STEEL STRUCTURES

CE-409
Week 3
Connections
Contents
1. Types of Fasteners
2. Behavior of Bolted and Riveted Connections
3. Types of Bolted Connections
4. Types of Bolted Connections Failure
5. Design Examples

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TYPES OF
FASTENERS

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3
Types of Fasteners

• Components which make up the complete structure

are fastened together by means of:

1. RIVETS (older version)

2. BOLTS (newer version)
3. WELDS

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 Types of Joints

• There are two types of joints by connecting steel members with fasteners:
• Lap Joints
• Butt Joints
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Types of Connectors

Plate Girder Section:

Riveted Vs Welded Connections
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Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
• Rivets are now obsolete.
• Rivets are important for strength and rehabilitation evaluation of
older structures
• They are made from rivet bar stock in a machine which forms one
head and shears the rivet to desired length.
• Steel rivets are always heated before driving
• Most rivets are driven by pressure-type riveters which complete
riveting in one stroke.

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Typical Round Head Rivet
 Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

• Rivets are generally made from steel conforming to

ASTM A502 and comes in 2 grades:
i. Grade 1(carbon steel)
ii. Grade 2 (carbon-manganese steel)

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 Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

Round Head Rivet Countersunk Rivet

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 9

 Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

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 Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes

Rivet Heating Oven Rivet Heater

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

 Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes

Earlier Riveting Gun Modern Riveting Gun

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Characteristics of riveted connections
• In riveted connections magnitude of clamping is
function of length of rivet and magnitude of
shrinkage after the head is formed.
• Magnitude of slip depends on the extent to which
rivet fills the hole.

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Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence

• Riveting required a crew of 4 to 5 experienced

riveters
• Bolt installation is less labor intensive
• Riveting is time consuming operation requiring
preheating, driving and finishing

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Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence

• Rivet strength is low compared to high strength

bolts
• High strength bolts are now economical
• Riveting is still used in some industries and
applications such as aircraft industry

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 Types of Connectors
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:

a) Unfinished (A307)
• A307 is known by names unfinished, rough, common,
ordinary and machine.
• They are made of low carbon steel having tensile
strength of 60Ksi.

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Types of Connections
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:

b) High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).

• A325 is made of medium carbon steel whose tensile
strength decreases with increase in dia.
• High strength bolts can be tightened to large
tensions.

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Types of Connections
2. Bolts:

Typical High Strength Bolt

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 Tightening procedures
• Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) prescribes
four tightening (tensioning) procedures for high strength bolts.

1. Turn of the nut method

2. Calibrated-wrench tightening
3. Installation of alternate design bolts
4. Direct-tension-indicator tightening

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Tightening procedures

Torque Wrench
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Tightening procedures

Direct Tension Indicating Washers

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BEHAVIOR OF
CONNECTORS

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Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections

T T

T = Tensile Force on
Connection
∆ = Joint Displacement

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 Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections
• In riveted connections magnitude of clamping is function of length of
rivet and magnitude of shrinkage after the head is formed.
• Magnitude of slip depends on the extent to which rivet fills the hole.

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TYPES OF
BOLTED CONNECTION

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Types of Bolted connection
1. Slip-Critical connections

• Connection transmits the force by friction produced between

the faying surfaces by the clamping action of the bolts.

• Slip-critical connections are recommended for joints subjected

to stress reversal, severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration
or where slip is objectionable

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 Types of Bolted connection
1. Slip-Critical connections
The clamping force applied to the bolt brings the two members close
enough so that appreciable friction is produced between them which
is then responsible for resisting the load. The more the clamping
force the more is the friction and strong is the connection but the
clamping force need not to be greater than tensile strength of the
bolt.

Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the

slip occurs so every slip critical connection is essentially a bearing
type connection also.

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 Types of Bolted connection
2. Bearing type connections
• Load is transferred by shearing and bearing on the
bolt.
• Capacity in shear depends on whether shear plane
intersects the body of bolt or threaded portion.

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 Types of Bolted connection
2. Bearing type connections

Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type

connection in which the load is resisted by the bolt body without
any friction between faying surfaces.

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 Type of connection Failures

1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.

2. Bearing Failure of plate.
3. Tearing failure at edge of plate.

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Type of connection Failures
1. Shearing failure of bolts

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Type of connection Failures
1. Shearing failure of bolts

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 Type of connection Failures
2. Bearing Failure of Plate

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 Type of connection Failures
Shear & Bearing Area

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 Type of connection Failures
3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

Shearing Failure edge of plate Transverse Tension Failure

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Type of connection Failures

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Bearing Strength, Edge Distance and
Spacing of Bolts
Rn= 1.2 lc t Fu < 2.4 d t Fu

S > 2/3 * d

le > J 3.4 Table

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 Bearing Strength of Bolt
Section J3.4 of the LRFD Specification gives minimum edge distances ( Le ) as a
function of bolt-size and type of edge (sheared, rolled, or gas cut). The table
referenced in that section (Table J3.4) is presented below.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Shear Strength of Bolts

Rn= Ab * Fnv

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Example (Shear Strength)

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Example (Shear Strength)

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Example (Shear Strength)

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Example (Shear Strength)

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Example (Design)

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Example (Design)

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Problems

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Problems

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Thanks

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Tightening procedures

Positive Tension Shear Bolt

Bolt Installation Procedure

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