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p,
Characterizations for Bloch space by B
q
spaces in Clifford analysis
a b c
A. El-Sayed Ahmed , K. Gürlebeck , L. F. Reséndis & Luis M.
d
Tovar S.
a
Department of Mathematics , Faculty of Science , South Valley
University , Sohag 82524, Egypt
b
Bauhaus-Universität Weimar Institut für Mathematik und Physik ,
Coudray-Str. 13 B, D-99423 Weimar, Germany
c
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Unidad Azcapotzalco,
C.B.I. Apartado Postal 16-306 C.P. 02200 México 16, D.F. Area de
Análisis Matemático y sus Aplicaciones
d
Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas del IPN Edif. 9, Unidad
ALM, Zacatenco del IPN., C.P. 07300, D.F., México
Published online: 31 Aug 2006.
To cite this article: A. El-Sayed Ahmed , K. Gürlebeck , L. F. Reséndis & Luis M. Tovar S. (2006)
p, q
Characterizations for Bloch space by B spaces in Clifford analysis, Complex Variables and Elliptic
Equations: An International Journal, 51:2, 119-136, DOI: 10.1080/02781070500369123
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Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations
Vol. 51, No. 2, February 2006, 119–136
Characterizations for Bloch space by Bp,q

spaces in Clifford analysis
A. EL-SAYED AHMEDy, K. GÜRLEBECK*z, L. F. RESÉNDISx
and LUIS M. TOVAR S.ô
yDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University,

Sohag 82524, Egypt
zBauhaus-Universität Weimar Institut für Mathematik und Physik,
Coudray-Str. 13 B, D-99423 Weimar, Germany
xUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco,
C.B.I. Apartado Postal 16-306 C.P. 02200 México 16, D.F. Area de Análisis
Matemático y sus Aplicaciones
ôEscuela Superior de Fı́sica y Matemáticas del IPN Edif. 9,
Unidad ALM, Zacatenco del IPN., C.P. 07300, D.F., México
Communicated by K. Habetha
(Received 26 August 2004; in final form 4 August 2005)
In this article we give the definition of Bp,q spaces of hyperholomorphic functions. Then, we
characterize hypercomplex Bloch space by these Bp,q spaces. One of the main results is a general
Besov-type characterization for quaternionic Bloch functions that generalizes a Stroethoff
theorem. Furthermore, some important basic properties of these Bp,q spaces are also considered.
Keywords: Quaternionic analysis; Bp;q spaces; Monogenic Bloch functions
AMS: 30G35; 46E15
1. Introduction
Let ¼ fz: jzj < 1g be the open unit disk in the complex plane C. Recall that the
well-known Bloch space (see e.g. [2] and [11]) is defined as follows:

B ¼ f : f analytic in and sup 1 jzj2 j f 0 ðzÞj < 1 ð1Þ
z2
*Corresponding author. Email: guerlebe@fossi.uni-weimar.de
Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations

ISSN 1747-6933 print: ISSN 1747-6941 online ß 2006 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
DOI: 10.1080/02781070500369123
120 A. El-Sayed Ahmed et al.
and the little Bloch space B0 is given as follows

lim 1 jzj2 j f 0 ðzÞj ¼ 0:
jzj!1
The Dirichlet space (see e.g. [1] and [32]) is defined by
Z
2
D ¼ f : f analytic in and j f 0 ðzÞj dz < 1 , ð2Þ

where dz is the Euclidean area element dx dy.

Let 0 < q < 1. Then the Besov-type spaces
Z
q q2 2
Bq ¼ f : f analytic in and sup j f 0 ðzÞj 1 jzj2 1 j’a ðzÞj2 dz < 1 ð3Þ
a2
are introduced and studied intensively (see [28]). On the other hand, there are some
papers employing the weight function ð1 j’a ðzÞj2 Þ instead of ð1 j’a ðzÞj2 Þ2 (see [3]
and [20]). Also, if the exponent of ð1 j’a ðzÞj2 Þ is equal to zero, then we get the
Besov spaces Bp , 1 < p < 1 which were studied by many authors (see e.g.
[22,29,32]). Here, ’a always stands for the Möbius transformation ’a ðzÞ ¼
ða zÞ=ð1 a zÞ. From [28] it is known that the Bq spaces defined by (3) can be used
to describe the Bloch space B equivalently by the integral norms of Bq . In 1994,
Aulaskari and Lappan [5] introduced a class of holomorphic functions, the so-called
Qp -spaces as follows:
Z
2
Qp ¼ f : f analytic in and sup j f 0 ðzÞj gp ðz, aÞdz < 1 , ð4Þ
a2

