Numerical Modeling of Helical Piles: A

state of the art literature review

Annas Fiaz Abbasi1, Hizb Ullah2, Sofia Sarwar3, Muhammad Safdar4

Abstract – This paper presents a summary of the most recent literature on the history of numerical
modelling of helical piles. The current paper highlights the value of numerical modelling and details
the work done using several programs like PLAXIS, ABAQUS, and L-PILE. The results of many
software programs are combined to forecast the load transfer mechanism of helical piles under various
loading circumstances. By utilizing its different properties, soil conditions, and load patterns, helical
piles are numerically modelled. The importance of numerical modelling has grown over time, and
numerous pieces of software have been created to obtain findings rather than doing expensive and
time-consuming experiments. Results from numerical modelling are largely adequate.

Keywords: Numerical modelling, Literature review, helical piles,

There are several loads like wind load,

1. Introduction
earthquake, unbalanced earth pressure, thrust on
pipelines and load eccentricity which affects the
foundation. To resist these loads helical pile will
A helical pile is a deep foundation system
be used in place of other traditional piles [4].
consisting of a circular or square shaft and one or
Numerical modelling is a key technique to study
more helices fixed to the shaft. Helical piles are
the bearing capacity of helical pile.
considered to be one of the most significant
In the past, researchers have analyzed the piles
advances in foundation engineering of the second
through numerical models. There were several
half of nineteenth century [1], [2] and are
numerical studies carried out on the helical piles
extensively used by engineers and designers. A
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] most of those studies
helical pile is shaped to have helical plates with a
assumed the helical blades to be planar discs [11],
diameter greater than the shaft attached to the
[12], [13]. The studies accommodating its proper
hollow shaft and respective helix plates with end
geometry are limited to a few perimeters [14],
bearing capacity and shaft frictional capacities to
[15]. Through numerical study we can apply the
achieve the bearing capacity [3].
effects of parameters on bearing capacity,
The Irish civil engineer Alexander Mitchell
experimentally this study is difficult to conduct.
invented helical piles in 1836 to strengthen
Software like PLAXIS, ABAQUS and L-PILE
housing foundations. Since 1853, helical piles
were used to model piles numerically.
have been served in the UK and generally served
In this study, we'll concentrate on how these
as a basis for lightweight houses in the US
between 1850 and 1890. Helical piles were then programs were previously utilized to model
used for anchor-like purposes until 1985 [3]. helical piles.

Figure 1 Helical Pile [16]
2. Importance
There is no restriction on the load because helical
pile has ability to bear the load immediately after
the construction. The transportation of this type
pile is not a difficult issue it transfers from one to
another place easily. Soil condition and whether
condition do not affect the installation of the
helical pile [17]. Both lateral and compressive
Resistance of the helical pile is on the top than
other type of piles [18]. Helical piles play a superb
role in the many practical applications like
foundations for offshore wind farms (produce
clean and renewable energy) [18], Residential and
Commercial buildings, bridges, foundation of
damaged building and risk prone buildings [17].
Moreover, helical piles are cost effectiveness and
can be easily installed. The helical piles do not
affect the near located building and its installation
is free from vibration so that’s why it is friendly
related to environment [17].
3. Testing of helical piles in the field
Many of researchers analyzed the helical piles
through its lateral capacity and compressive
capacity. The testing of the helical pile in the field
is very challenging and not easy because it
required the huge cost and trained labors. Many
tests performed in the field and through these tests
the lateral and compressive capacity of helical
piles determined.
[17] Performed the test on the helical pile to check the
compressive capacity response of the helical pile.
They performed test on sandy soil in Iskenderun
Technical University, Geotechnical Laboratory of
Civil Engineering Department, Hatay, Turkey. Thirty
laboratory model tests conducted on the helical pile for
changing the helical plate diameter, number of helices,
helix diameter and spacing ratios s/D.
[17] conclude that the instead of single helical pile
double helical piles have the two times more capacity.
The increase in the helical diameter linearly while
increase in compressive load non-linearly its mean that
when compressive load increase three time while helix
diameter two times. Detail of helical pile and model
helical pile shown in the (Fig-2)
Figure 2 (a)Helical File Detail (b)Model Helical Pile [17]
[4] Conducted the test on the pile through different site
to check the lateral resistance of the high-capacity
helical pile. [4] Performed the test on 4 sites having
different soil type located in 70 km north of Fort
McKay, in northern Alberta, Canada. Sites 1 and 2
have cohesionless soil (sandy soil) while Sites 3 and 4
have cohesive soil (clay till soil). All piles have round
shaft varying diameter. Some piles containing single
helix while some having double helices. Some piles
installed after predrilling while other installed without
predrilling [4].

