GRADE 8 SCIENCE

TOPIC 2.1
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MS. KIMBERLY M. CHUA
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of the session, you are expected to:

1. identify the parts and function of each part of the digestive system;
2. describe the function of enzymes in digestive system; and
3. explain what happens to a piece of food as it goes through the
digestive system.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

It includes structures and organs that form the

alimentary canal, or digestive tract. It also includes
those structures or organs that do not directly act upon
the food but secrete or store substances that aid in
chemical digestion.
The functions of the digestive system are:
to ingest food
to digest food to small nutrients molecules that
can pass through membranes
to absorb nutrient molecules
to eliminate indigestible remains
 PHASES OF DIGESTION

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Elimination

 PHASES OF DIGESTION

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Elimination

taking food breaking down moving food making food secretion of

into the body and dissolving into cells part of cell unused food
food in a form of
feces
 TWO STAGES OF DIGESTION

Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion

 TWO STAGES OF DIGESTION

Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion

breaks down food into small pieces chemically changes the food into a form
physically that can be used by the cells
bite, cut, tear, grind, and mash digestive and actions of enzymes
occurs from mouth to stomach occurs from mouth to intestine

facilitates chemical digestion facilitates absorption of nutrients

 TWO STAGES OF DIGESTION
Chemical Digestion
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Upon entering mouth, the food is physically
broken into pieces by teeth.

Mouth
Mucus secreted by the cells lining
mouth moistens the food and
facilitates swallowing of the broken
pieces.
Bolus is the food that has been
chewed and mixed in the mouth with
saliva.
Saliva lubricates the food and secrets
ptyalin (salivary amylase) – an
enzyme that converts starch to
maltose.
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
After chewing and mixed the food inside the mouth,
it goes down to alimentary canal.

Pharynx

Esophagus

The food passes first in pharynx

(throat) which also conducts air to
traches. From the pharynx,
swallowed food pass to esophagus.
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Epiglottis

a flap of cartilage
closes trachea when swallowing to prevent from entering the respiratory tract

Peristalsis
a rhythmic, wavelike muscular action that pushes the food down
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Peristalsis
A recall on structure of pharynx, epiglottis and esophagus:
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A large, J-shaped organ found at the end of

esophagus, on the upper left side of the body.
It’s lining is a thick, wrinkled membrane in which
numerous gastric glands are embedded.
Common enzymes produced is
protease (i.e., pepsin) – break down
proteins into polypeptides.
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid produced is a
strong acid that helps break down
food. It also destroys most of the
bacteria that may be present.
The partially digested food that is retained before
transferred to small intestine is called chyme.
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Pancreas It secretes a pancreatic juice which

neutralizes the acidic stomach contents
(chyme) before passing into small intestine.

It also produces digestive enzymes that act

on all three major foods – carbohydrates,
fats and proteins.

Pancreatic juice contains enzyme:

a) lipase – breaks down fats
b) pancreatic amylase – digests starch
c) trypsin and chymotrypsin – break polypeptides
into amino acids
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Liver

produces bile – a greenish-yellow consisting of

waste products, cholesterol, and bile salts that is
secreted by the liver cells to perform 2 primary
functions:
1) to carry away waste and;
2) to break down fats during digestion.
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Gallbladder A small pouch that stores bile until chyme

triggers its release into the small intestine.

It releases bile into the duodenum of

small intestine through a bile duct.

The cholesterol in bile can crystallize

forming gallstones that partially block
the duct to the small intestines.
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Remember:
It is in the small intestine
that final digestion and
absorption of food take Villi
place.
small finger-like projections
found inside the inner walls
of the small intestine

Small intestines
A tubular organ that completes digestion and
absorbs nutrients and water.
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
tiny extensions that mainly occur
on the cell membrane of different
organs

Microvilli on the surface of

epithelial cell adds to the
surface of the small intestine.
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Three parts of small intestine:

first part; short, descending chute (about 10
inches long) that curves around the pancreas
in a “C” shape before connecting to the rest of
the coiled intestines

middle section; characterized by many blood

vessels, which give it a deep red color

last and longest section; where food spends

the most time; it is where the most water and
nutrients are absorbed.
 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
It is also known as colon.
It absorb water from the undigested food
Large intestines materials that it receives from small intestines.
It is bigger in diameter compared to small
intestines.
At the junction between small and
large intestines is a small
fingerlike outgrowth called the
appendix – a vestigial organ, no
specific function. However, a food
and bacteria can be trapped in
the appendix and cause
Appendix inflammation (appendicitis).
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The remaining food materials, which then
become more solid are called feces.

Feces pass into rectum, a muscular cavity where they are

temporarily stored and eventually eliminated through an opening
called anus as waste.
A DOSE OF REMINDER…
THE MALADY OF FOOD WASTE

INQUIRER.net / 04:02 PM October 22, 2021

SDG 2 ZERO HUNGER AND SDG 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
SDG 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

A reminder:
Regulate the kind and amount
of food you eat and
Prevent food waste.
 LESSON SYNTHESIS
Today, you learned that…

1. The alimentary tract is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,

stomach, small intestines, large intestine, and anus whereas salivary
glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder are the accessory organs.
Both parts act upon the food for digestion.
2. The body generally cannot utilize food in its most complex form.
There is a need to be broken down with help of several enzymes
such as salivary amylase, pepsin, etc.
3. The flow of food: mouth – esophagus – stomach – (liver, pancreas
and gallbladder) small intestine – large intestine – rectum – anus.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2.1: HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

o Due Date: Day 1 of Week 2

 REFERENCES

o Hoefnagels, Marielle (2019). Second Edition: General Biology (Books I and II).
McGrawHill Education pages 557-571

o Rogers, Kara (2011). The Human Body: The Digestive System (e-book/lib)