where the weight function gðz, aÞ ¼ lnð1 azÞ=ða zÞ is defined as the composition of
the Möbius transformation ’a and the fundamental solution of the two-dimensional
real Laplacian. One idea of this work was to ‘close’ the gap between the Dirichlet
space and the Bloch space.
Main results are
D Qp Qq BMOA, 0<p<q<1
(see [7]) where, BMOA is the space of analytic functions of bounded mean oscillation,
Q1 ¼ BMOA, Qp ¼ B for p > 1 ðsee ½5Þ:
For more information about the study of Qp spaces of analytic functions we refer to
[4–6,13,31]. It should be mentioned here also that several authors (see e.g. [9,23,24])
tried to generalize the idea of these spaces to higher dimensions in the unit ball of Cn .
Essen et al. [12] also studied Qp spaces in Rn . In 1999 Gürlebeck et al. [16] defined
Qp spaces of hyperholomorphic functions instead of analytic functions.
Characterizations for Bloch space by Bp,q spaces in Clifford analysis 121
To introduce the meaning of hyperholomorphic functions let H be the set of real

quaternions. This means that elements of H are of the form:
X
3
a¼ ak e k , where ak jk 2 N03 :¼ N3 [ f0g; N3 :¼ f1, 2, 3gg R;
k¼0
e0 ¼ 1 the unit; e1, e2, e3 are called imaginary units, and they define arithmetic rules
in H; by definition e2k ¼ e0 , k 2 N3 ; e1 e2 ¼ e2 e1 ¼ e3 ; e2 e3 ¼ e3 e2 ¼ e1 ;
e3 e1 ¼ e1 e3 ¼ e2 .
Natural operations of addition and multiplication in H turn it into a skew-field.
The main involution in H, the quaternionic conjugation, is defined by
e0 :¼ e0 ; ek :¼ ek for k 2 N3 ,
and it extends onto H by R-linearity, i.e., for a 2 H
X
3 X
3 X
3
a :¼ ak e k ¼ ak ek ¼ a0 ak e k :
k¼0 k¼0 k¼1
Note that
X
3
a a ¼ aa ¼ a2k ¼ jaj2R4 ¼: jaj2H
k¼0
Therefore, for a 2 Hnf0g the quaternion
1
a1 :¼ a
jaj2
is an inverse to a. Whereas the above-mentioned properties are analogous to the

complex one-dimensional case we have for the quaternionic conjugation that for any
a, b 2 H
ab ¼ ba :
Let be a domain in R3 , then we shall consider H-valued functions defined in

(depending on x ¼ ðx0 , x1 , x2 Þ):
f : !H:
The notation Cp ð; HÞ, p 2 N [ f0g, has the usual componentwise meaning. On C1 ð; HÞ
we define a generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator D by
X
2
@f X2
Dð f Þ :¼ ek ¼: ek @k f:
k¼0
@xk k¼0
D is a right-linear operator with respect to scalars from H . The operator D
X
2
@f X2
Dð f Þ :¼ ek ¼: ek @k f
k¼0
@xk k¼0
is the adjoint Cauchy-Riemann operator. The solutions of Df ¼ 0, x 2 , are

called (left) hyperholomorphic (or monogenic) functions and generalize the class of
holomorphic functions from the one-dimensionalP complex function theory. Let 4 be
the three-dimensional Laplace operator 4 :¼ 2k¼0 @2k : Then on C2 ð; HÞ analogously
to the complex case the following equalities hold:
4 ¼ DD ¼ DD:
Using the adjoint generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator D instead of the derivative

f 0 ðzÞ, the quaternionic Möbius transformation ’a ðxÞ ¼ ða xÞð1 a xÞ1 , and the
modified fundamental solution gðxÞ ¼ ð1=4Þðð1=jxjÞ 1Þ of the real Laplacian in [16]
generalized Qp -spaces are defined by
Z
2
Qp ¼ f 2 ker D: sup jDfðxÞj ðgð’a ðxÞÞÞp dBx < 1 , ð5Þ
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
where B1 ð0Þ stands for the unit ball in R3 also, sometimes we use the expression g(x, a)
instead of gð’a ðxÞÞ. Here, the generalizations of the Green function and of the higher-
dimensional Möbius transformation seem to be natural in that ð1=2ÞD plays the role
of a derivative is shown in [17] for arbitrary dimensions and in [21] and [30] for
dimension four.
From the consideration of Qp as p ! 1 in [16] is introduced as the following
definition of the Bloch norm in three-dimensional case:
3=2
Bð f Þ ¼ sup 1 jxj2 jDfðxÞj:
x2B1 ð0Þ
Based on these definitions it is proved in [16] that
D Qp Qq B for 0 < p < q 2 and Qq ¼ B for q > 2,
where D is the hyperholomorphic Dirichlet space, given by (see [16]):