Figure 3 Testing Setup for lateral capacity of helical pile [4]
The result of [4] test shows us the lateral capacity of
the helical pile effected by the predrilling phenomena.
The piles without predrilling show excellent result.
Concluded that pile have more shaft diameter installed
through predrilling process having less lateral capacity
than the pile installed without predrilling phenomena.
After [4] [19] performed the test on helical pile having
double helices for determining the Lateral
Performance of Helical Piles as Foundations for
Offshore Wind Farms. They conducted two field tests.
Field 1 shows the cohesive soil have fine grained sand
to silty sand which was dense to very dense and Field
2 show the similar property of Field 1 but it includes
sandy silt and glacial till. Predrilling occurs in the
Field 1 while Field 2 was without predrilling. Field 1
test pile and Field 2 test pile shown in the (Fig-4)
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 Helical Piles of [19] Test (a)Field 1 (b)Field 2 [15] [7] [6]
[8] [9]
Actually, this test was performed to verify the [4] test
results. The results of this test represent that the
predrilling affect the lateral capacity of the helical pile.
At the University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Campus' national geotechnical experimentation site,
helical piles were subjected to dynamic and static
loading tests. For analysis, seven helical piles were
used. Davisson's interpretation of the findings of the
static load test and the results of the dynamic load test
showed good agreement, and the basic shapes of the
load-displacement curves for the two tests are
identical. [20]
The high strain dynamic load testing was performed
by [21] analyzed the parameters the Shaft diameter,
Helix diameter and Pile length.
4. Methods for finding Bearing
Capacity
The literature has evolved a number of design
techniques to determine the axial bearing capacity of
helical piles [22]. These techniques include the
individual bearing model and the cylindrical shear
model.

Figure 5 Compressive Load behavior of helical Pile (a) Individual
bearing method (b) cylindrical shear method [23]
The cylindrical shear failure was introduced by [24].
On the failure surface that joins the top and bottom
helixes, the cylindrical shear failure is visible [17].
The Individual bearing equation was first introduced
by [25].The total of all individual helical pile
capacities and shaft resistance is used to define the
individual bearing technique failure mechanism [11],
[26] and [27].
The combination of (i) shear resistance along the
cylindrical shear surface, (ii) skin friction above the
top helix and (iii) end bearing resistance below the
bottom helix for compression and end bearing
resistance above the top helix in case of tension [28].
The mathematical expression for the compression or
tension capacity [17] is:
Qc,t = Qhelix + Qshaft + Qbearing
𝑄c, 𝑡 = ultimate pile compressive or uplift capacity
𝑄ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥 = shearing resistance along the cylindrical
failure surface
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = end bearing capacity of a pile in compression
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = resistance mobilized along the steel shaft
[29] postulated that if the interhelix distance is
significantly large, each plate will behave
individually. This technique is applicable to both
single- and multi-helix screw piles with an inter-helix
spacing of 3.0 or more, both in tension and
compression loads [27] and [30].
The sum of the bearing capacities of each individual
helix plate and shaft resistance determines the total
tensile capacity in cohesive or non-cohesive soils [22]
and [31].
𝑄c,t = 𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 + ∑𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Where, 𝑄𝑐,𝑡 = total bearing capacity of plates
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = individual bearing capacity of plates in
tension or compression.
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = skin friction along the shaft
5. Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile
In modelling the helical pile system, the relationship
between the helical pile and the soil is crucial.
Numerous software programmes are used for helical
pile modelling. Some produce extremely good results,
but there are problems with them. Its property defining
is more challenging than in other software. For
modelling helical piles, we will select software that
both provides the results we need and is simple to use.
There are many softwares used for modeling of helical
pile some are as below:
• PLAXIS 2D and PLAXIS 3D
• LPILE
• DeepFND
• ABAQUS
• MIDAS
• HeliCAP
[32] demonstrated that the mechanism changed from
cylindrical shear to individual plate bearing failure at
S/D = 1.58 using small strain axisymmetric FE
simulations of the ultimate uplift capacity of circular
plates at different S/D ratios. This study also shows
that the effect of the pile shaft and the installation
procedure on the ultimate capacity of helical piles was
not taken into account by axisymmetric models.
[10] also employ FE analysis to examine the
performance of helical piles under axial loading. As a
shell foundation, axisymmetric circumstances were
used to model the tensile capabilities. The
investigations were expanded in order to examine the
impact of shear strength parameters and the number of
helical plates on the typical ultimate resistance of
piles.

