Mathematics-

Summary of
various chapters

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Contents

Page No. Chapter

02 Relations and Functions
04 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
07 Matrices
10 Determinants

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Ch. 1: Relations and Functions- Summary

Let set A= {1,2,3} and set B= {a,b}

Cartesian product:

A x B= {(1,a) (1,b) (2,a) (2,b) (3,a) (3,b)}

Relation: A relation R from set A to set B is a subset of the Cartesian

product A x B

R= {(1,a) (2,a) (3,b)}

The set of all first elements is called domain.

The set of all second elements is called range.

Function: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if

every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.

Types of Relations

1. Empty Relation: A relation R in a set A is called empty relation if

no element of set A is related to any element of A.
R= ФC A x A

2. Universal Relation: A relation R in a set A is called a universal

relation if each element of A is related to every element of A.
R= A x A
A relation R in a set A is called:

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 3. Reflexive relation, if (a,a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ A.
4. Symmetric, if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies that (a2, a1) ∈ R, for all a1, a2 ∈
A.
5. Transitive, if (a1, a2) ∈ R and if (a2, a3) ∈ R, implies (a1, a3) ∈ R,
for all a1, a2, a3 ∈ A.
6. A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalent relation if R is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Types of Functions

1. A function f: X→Y is defined to be one- one (or injective), if the

images of distinct elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for
every x1, x2 ∈ X, f(x1) = f(x2) implies x1= x2. Otherwise, f is called
many- one.

2. A function f: X→Y is defined to be onto (or surjective), if every

element of Y is the image of some element of X under f, i.e., for
every y ∈ Y, there exists an element x in X such that f(x) = y.

3. A function f: X→Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective),

if f is both one-one and onto

Ch. 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions-

Summary

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For a one to one and onto function f  from A to B, then function h which
associates each element y ∈ B to only one element x ∈ A such
that y=f(x), then x=h(y) and h is the inverse function of f.
h=f−1 

Inverse Trigonometric Function Domain Range

sin-1 [-1,1] [-π/2 , π/2]
cos-1 [-1,1] [0, π]
tan-1 R [-π/2 , π/2]
cot-1 R [0, π]
sec-1 R- (-1,1) [0, π]- π/2
cosec-1 R- (-1,1) [-π/2 , π/2]- {0}

Graphs for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Formulae

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Ch.3: Matrices- Summary

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Matrix: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or
functions. The numbers or functions are called the elements or the
entries of the matrix.

The horizontal lines of elements are said to rows of the matrix and the
vertical lines of elements are said to columns of the matrix.
Order of a matrix: A matrix having m rows and n columns are called a
matrix of order m×n

Two matrices A=[aij] and B=[bij] are said to be equal if

1. They are of the same order

2. Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, i.e.,

aij=bij for all i and j.

Addition of matrices:
The sum of two matrices is a matrix obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of the given matrices. Furthermore, the two
matrices have to be of the same order.

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If A is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is
obtained by multiplying each element of A with the scalar k.

Multiplication of two Matrices:

Let A = [aij]m×n and B = [bjk]n×p be matrices of
order m×n and n×p respectively in which the number of columns in A is
equal to the number of rows in B. Then product AB of the matrices A
and B is a matrix of order m×p and is defined as
AB= [cik]m×p, where cik=ai1b1k+ai2b2k+....+ainbnk

Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if A′ = A,i.e.,[aij] =[aji] for
all possible values of i and j.

Skew Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A′=
−A,i.e., aji= −aij for all possible values of i and j.

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Inverse of a Matrix:

The inverse of matrix is another matrix, which on multiplication with

the given matrix gives the multiplicative identity.

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Ch. 4: Determinants- Summary

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