Z
2
D ¼ f : f 2 ker D and jDfðxÞj dBx < 1 :
B1 ð0Þ
For more information about the study of Qp spaces of hyperholomorphic functions,

we refer to [10,15–17].
In the same way as in the complex case, the definition of the little quaternionic Bloch
space B0 is given as the set of hyperholomorphic functions on B1 ð0Þ, such that
3=2
lim 1 jxj2 jDfðxÞj ¼ 0 ðsee [25]Þ:
jxj!1
So B0 B and B0 contains for instance all the hyperholomorphic functions

f 2 C1 ðB1 ð0ÞÞ:
Recently, Bq spaces of quaternion-valued functions were defined in [14] as follows:
Z

Bq ¼ f 2 ker D: sup DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þq3 1 j’a ðxÞj2 3 dBx < 1 , ð6Þ
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
where 0 < q < 1 and the exponent 3 is related to the real space dimension.
Gürlebeck and El-Sayed Ahmed [15] studied these Bq spaces of quaternion-valued
functions, by employing the weight function ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þ2 instead of ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þ3 :
Using the same definition (6), Reséndis and Tovar [25] obtained a Besov-type
characterization for quaternionic Bloch functions that generalizes a Stroethoff theorem

(see [28]) in R3 .
In the present article we define Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued functions as follows:
Z

B p,q
¼ f 2 ker D: sup DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx < 1 , ð7Þ
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
where, 0 < q < 1 and 0 < p < 1. If p ¼ 3, we get the space Bq of hyperholomorphic
functions as defined in [14] and is given as above in (6). Also, if q ¼ 2 and p ¼ 3 we will
get the space Q2 of hyperholomorphic functions as studied in [16].
The main aim of this article is to study these Bp,q spaces and their relations to the
above-mentioned quaternionic Bloch space. It will be shown that these exponents
p and q generate a new scale of spaces, equivalent to the Bloch space for all p and q.
The concept may be generalized in the context of Clifford analysis to arbitrary real
dimensions. We restrict ourselves for simplicity to R3 and quaternion-valued functions
as (the lowest non-commutative case) a model case.
For more details about quaternionic analysis and general Clifford analysis, we refer
to [8,18,19,27,30].
We will need the following lemmas in the sequel:
LEMMA 1.1 ½17 Let 0 < q 2, jaj < 1, r 1. Then
Z
1 1
dy
ryj
@B1 ð0Þ j1 a
2q ð1 jajrÞq ,
where is a constant not depending on a.

LEMMA 1.2 ½14 Let 1 q < 1 and 0 < R < 1, then 8 f 2 ker D, we have that
Z
4 3 q
R jDfð0Þj DfðxÞq dBx :
3 BR
LEMMA 1.3 ½25 Let f : B1 ð0Þ!H be a hyperholomorphic function. Let 0 < R < 1,
1 < q. Then for every a 2 B1 ð0Þ
Z
3 42þq
jDfðaÞjq DfðxÞq dBx :
R3 ð1 R2 Þ2q ð1 jaj2 Þ3 Uða,RÞ
2. Some basic properties of Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued functions
We consider now some essential properties of Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued

functions as basic scale properties and also throw some light in the relations between
the norms of Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued functions and the norms of Qp spaces
of quaternion-valued functions.
PROPOSITION 2.1 Let f be a hyperholomorphic function in B1 ð0Þ, 8 a 2 B1 ð0Þ; jaj < 1
and f 2 B. Then for 1 p < 1 and 0 < q < 1, we have that
Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx 4Bq ð f Þ:
B1 ð0Þ
Proof Since (see [16]),

ð1 jxj2 Þ3=2 DfðxÞ Bð f Þ:
Then,
Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx
B1 ð0Þ
Z
p p
Bq ð f Þ 1 jxj2 1 j’a ðxÞj2 dBx
B1 ð0Þ
Z 3
q

2 p

2 p 1 jaj2
¼ B ðfÞ 1 j’a ðxÞj 1 jxj dBx :
B1 ð0Þ j1 axj6
Here, we have used the Jacobian determinant

3
1 jaj2
: ð8Þ
j1 a xj6
Now, using Lemma 1.1 and the equality

2
1 jaj2 1 jxj2
1 j’a ðxÞj ¼ ð9Þ
j1 a xj2
we obtain for 1 p < 3 that,

Z

B1 ð0Þ
Z ð3pÞ
q 1 jaj2
B ðfÞ dy ¼ 4Bq ð f Þ:
@B1 ð0Þ j1 aryj2ð3pÞ
The case for 3 p < 1 can be followed directly by using the inequality
1 jaj j1 a ryj 1 þ jaj,
Therefore, our proposition is proved.