A 3D numerical study of the installation procedure for

helical anchors in clay was reported by [33]. The
outcomes of their investigations may be utilized to
forecast the link between installation torque and
normal force as functions of helix pitch, roughness,
and thickness in addition to the use of torque-capacity
correlation.

It is also clear from [34] that the vertical pullout in

axisymmetric condition included in the Plaxis 2D can
accurately model the pullout behavior of helical piles.
In order to simulate the horizontal orientation and take
into account the overburden acting when the soil is
pulled out horizontally, a horizontal load is applied to
the absorbent boundary. Figure 6 Helical Pile Modeling changing spacing and no of helix
using PLAXIS 2D [39]
[35] used Plaxis 3D to numerically validate the results
of their experiments. They performed research on
numerous helix piles that were embedded at various
depths. By using mathematical formulations, the [17] also used PLAXIS 2D to simulate the helical pile
researchers also created correlations between the that was subjected to axial compression by altering the
ultimate compression capacities of multiple helix piles distance between the helix. The axial capacity of a
and single helix piles. helical pile was also tested experimentally, and the
results were compared to those obtained by numerical
[13], [36] and [37] have used Plaxis with similar idea modelling a helical pile that yielded the identical
to model helical piles. The pullout or uplift capacity of results in the test.
helical piles has been studied using modelling
techniques. [40] use the PLAXIS 3D to examine the helical Pile in
cohesionless soil by adjusting various parameters. In
[38] used three-dimensional (3D) finite element the analysis, the helical Pile is impacted by the
modelling to assess how the geometry of the anchor installation depth, helical blade diameter, shaft
plate—i.e., square, circular, or rectangular—affected diameter, and helical blade pitch.
the axial capacity of horizontal anchors in undrained
clay.

[11] analyzed the square shaft thin helical piles' load-

transfer mechanism using 3D finite element models. In
order to explore the axial capacity of helical piles in
drained cohesive soils, axisymmetric and three-
dimensional finite element models were used [14].

[39] modeled the helical Pile by changing the number

of helix and spacing between helix to check the pullout
capacity of helical pile as shown in (Fig 6).

Figure 7 Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile in Cohesionless soil

