

*Duodenum: It is the first C-shaped part that receives the food from the stomach. The exit of food
from the stomach is regulated by the pyloric sphincter. So food enters the small intestine in small
quantities.

*Jejunum: Long & more coiled part which helps in digestion

*Ileum: Last part of the small intestine, which helps in absorption of digested food. The inner lining
of ileum has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for
absorption. They are richly supplied with blood capillaries which take the absorbed food to each &
every cell of the body where it is utilized for obtaining energy building up new tissues & repair of old,
worn tissues.

Large intestine: The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water
from it.

It is a short and wider part & has 3 regions

Caecum: It is a small part and has vermiform appendix

Colon: It is inverted, U-shaped tube-like part, with ascending, transverse & descending types.

Rectum: It opens out through anus & helps in removing the undigested faecal matter. The exit of the
waste material is regulated by anal sphincter muscle.

ASSOCIATED DIGESTIVE GLANDS

The digestive glands secrete digestive juices which contain enzymes that help in the digestion of food
as well as lubrication throughout the alimentary canal.

i) Salivary glands: There are 3 pairs of salivary glands that secrete the digestive juice saliva. Saliva
contains salivary amylase/ ptyalin (enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar in the alkaline
medium). It mixes with food & makes it soft.

ii) Gastric glands: These glands lie in the mucus membrane of the stomach & secrete gastric juice
containing hydrochloric acid, pepsin (protein digesting enzyme) & mucus

Hydrochloric acid: Creates acidic medium which facilitates the action of enzyme pepsin. It
also kills the germs which come along with the food.

Pepsin: Acts upon proteins breaking them into peptides.

Mucus: Protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of HCL and pepsin

iii) Liver: It is the largest gland in the human body. Liver produces bile juice which is stored in the
gall bladder & poured into the duodenum through a common bile duct. Bile salts present in it help in
breaking down large fat globules into smaller globules so that the efficiency of intestinal juices is
increased due to increase in surface area the process is called emulsification. Bile salts also make the
medium & food alkaline (basic)

iv) Pancreas: Pancreas is an elongated yellowish gland lying parallel to and beneath the stomach
panaceas serves both as endocrine as well as exocrine gland. The exocrine region secretes
Bicarbonates ions & pancreatic juice which empties in small intestine through the pancreatic duct.

Bicarbonate ions: Neutralizes acidic medium from the stomach making it alkaline. The
enzymes of pancreas are as follows

Pancreatic Amylase: breaks down starch into maltose.

Trypsin: digests proteins into peptides.

Pancreatic Lipase: helps to digest emulsified fats to fatty acids & glycerol.

v) Intestinal glands: These glands are present in the lining of the small intestine & secretes intestinal
juices. The enzymes in it complete the process of digestion & finally converts proteins into amino
acids carbohydrates into glucose & emulsified fats into fatty acids & glycerol
FOOD TYPE ENZYME SOURCE PRODUCT

Carbohydrates 1. Salivary amylase Salivary gland (saliva) Maltose

2. Pancreatic Pancreas (pancreatic Maltose

amylase juice)
Glucose
3. Maltase Intestinal gland
(Intestinal mucosa)

Proteins 1. Pepsin Stomach mucosa Peptones/peptides

2. Trypsin Pancreas (pancreatic Peptones/peptides

juice)
3. Peptidase Amino acid
Intestinal gland
(Intestinal mucosa)
Fats Pancreatic Lipase Pancreas (pancreatic Fatty acids and
juice) glycerol

SEEMA MISRA