COROLLARY 2.1 From Proposition 2.1, we get for 1 p < 1 and 0 < q < 1 that
B Bp,q :
The next theorem gives us relations between Qp1 norms and Bp,q norms.
THEOREM 2.1 Let 0 < q < 2; 1 p q; 1 < p < 3 and 0 < p1 < 2ð1 þ ð1=qÞÞ: Then,
we have that
[ \
p1
Qp1 p, q Bp,q :
Proof Let f 2 Qp1 , for any fixed 0 < p1 < 2ð1 þ ð1=qÞÞ; 0 < q < 2. Then by using
Hölder’s inequality, we obtain that
Z

B1 ð0Þ
Z h i2=q q=2

DfðxÞq 1 j’a ðxÞj2 qp1 =2 dBx
B1 ð0Þ
Z h i2=ð2qÞ ð2qÞ=2

2 ð3=2Þqp

2 pðqp1 =2Þ
1 jxj 1 j’a ðxÞj dBx
B1 ð0Þ
Z q=2

¼ DfðxÞ2 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p1 dBx
B ð0Þ
Z1
ð3q2pÞ=ð2qÞ ð2pqp1 Þ=ð2qÞ ð2qÞ=2
1 jxj2 1 j’a ðxÞj2 dBx ð10Þ
B1 ð0Þ
Since, we have from [16] for any monogenic function f that

Z

f 2 Qp1 () sup DfðxÞ2 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p1 dBx < 1,
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
Now, by changing variables and using equality (9) in the last integral of (10), we deduce
that
Z

B1 ð0Þ
( Z ð3qqp1 Þ=ð2qÞ )ð2qÞ=2
q=2
ð3q2pÞ=ð2qÞþ3 1 jxj2
L 1 jaj2 dBx
B1 ð0Þ j1 a xj2ðð3q2pÞ=ð2qÞþ3Þ
( Z1
q=2

2 ð3q2pÞ=ð2qÞþ3
¼L 1 jaj ð1 r2 Þð3qqp1 Þ=ð2qÞ
0
Z )ð2qÞ=2
1 2
dy r dr ð11Þ
@B1 ð0Þ j1 a ryj2ðð3q2pÞ=ð2qÞþ3Þ
where,
Z

L¼ DfðxÞ2 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p1 dBx :
B1 ð0Þ
Applying Lemma 1.1 in (11), we obtain that

Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx 1 Lq=2
B1 ð0Þ
where 1 is a constant not depending on a. Then, taking supa2B1 ð0Þ , we obtain that
k f kBp,q k f kQp < 1:

1
Thus, f 2 Bp,q for 0 < q < 2; p q 1; 1 < p < 3 and 0 < p1 < 2ð1 þ ð1=qÞÞ, our
theorem is therefore established.
THEOREM 2.2 Let f be a hyperholomorphic function in B1 ð0Þ. Then, for 1 < q < 4 and
1 p 2 þ ðq=4Þ, we have that
Z
f2B p,q
, sup jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3=2Þqp ðgðx, aÞÞp dBx < 1:
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
Proof Let us consider the equivalence

Z
jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3=2Þqp ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þp dBx
B1 ð0Þ
Z
’ jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3=2Þqp ðgðx, aÞÞp dBx ,
B1 ð0Þ
with gðx, aÞ ¼ ð1=4Þðð1=j’a ðxÞjÞ 1Þ and ’a ðxÞ ¼ ða xÞð1 axÞ1 the Möbius-
transform, which maps the unit ball onto itself. After a change of variables w ¼ ’a ðxÞ
(the Jacobian determinant ð1 jaj2 =j1 a wj2 Þ3 has no singularities) we get
Z 3
q 1 jaj2
2 ð3=2Þqp 2 p
jDx fð’a ðwÞÞj ð1 j’a ðwÞj Þ ð1 jwj Þ dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awj2
Z 3
q 2 ð3=2Þqp p 1 jaj2
’ jDx fð’a ðwÞÞj ð1 j’a ðwÞj Þ g ðw, 0Þ dBw :
B1 ð0Þ j1 awj2
where Dx means the Cauchy-Riemann operator with respect to x. The problem here is,
that Dx fðxÞ is hyperholomorphic, but after the change of variables Dx fð’a ðwÞÞ is not
hyperholomorphic. But we know from [26] that ð1 w a=j1 awj3 ÞDx fð’a ðwÞÞ is
again hyperholomorphic. We also refer to sudbery [30] who studied this problem for
the four-dimensional case already in 1979. Therefore, we get
Z
ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3
j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 a wjq2pþ6
Z p
1 1 ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þqp ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3
’ j ðwÞjq 1 dBw ,
B1 ð0Þ ð4Þp jwj j1 awjq2pþ6
with ðwÞ ¼ ð1 w a=j1 a wj3 ÞDx fð’a ðwÞÞ: This means we have to find constants C1( p)
and C2( p) with
Z p
C1 ðpÞ j ðwÞjq 1 dBw
Z
Z p
C2 ðpÞ j ðwÞjq p 1 dBw :
B1 ð0Þ ð4Þ jwj j1 awjq2pþ6
Part (a):
Let C2 ðpÞ ¼ 2p ð4Þp . Then, using
1 jaj j1 a wj 1 þ jaj and 1 jwj j1 awj 1 þ jwj, ð12Þ
we obtain that
Z
I1 ¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6
Z p
p q ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þqp ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3
1
2 j ðwÞj 1 dBw
B1 ð0Þ jwj j1 awjq2pþ6
Z
ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3 2p ð1 jwjÞp
¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq 1 dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6 jwjp ð1 jwj2 Þp
Z ð3=2Þq
q ð3=2Þq ð1 jwjÞ ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3 2p
¼ j ðwÞj ð1 þ jwjÞ 1 p dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awjðq=2Þþ2 j1 awjðq=2Þ2pþ4 jwj ð1 þ jwjÞp
Z
2p
ð2Þ3qpþ3 ð1 jajÞqþp1 j ðwÞjq ð1 jwjÞq2 1 p dBw
B1 ð0Þ jwj ð1 þ jwjÞp
Z1
3qpþ3 qþp1
q q2 2p
¼ ð2Þ ð1 jajÞ Mq ðDf, rÞ ð1 rÞ 1 p r2 dr 0
0 r ð1 þ rÞp
with
Z Z2
q
Mq ðDf, rÞ ¼ hðrÞDfðr, 1 , 2 Þq sin 1 d2 d1 ,
0 0
where, h(r) stands for 1=j1 a wj2 in spherical coordinates.