[40]
The helical Pile was numerically modelled to assess its
axial capacity. adjusting the number of helixes and the
distance between them to examine the impact on the
axial capacity of a helical pile [41] .
Figure 8 Numerical Modeling of Axially Loaded Helical Pile [41]
[4] calculate the lateral capacity of the helical Pile in
the four different sites using LPILE PLUS 5. Using
LPILE PLUS 5 changing the shaft diameter in the 4
different sites having different soil type analyze the
helical Pile. Different installation torque values are
needed depending on the site and soil type. Using p-y
analysis, it is possible to evaluate how predrilling
affects the helical pile's lateral capacity. The LPILE
PLUS 5 software's analysis was quite straightforward.
Using PLAXIS 3D, a numerical model was created for
the lateral performance of helical piles used as a
foundation for an offshore wind farm [19]. They are
approving the output of [4]. Without predrilling, the
helical Pile's capacity is unaffected, the predrilling
phenomenon affects its lateral capacity [4].
Figure 9 PLAXIS 3D Analysis of helical Pile [19]
The relation between lateral deflection and lateral load
was done using LPILE [19]. The y multiplier used in
the analysis to check the lateral capacity of helical Pile
that how much it affects its performance. Using LPILE
also for the validation of [4] work. To confirm the
results and demonstrate the best work of the LPILE
programme to model the helical Pile without
experimental work, they also compare the results of
experimental work and numerical modelling
technique.
Figure 10 Comparison of LPILE Modeling and field test after [4]
The seismic load analysis of helical pile using LPILE
modeling done by [42]. The helical Pile embedded in
the dry sand for checking the soil reaction. The goal
was to evaluate seismic loading data and dynamic p-y
curves. On the dynamic p-y curves, the installation
method, number of helices, loading intensity, shaft
shape, and coupling type were identified. (Fig-11)
show the [42] modeling using the LPILE.
Figure 11 Soil reaction against seismic load helical Pile as
foundation using LPILE [42]
[12] study the group pile analysis using ABAQUS to
simulate the experimental program. Group pile
analyses done both experimentally and numerically.
The Numerically modeling for this helical Pile
analysis in the [12] work was efficient. They compare
result of experimental work with numerical model. In
modeling using ABAQUS analyzed the helical group
Pile by parameter spacing Centre to Centre spacing
between Pile which affect the capacity of helical Pile.
Figure 12 Numerically Model helical Pile subjected to axial load
using ABAQUS [12].
The modeling using the software ABAQUS deeply
analyze the helical Pile because it is the most advance
and complex software. It gives us a very detail result
but the property defining in this software is much
difficult. Bearing characteristic of helical Pile
foundation for offshore wind turbines in sandy soil is
modeled by [18]. The helical pile's capacity was
compared to a monopile while focusing on the number
of blades, the length of the pile, diameter of
blade, pitch, and the distance between the blades and
the pile's bottom.
Figure 13 Single helical Pile Model using ABAQUS [18]
One of analysis was the relation of deformation of
helical Pile and monopile. In modeling the helical Pile
show more resistance than monopile.
All of the numerical simulations were carried out
using the displacement finite element programme
ABAQUS. In the absence of any literature on
numerical modelling of HP., A single axially loaded
pile's compression responses were used to validate
simulation results. [43]
Figure 14 ABAQUS Helical Pile Model [43]
The axial compressive behavior of single helical piles
as well as helical pile groups was examined using two
various kinds of three-dimensional (3D) numerical
models. [44]
Figure 15 ABAQUS Model of (a)Single Helical Pile (b)Group
Helical Pile [44]
To investigate helical pile performance under cycle
load using PLAXIS 3D software (PLAXIS 2020) the
amplitude of displacement in the direction of z with
and without a helix, the effect of the distance between
helices, and the arrangement of the helices are some of
the parameters chosen for investigation in this study.
[45]
The assumptions and boundary conditions for
dynamic analysis in Plaxis 2D, as well as the soil
model properties, helical pile model, hammer loading
model, and other numerical models used in the
analyses, were studied. [46]

6. Conclusion

➢ In this study, the bearing properties of a

helical pile and a basic pile without blades
were compared. In resisting axial and lateral
load, the helical pile's benefits were
underlined.
➢ This study presents a number of numerical
analyses and laboratory model tests,
including theoretical frameworks for axially
compressive loaded, lateral loaded and
dynamically loaded single and group helical
piles in various types of soil.
➢ The explanation above demonstrates that,
despite the difficulty of the actual installation
process, the installation effect of helical piles
in the soil may be predicted using software by
performing a thorough three-dimensional
finite-element study.
➢ Predrilling prevents soil displacement during
pile installation, thus the remolding of the
soil brought on by the passing of the helix
plate is not compensated. Using the remolded
strength and stiffness of the soil surrounding
the pile, the FE model simulates the impact
of predrilling on the pile's lateral reaction.
The lateral deflection of the pile is increased
by the LPILE model by using a y multiplier,
which was initially utilized for the shadowing
effect in pile groups.
➢ The outputs of this study demonstrate that
helical pile design can be completed more
quickly and cost-effectively with a precise
geotechnical data collection. It provides an
alternative to the pretty popular modelling of
the compressive, lateral, dynamic and
seismic behaviors of helical piles used in
geotechnical engineering applications.
 Table 1 Overview of Previous Papers