Because ðMq ðDf, rÞÞq 0 8r 2 ½0, 1 and ð1 rÞq2 ð1 ð2p =rp ð1 þ rÞp ÞÞr2 0 8r 2
½0, 1, 1 p < 3 and 1 < q < 4. From this we obtain that
Z

Z p
q 1 1 ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þqp ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3
C2 ðpÞ j ðwÞj 1 dBw :
Part (b):
Let C1 ðpÞ ¼ ð11=100Þp ð4Þp . Then,
Z
I2 ¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6
Z p
q 1 1 ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þqp ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3
C1 ðpÞ j ðwÞj p 1 dBw
B1 ð0Þ ð4Þ jwj j1 awjq2pþ6
Z p
ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3 11 p 1
¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq 1 dBw
B1 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6 100 jwjð1 þ jwjÞ
Z 2 ð3=2Þqpþ3 p
q 2 ð3=2Þq ð1 jaj Þ 11 p 1
¼ j ðwÞj ð1 jwj Þ 1 dBw
B1=10 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6 100 jwjð1 þ jwjÞ
Z
þ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq
B1 ð0ÞnB1=10 ð0Þ j1 awjq2pþ6
p
11 p 1
1 dBw
100 jwjð1 þ jwjÞ
¼ J1 þ J2 : ð13Þ
Since GðjwjÞ ¼ f1 ð11=100Þp ð1=jwjð1 þ jwjÞÞp g 0; 8jwj 2 ½0, ð1=10Þ, then using
(12) in (13) we obtain that
Z p
ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3 11 p 1
J1 ¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq 1 dBw
B1=10 ð0Þ j1 a wjq2pþ6 100 jwjð1 þ jwjÞ
Z 1=10
2 qþp1
q 2 q2 11 p 1
2 ð1 jaj Þ Mq ðDf, rÞ ð1 r Þ 1 r2 dr
0 100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
and
Z
J2 ¼ j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq
B1 ð0ÞnB1=10 ð0Þ j1 a wjq2pþ6
p p
11 1
1 dBw
100 jwjð1 þ jwjÞ
Z1
q 11 p 1
3 ð1 jaj2 Þð3=2Þqpþ3 Mq ðDf, rÞ ð1 r2 Þð3=2Þq 1 r2 dr
0 100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
where, 2 and 3 are positive constants not depending on a.

Since, ðMq ðDf, rÞÞq 0; 8r 2 ½0, 1 and GðrÞ ¼ ð1 ð11=100Þp ð1=rp ð1 þ rÞp ÞÞr2 0;
8 r 2 ½0, 1=10:
Now, we want to compare the integral
Z
1=10
2 qþp1
q q2 11 p 1
2 ð1 jaj Þ Mq ðDf, rÞ 1 r2 1 r2 dr
100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
0
and the integral
Z
6=10 p
2 ð3=2Þqpþ3
q
2 ð3=2Þq 11 1
3 ð1 jaj Þ Mq ðDf, rÞ 1r 1 r2 dr:
100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
5=10
Then, after simple calculation we can obtain that
Z
1=10
2 qþp1
q
2 q2 11 p 1
2 ð1 jaj Þ Mq ðDf, rÞ 1 r 1 r2 dr
100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
0
Z
6=10
2 ð3=2Þqpþ3
q ð3=2Þq 11 p 1
< 3 ð1 jaj Þ Mq ðDf, rÞ 1 r2 1 r2 dr:
100 rp ð1 þ rÞp
5=10
In particular, we have that Mq ðDf, rÞ is a nondecreasing function, this is because Df

is harmonic in B1 ð0Þ and belongs to Lq ðB1 ð0ÞÞ; 8 0 r < 1. Thus, I2 ¼ J1 þ J2 0,
and our theorem is therefore established.
3. Monogenic Bloch functions and monogenic Bp,q functions
PROPOSITION 3.1 Let f be a hyperholomorphic function in the unit ball B1 ð0Þ, 1 q < 1
and 3 p < 1: Then for jaj < 1, we have
Z
3q=2 1
1 jaj2 DfðaÞq DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx ,
ðRÞ B1 ð0Þ
where,
4kR3p ð3=2Þqþpþ3
ðRÞ ¼ 3q
1 R2 max ð1 RÞ2q6 , ð1 þ RÞ2q6 ;
3ð2Þ
k be a constant and 0 < R < 1.

Proof Let Uða, RÞ ¼ fx: j’a ðxÞj < Rg be the pseudo hyperbolic ball with radius R,
where 0 < R < 1. Analogously to the complex case (see [28]), for a point a 2 and
0 < R < 1, we can get that U(a, R) with pseudo hyperbolic centre a and pseudo
hyperbolic radius R is a Euclidean disc: its Euclidean centre and Euclidean radius
are ðð1 R2 Þa=1 R2 jaj2 Þ and ðð1 jaj2 ÞR=1 R2 jaj2 Þ, respectively. Then,
Z

B1 ð0Þ
Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx :
Uða,RÞ
Since,
3
1 jxj2 Uða, RÞ, whenever x 2 Uða, RÞ and
where, jUða, RÞj stands for the volume of the pseudo hyperbolic ball U(a, R) given as
below.
Then,
Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þqp dBx
Uða,RÞ
Z
k
DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3=2Þq dBx
Uða, RÞp=3 Uða, RÞ
Z
k q ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þðj1 axj2 Þ ð3=2Þq
¼ DfðxÞ dBx
Uða, RÞp=3 Uða, RÞ ð1 jaj2 Þ
ð3=2Þq Z
kð1 jajÞ2ð3=2Þq 1 R2
DfðxÞq dBx
p=3 ð3=2Þq
Uða, RÞ 1 jaj2 Uða, RÞ

2 ð3=2Þq
ð3=2Þq Z
k 1 jaj 1 R2
¼ p=3 DfðxÞq dBx
Uða, RÞ ð1 þ jajÞ3q Uða, RÞ

2 ð3=2Þq

2 ð3=2Þq Z
3
k 1 jaj 1R q 1 jaj2
¼ Dfð’a ðxÞÞ dBx
Uða, RÞp=3 ð1 þ jajÞ3q BR j1 axj6
As in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we use the monogenic function ð1 x aÞ=

ðj1 a xj3 ÞD fð’a ðxÞÞ:
Then, we get that
Z

Uða,RÞ
ð3=2Þq ð3=2Þq 3 Z q
k 1 jaj2 1 R2 1 jaj2 1 x a

j1 axj3q
3=2p 3
Dfð’a ðxÞÞ dBx
Uða, RÞ ð1 þ jajÞ3q xj
BR j1 a j1 axjqþ6
ð3=2Þq ð3=2Þq 3 Z q
k 1 jaj2 1 R2 1 jaj2 1 x a

j1 axj3q

p=3 xj3
Dfð’ a ðxÞÞ j1 axjqþ6 dBx
23q Uða, RÞ BR j1 a
where k is a constant depending on R but not on a. Now, since
1 R j1 axj 1 þ R
and

2 3

Uða, RÞ ¼ 1 jaj R3
3
1 R2 jaj2
by using Lemma 1.2, one can get
Z

Uða,RÞ
Z q
ð3=2Þq 1 x a
1 jaj2 ðRÞ Dfð’ ðxÞÞ dBx 4 R3 1 jaj2 ð3=2Þq ðRÞjDfðaÞjq :
j1 axj3 a 3
BR
where,
3p p ð3=2Þq
k 1 jaj2 1 jaj2 R2 1 R2
ðRÞ ¼ 3q max ð1 RÞ2q6 , ð1 þ RÞ2q6
2 Rp
ð3=2Þq 3
k 1 R2 1 jaj2 R2
3q max ð1 RÞ2q6 , ð1 þ RÞ2q6
2 Rp
ð3=2Þqþ3
k 1 R2
3q max ð1 RÞ2q6 , ð1 þ RÞ2q6 ¼ 1 ðRÞ:
2 Rp
Since we used the inequalities
1 R2 1 jaj2 R2 and 1 jaj2 1 jaj2 R2 :