S. No Title Year Soil Type Load Type Software Single/ Parameters

Group
Pile Test
1 Lateral Resistance of 2010 Cohesionless Lateral LPILE Group Pile No of helix, Helix Diameter, Shaft Diameter, Shaft Thickness, Embedment Depth,
High Capacity and cohesive
Helical Piles – Case soil
Study [4]
2 Results of Dynamic 2012 Cohesive Soil Dynamic and Group Pile Pile length, Pile diameter
and Static load Tests static
on Helical Pile in the
varved clay of
Massachusetts [20]
3 The Performance of 2013 Dry sand and Compressive ABAQUS Group Pile Inter helix spacing ratio, Centre to center spacing between Piles.
Helical Pile Groups saturated clay
Under Compressive
Loads: A Numerical
Investigation [12]
4 High Strain Dynamic 2013 Cohesive soil Dynamic Single Shaft diameter, Pile length, Helix diameter
Load Testing on
Helical Pile [21]
5 Lateral Performance 2016 Sand, Sandy Lateral LPILE and Group Pile No of helix, Helix Spacing, Pile tip Depth, Helix Diameter, Helix to pile Diameter Ratio.
of Helical Piles as Silts, Glacial Till PLAXIS 3D
Foundations for
Offshore Wind Farms
[19]
6 Numerical Analysis 2017 Clay Compressive Midas GTS Single Pile Length of Pile, Shaft diameter, Blade diameter, Distance between Blades,
of Helical Pile–Soil NX PC
Interaction
under Compressive
Loads [47]
7 Numerical analysis of 2017 Cohesionless Axial PLAXIS 3D Single Pile Depth of installation, Shaft diameter, Helical blade diameter, Helical blade pitch.
helical piles in soil
cohesionless
Soil [40]

8 Numerical modelling 2017 Saturated Pullout PLAXIS 2D Single Pile Number of helices, Spacing ratio
of pullout of helical completely
soil nail [39] decomposed
granite (CDG)
soil
9 Analysis of model 2019 Dry Sand Axial PLAXIS 2D Single Pile No of Helix, Helix Spacing, Helix Diameter, Settlement Ratio(s/D) Helix spacing to
helical piles Diameter of helix
subjected to axial
compression [17]
10 High Strain Dynamic 2019 Cohesive and Dynamic PLAXIS 2D Number of helices, spacing between helices, Hammer drop height, Hammer weight
Test on Helical Piles: cohesionless soil
Analytical and High
Strain Dynamic Test
on Helical Piles:
Analytical and
Numerical
Investigations [46]
11 Data Reduction and 2019 Dry sand Dynamic LPILE Group Pile Number of helices, Pile shaft shape, Installation method
Dynamic p-y Curves
of Helical Piles from
Large-Scale Shake
Table Tests [42]

12 Numerical study of 2021 Cohesive and Compressive ABAQUS Single and Soil parameters, Pile length, Shaft diameter, inter helix spacing,
single helical piles cohesionless soil group Pile
and helical pile
groups under
compressive loading
in cohesive and
cohesionless soils
[44]
13 Parametric Study and 2021 Cohesive and Compressive Group Pile Shaft shape, Shaft diameter, Spacing between Piles, number of helices, Embedment
Design Method for cohesionless depth, Embedment ratio, Helix diameter, Helix to shaft diameter ratio (wing ratio), Helix
Axial soil. Pitch, Soil type
Capacity of Helical
piles: A Literature
Review [48]
14 Parametric Study for 2021 Cohesive and Lateral Single Pile Shaft shape, Shaft diameter, Helix diameter, Embedment length and embedment ratio,
Lateral Capacity of Cohesionless Number of helices, Vertical spacing ratio, Helical depth ratio, Height of applied load,
Helical Piles: soil Relative density, Pitch of helical blade.
A State-of-the-Art
Literature Review
[49]
15 Bearing 2022 Sandy soil Compressive ABAQUS Single Pile Pitch of helix, Blade diameter, Number of Blades, Blade spacing,
Characteristics of and Tensile
Helical Pile
Foundations for
Offshore
Wind Turbines in
Sandy Soil [18]
16 The Performance of 2022 Cohesionless Dynamic PLAXIS 3D Single Number of helices,
Helical Pile under soil
Cyclic Load Using
3D-Finite
Element Analysis [45]
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