Therefore,
Z

B1 ð0Þ
Z

Uða,RÞ
4 3 p ð3=2Þq q
R 1 R2 1 jaj2 1 ðRÞjDfðaÞj
3
ð3qÞ=2 q
¼ ðRÞ 1 jaj2 jDfðaÞj ,
where
4 3 p
ðRÞ ¼ R 1 R2 1 ðRÞ:
3
COROLLARY 3.1 From Proposition 3.1, we get for 1 q < 1 and 3 p < 1 that
Bp,q B:
THEOREM 3.1 Let f be hyperholomorphic in the unit ball. Then the following conditions
are equivalent:
(1) f 2 B:
(2) f 2 Bp,q for all 0 < q < 1 and 1 p < 1.
(3) f 2 Bp,q for some q 1 and 3 p < 1.
Proof The implication ð1 ) 2Þ follows from Proposition 2.1. It is obvious that
ð2 ) 3Þ. From Proposition 3.1, we have that ð3 ) 1Þ.
The importance of the above theorem is to give us a characterization for the
hyperholomorphic Bloch space by the help of integral norms on Bp,q spaces of
hyperholomorphic functions.
Also, with the same arguments used to prove the previous theorem, we can prove the
following theorem for characterization of little hyperholomorphic Bloch space.
THEOREM 3.2 Let 0 < R < 1. Then for an hyperholomorphic function f on B1 ð0Þ the
following conditions are equivalent
(i) f 2 B0 .
(ii) For each 0 < q < 1 and 1 p < 1
Z
lim jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þp dBx < þ1:
jaj!1 B1 ð0Þ
(iii) For some 1 q < 1 and 3 p < 1

Z
lim jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þp dBx < þ1:
jaj!1 B1 ð0Þ
4. Stroethoff ’s extension in Clifford analysis
In this section we give extensions of Stroethoff ’s results (see [28]) by using our Bp,q
spaces in Clifford analysis. Our new results in this section extend and improve a lot
of previous results in R3 (see [14,15,25,28]).
(a) f 2 B.
(b) For each 0 < q < 1 and 0 < p 3
Z
p
sup jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 dBx < þ1:

a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
(c) For each 0 < q < 1 and 0 < p 3

Z
sup jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp dBx < þ1:
a2B1 ð0Þ Uða,RÞ
(d) For each 0 < q < 1 and 0 < p 3

Z
1
sup ðp=3Þðq=2Þ
jDfðxÞjq dBx < þ1:
a2B1 ð0Þ jUða, RÞj Uða,RÞ
(e) For some 1 < q < 1 and p ¼ 3

Z
1
sup 1ðq=2Þ
Proof
(a) implies (b): The case p ¼ 3 is already known [25]. For p<3 by Hölder inequality:
Z

sup DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3q=2Þp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ
Z p

2 ð3=2Þq
q 1 j’a ðxÞj2
sup 1 jxj DfðxÞ p dBx
a2B1 ð0Þ B1 ð0Þ 1 jxj2
3=ð3pÞ Z 3 !3=p
3 1 j’a ðxÞj2
ðk f kB Þq 3 dBx :
4 B1 ð0Þ 1 jxj2
(b) implies (c). For x 2 Uða, rÞ we have ð1 R2 Þp < ð1 j’a ðxÞj2 Þp , so

Z

2 p
ð1 R Þ DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3q=2Þp dBx
Uða,RÞ
Z

DfðxÞq 1 jxj2 ð3q=2Þp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 p dBx :
B1 ð0Þ
(c) if and only if (d) it follows from the fact that ð1 jxj2 Þ3 jUða, RÞj.
(d) implies (e) is trivial.
(e) implies (a). By Lemma 1.3, we have
q
ð1 jaj2 Þ3q=2 DfðaÞ
Z
3 42þq
DfðxÞq dx
R3 ð1 R2 Þ2q ð1 jaj Þ 2 3ð3q=2Þ
Uða,RÞ
Z
34 2þq
ð1 jaj2 R2 Þ3ð3q=2Þ R3ð3q=2Þ
DfðxÞq dx
¼ 2q 3ð3q=2Þ
R3 ð1 R2 Þ ð1 jaj2 Þ ð1 jaj2 R2 Þ3ð3q=2Þ R3ð3q=2Þ Uða,RÞ
Z
3 42þq
DfðxÞq dx
R3 ð1 R2 Þ2q jUða, RÞj1ðq=2Þ R3þð3q=2Þ ð1 R2 Þ3ð3q=2Þ Uða,RÞ
Z
34 2þq
DfðxÞq dx
R3q=2 ð1 R2 Þ3þðq=2Þ jUða, RÞj1ðq=2Þ Uða,RÞ
so the result follows.

From Theorems 3.1, 4.1, we obtain directly
(a) f 2 B:
(b) f 2 Bp,q for all 0 < p < 1, 0 < q < 1.
(c) For each 0 < p < 1 and 0 < q < 1
Z
sup jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp dBx < þ1:
a2B1 ð0Þ Uða,RÞ
(d) For each 0 < q < 1 and 0 < p 1

Z
1
sup ðp=3Þðq=2Þ

Z
1
sup 1ðq=2Þ
With the same arguments used to prove Theorem 4.2, we obtain the following.
(a) f 2 B0 :
(b) For each 0 < p < 1 and 0 < q < 1
Z
p
lim jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 dBx ¼ 0:
jaj!1 B1 ð0Þ
(c) For each 0 < p < 1 and 0 < q < 1

Z
lim jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp dBx ¼ 0:
jaj!1 Uða,RÞ
(d) For each 0 < p < 1 and 0 < q < 1

Z
1
lim jDfðxÞjq dBx ¼ 0:
jaj!1 jUða, RÞjðp=3Þðq=2Þ Uða,RÞ

Z
1
lim jDfðxÞjq dBx ¼ 0:
jaj!1 jUða, RÞj1ðq=2Þ Uða,RÞ
Acknowledgment
L. M. Tovar and L. F. Reséndis gratefully acknowledge the support given by COFAA-
IPN and Conacyt 37542 and K. Gürlebeck gratefully acknowledges the support given
by DFG, GU 407/4-1.
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Complex Variables and Elliptic

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Characterizations for Bloch space by Bp,q

yDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University,

(Received 26 August 2004; in final form 4 August 2005)

Keywords: Quaternionic analysis; Bp;q spaces; Monogenic Bloch functions

AMS: 30G35; 46E15

*Corresponding author. Email: guerlebe@fossi.uni-weimar.de

Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations

and the little Bloch space B0 is given as follows

The Dirichlet space (see e.g. [1] and [32]) is defined by

where dz is the Euclidean area element dx dy.

To introduce the meaning of hyperholomorphic functions let H be the set of real

e0 :¼ e0 ; ek :¼ ek for k 2 N3 ,

and it extends onto H by R-linearity, i.e., for a 2 H

Therefore, for a 2 Hnf0g the quaternion

is an inverse to a. Whereas the above-mentioned properties are analogous to the

Let be a domain in R3 , then we shall consider H-valued functions defined in

D is a right-linear operator with respect to scalars from H . The operator D

is the adjoint Cauchy-Riemann operator. The solutions of Df ¼ 0, x 2 , are

Using the adjoint generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator D instead of the derivative

Based on these definitions it is proved in [16] that

D Qp Qq B for 0 < p < q 2 and Qq ¼ B for q > 2,

where D is the hyperholomorphic Dirichlet space, given by (see [16]):

For more information about the study of Qp spaces of hyperholomorphic functions,

So B0 B and B0 contains for instance all the hyperholomorphic functions

characterization for quaternionic Bloch functions that generalizes a Stroethoff theorem

where is a constant not depending on a.

2. Some basic properties of Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued functions

We consider now some essential properties of Bp,q spaces of quaternion-valued

Proof Since (see [16]),

Here, we have used the Jacobian determinant

Now, using Lemma 1.1 and the equality

we obtain for 1 p < 3 that,

1 jaj j1 a ryj 1 þ jaj,

Therefore, our proposition is proved.

Since, we have from [16] for any monogenic function f that

Applying Lemma 1.1 in (11), we obtain that

k f kBp,q k f kQp < 1:

Proof Let us consider the equivalence

the four-dimensional case already in 1979. Therefore, we get

1 jaj j1 a wj 1 þ jaj and 1 jwj j1 awj 1 þ jwj, ð12Þ

where, h(r) stands for 1=j1 a wj2 in spherical coordinates.

j ðwÞjq ð1 jwj2 Þð3=2Þq dBw

where, 2 and 3 are positive constants not depending on a.

and the integral

Then, after simple calculation we can obtain that

In particular, we have that Mq ðDf, rÞ is a nondecreasing function, this is because Df

3. Monogenic Bloch functions and monogenic Bp,q functions

k be a constant and 0 < R < 1.

As in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we use the monogenic function ð1 x aÞ=

Then, we get that

where k is a constant depending on R but not on a. Now, since

by using Lemma 1.2, one can get

Since we used the inequalities

1 R2 1 jaj2 R2 and 1 jaj2 1 jaj2 R2 :

(iii) For some 1 q < 1 and 3 p < 1

4. Stroethoff ’s extension in Clifford analysis

sup jDfðxÞjq ð1 jxj2 Þð3q=2Þp 1 j’a ðxÞj2 dBx < þ1: