Chapter 1 Permutation & Combination 1.1 Introduction We very often come across problems in which we have to compute the number of ways a set of objects can be arranged under some conditions. As examples concerning these problems, we can have, in particular in the probability theory. To tackle them we have to study different counting methods. The study of counting methods comes under the field of combinatorial algebra. From this field, we have selected only the topics, permutation and combination which will prove helpful in our future study. 1.2 The Basic Principle of Counting This principle can be best understood with some examples. Let us consider three letters A, B, C and see in how many ways they can be arranged in arow. ABC BCA CAB ACB BAC CBA B—C| ABC : < © — BACB C —A|BCA : < . A —C] BAC A —B| CAB : < B—A|CBA Thus. we see’ that they’ can be arranged im six ways. This cam be explained in-a simple way. When we choose a first letter we can choose any one of the three: So there are three choices. For each choice of the first letter2 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XII there are only two letters left from which we have to choose the second letter. So these first two letters can be choose in 3.2 = 6 ways. For the third choice alternative but to choose the only letter left. Thus we have 3.2.) = ies. This is illustrated more clearly in a tree diagram. This consideration leads us to the following principle — the basic principle of counting. “If one thing can be done independently in 7, different ways and if a second thing can be done in nz different ways and | if a third thing can be done in ns ways and so on (for any finite number of things), then the total number of ways in which all the things can be done in the stated order is m ny ns ” Worked Out Examples Example 1 8 buses run between Kathmandu and Biratnagar. In how many ways can aman travel from Kathmandu to Biratnagar and return by a different bus? Solution: A man can travel from Kathmandu to Biratnagar by 8 different ways. As he has to return by different bus, so he can return by 7 different ways. Now by the basic principle of counting. the total number of ways =8x7=56 Example 2 Find how many numbers of two different digits can be formed from the integers 1.2.3 and 4. Solution : There are 4 choices for an integer in the tens digit and 3 choices in the units digit. So there are altogether 4.3 = |2 two-digit numbers that can be formed from four given integers. Example 3 How many odd numbers of three digits can be formed fi i 1,2, 3,4 and 5? e formed from the integers Solution: For the three digits odd numbers, the digit in the unit’ ; . 1! 1, 3 or 5. So, the unit's place can be filled up in 3 ways, After filling up the mitsPermutation and Combination 3 place, 4 integers are left. The ten's place can be filled by 4 ways and hundred's place by 3 ways. Then by the basic principle of counting, -. no. of three digit odd numbers = 3 x 4 x 3 = 36 Example 4 In a certain election, there are four candidates for president, six for secretary and only two for treasurer. Find in how many ways the election may tur out. Solution : There are four choices for president, six for secretary and two for treasurer. As they are all independent of one another, by the basic principle of counting there are 4.6.2 = 48 ways in which the election may turn out. Example 5 How many three digit numbers less than 400 can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 if no digit is repeated? How many of these are divisible bys? Solution: The numbers formed must be of three digits and less than 400. so the digit in the hundred's place must be 1. 2 or 3. Thus, there are 3 ways of filling up the hundred's place. Afier filling the hundred’s place, 5 digits are left. So, the ten's place can be filled up in 5 ways and the unit's place by 4 ways <. no. of three digit numbers less than 400 = 3 x S x 4 = 60 Again for the numbers divisible by 5, we fix the digit 5 in the unit's place. So, there is only one choice for filling up the unit's place. There are 3 ways of filling up the hundred’s place and 4 ways of filling up the ten’s place. ~. no. of three digits number less than 400 and divisible by S =I x3x4=12 En 1. A football stadium has four entrance gates and nine exists. In how many different ways can a man enter and leave the stadium? 2. There are six doors in a hostel. In how many ways can a student enter the hostel and leave by a different door?e 'HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XIl 3. In how many ways cana man send three of his children to seven different colleges of acertaintown? 4. Suppose there are five main roads between Many ways can a man go from a city to different road? 3. There-are five main roads between the cities A and B and 4 between B ‘and C. Jn how many ways can a person drive from A to C and retum without driving on the same road twice? 6. ‘How many numbers.of at least three different digits can be formed from ‘the imegers 1,2, 3,4, 5,6? 3. ‘Howmany numbers of three digits less than'500-can be formed from the ‘imegers 1,2, 3,4,5,6? 8. Of the numbers formed by using all the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 only once, ‘how many areeven? . ‘How many ‘numbers 'between 4000 and 5000 can be formed with the digits 2, 3,4, 5,6, 7? 10. ‘How:many numbers of three digits can be formed from the integers 2, 3, 4, 5,6?/How many of them will be divisible by 5? the cities A and B. In how the other and return by a Answers 1.36 2.30 3.210 4.20 5.240 6.1920 7.80 ‘8.48 9.60 10.60, 12 41.3 Factorial notations mn ‘many « 3! 3. However, if the arrangements be with respect to the seats (i.e. think of the seats to be numbered) then the one that was fixed first can be done soinn ways as he can be given any one of the » different seats. In this case the number of arrangements will be 7 x (7 1)! Example In how many ways ean the numbers on 1 clock face be arranges” Solution: Inacclock face there are 12 numbers. So they can be arranged in (12-1)! = HE ways10 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XIl d) Permutation of repeated things To find the permutation of n things taken r at a time when each thing may occur any number of times. there are n objects. The first place can be. there are n choices for filling up the first place, After filling up the first place, the second place can also be filled up by n objects as the object occupying the first place may also occupy the second place. Thus the first two places can be filled up inn x n= n? ways. Similarly the third place can be filled in n ways and the first three places can be filled up inn x nx n=n} ways. Proceeding in the same way, the r places can be filled by n objects in x rtimes =n! ways Suppose there are r places and filled up by any of the n objects. So nxnaxnxn. Example Find the number of ways in which three letters can be arranged in a row with repetition. Solution: ‘The first letter can be arranged in 3 ways. As the repetition is allowed, the second letter can be arranged in 3 ways. Similarly, the third letter can be arranged in 3 ways. So, the total of ways of arranging the three letters is 3x3x3=27. Worked Out Examples Example 1 Find the value of P(n, 2) if 16 P(n, 3) = 13 P(n + 1, 3) Solution: 16 P(n, 3) = 13 P(n + 1, 3) nt _ (n+)! 1 G37 3B Gay 13.(n+ 1) x ni = (n=2)x (n-3)! => 16(n—2)= 13(n + 1) => 16n-13n= 13 +32Permutation and Combination 1 Now. —P(n, 2) = P(IS. 2) = AS! _ 1514 x 13! 13! 13! Example 2 In how many ways can 5 boys and 3 girls be arranged for a group photograph if the girls are to sit on the chairs in a row and the boys are to stand in a row behind them. Solution: Here the boys and the girls are to be arranged separately. Firstly we arrange 5 boys in a row. 5 boys in a row can be arranged in P(5, 5) ways 51_5x4x3x2x1 a= = 120 ways Now, we arrange 3 girls 3 girls in a row can be arranged in P(3, 3) ways .. total number of arrangements = 120 x 6 = 720 ways Example 3 Find the number of ways in which 4 men and 3 women can be seated in row having seven seats so that the men and the women must alternate. Solution: Since 7 persons are to be arranged in a row with 7 seats, so that the men and the women are in alternate, so men are to be arranged in odd seats and women in even seats. M M M M w Ww Ww There are 4 seats for 4 men, so they can be arranged in P(4, 4) ways BBB 4 ways12 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XII in3! Again there are 3 seats for 3 women so they can be arranged in 3! ways ie, 32x 1=6 ways © total numbers of arrangements = 24 * 6 = 144 ways Example 4 In how many ways ean the letters of the word ‘CALCULUS’ be arranged so that the two C's do not come together? Solution: There are & letters in the word ‘CALCULUS' ‘Also there are 2C’s and 2U's and 2L's and the rest ar: The total number of arrangements without restriction 8! “2212 e different. = 5040 Firstly. we find the arrangements each of which contain 2 C’s together. For this, we consider 2 C’s as one. Now, there are 7 letters in which there are 2 U's and 2 L’s. The number of arrangements in which 2C's are always together 1260 Now, the required no. of arrangements in which 2 C's do not come together = 5040-1260 = 3780 Example S How many different numbers of six digits can be formed with the digits 3, 1, 7, 0, 9, 5? How many of them will have 0 in the unit's place? Solution: The number of 6 digits nurieis formed from given digits = P(6, 6)= 6! = 720 Some of these numbers have 0 in the first place. i ; : . Fe f 6 digits, each of which has 0 in the first place wwe keep ils ao a $0 there are only 5 digits left. _ nei axed, The number of 6-digit numbers with 0 in the first place = P(S, 5) = 5! = 120 ways ©. the required no. of 6-digit significant numbers = 720 - 120 = 600Permutation and Combination 13 For the numbers with 0 in the unit's place. we fix 0. So, the required number of 6-digit numbers with 0 in the unit's place = P(S, 5) = 5!= 120 Example 6 - Eight members of a committee sit at a round table. In how many ways can they be seated if the president and secretary choose to sit together? Solution: Since the president and the secretary choose to sit together, so we consider them to be one. So, there are 7 members to be arranged. These 7 members in the circular table can be arranged in (7 ~ 1)! i.e. 6! = 720 ways But the positions of the president and the secretary can be interchanged in 2 ways +. total number of arrangements = 2 x 720 = 1440 ways. Example 7 In how many ways can 6 different beads be strung on a necklace? Solution: The 6 different beads in a necklace can be strung in (6 — 1)! ways ie. 5! = 120 ways. Since the clockwise and the anticlockwise arrangements are the same, 1 so the required no. of arrangement = 120 = 60 ways. Example 8 In how many ways can 3 letters be posted in 4 letter boxes? Solution: The first letter can be posted in 4 ways. Similarly, each of second and third can be posted in 4 ways -. total no. of ways = 4 x4 x 4 = 64 Example 9 In how many ways can the letters of the word “LOGIC” be arranged so a) the vowels may occupy odd position? b) no two vowels are together?14 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XII c) the relative positions of the vowels and consonants are not changed? Solution: There are five letter in the word "LOGIC. a) There are 2 vowels and 3 positions for them. So, 2 vowels can be arranged in P(3. 2) = 3! ways ‘Also, thé remaining 3 letters (i.e. L, G. C) can be arranged in P(3, 3) = 3! ways +. total no. of arrangements = 3! x 3! = 36 ways. b) All letters are different, so they can be arranged in P(S, 5) = 5! ways Considering 2 vowels as one, there are 4 letters L, (Ol), G, C. They can be arranged in 4! ways. But the two vowels can be interchanged their positions in 2 ways. no. of arrangements when vowels come together = 4! x 2 “=. no. of arrangements when no two vowels are together = 51-24! = 72 ways c) The three consonants can be arranged in 3! ways and the two vowels can be arranged in 2! ways “total no. of arrangements = 3! x 2! = 12 ways. Ese 1, Find the number of permutations of five different objects taken three at atime. 2. If three persons enter a bus in which there are ten vacant seats. find in how many ways they can sit. : 3. How many plates of vehicles consisting of 4 di igit be made out of the integers 4. 5, 6. 7, 8, 92 ee 4. In how many way ie nr eee four boys and three girls be seated in a 1o¥ a) _ ifthey may sit anywhere b) __ ifthe boys and girls must altemate c) _ifall three girls are together?Permutation and Combination 15 In how many ways can eight people be seated in a row of cight seats so that two particular persons are always together? Six different books are arranged on a shelf. Find the number of different ways in which the two particular books are a) always together b) not together. In how many ways can four red beads, five white beads and three blue beads be arranged in a row? In how many ways can the letters of the following words be arranged? a) ELEMENT b) NOTATION c) MATHEMATICS d) MISSISSIPPI How many numbers of 6 digits can be formed with the digits 2, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3? In how many ways can 4 Art students and 4 Science students be arranged in a circular table if a) they may sit any where b) they sit alternately. In how many ways can eight people be seated in a round table if two people insist in sitting next to each other? In how many ways can seven different coloured beads be made into a bracelet? a) In how many ways can 4 letters be posted in six letter boxes? b) How many even numbers of 3 digits can be formed when repetition of digits is allowed? ©) In how many ways can 3 prizes be distributed among 4 students so that each student may receive any number of prizes? In how many ways can the letters of the word "MONDAY" be arranged? How many of these arrangements do not begin with M? How many begin with M and do not end with Y? Show that the number of ways in which the letters of the word a) "COLLEGE" can be arranged so that the two E's always come together is 360. ») "ARRANGE" can be arranged so that no two R's come together is 900. In how many ways can the letters of the word ‘COMPUTER’ be arranged so that a) all the vowels are always together?16 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRADE XII sitions? b) the vowels may occupy only odd pos consonants are not changed? c) _ the relative positions of vowels and 17. Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word "Laptop" so that a) the vowels may never be separated; b) all consonants may not be together; ©) they always begin with L and end with T 4) they do not begin with L but always end with T. 18. How many different words can be formed with all the letters of the word "Internet" if a) — each word is to begin with vowel? b) each word is to end with consonant? Answers 1.60 2.720 3.360 4. a) 5040 b) 144 c) 720 8! 8.a) 840 b) 31212 5.10080 6.a)240 b) 480 1 uit arn Daag 950 (10.a)5040 by 14411. 1440 12.360 13. a) 1296 b) 450 c) 64 14. 720, 600, 96 16. a) 4320 b) 2880 c) 720 17. a) 120 b) 288 ce) 12 d) 48. 18. a) 1890 'b) 3150 1.5 Combinations Combination of objects means just their collection without any regard to order or arrangement. The absence of order in the combination of objects makes it different from the permutations of the objects. There is only one combination of n objects; but for the same m objects the number of permutations is n!. Similarly, the number of combinations of objects taken” at a time is less than the number of permutations of n objects taken rata time, The combination of m things taken r at a time is denoted by "C, of C(n,r). . ‘Theorem 5. The total number of combinations of n obj . . . ts ~ (n,n), is given by the expression oePermutation and Combination 17 1 C= GAA Proof. Consider any one of the C(x, 7) combinations. This combination contains r objects, these r objects can be arranged among themselves in 1! different ways. So for each combination there are r! permutations. Consequently for the C(n, r) possible combinations, there are C(n, r).r! different permutations. Since these are all possible permutations of objects taken r at a time, we have, C(x, 1). H=P(LD=G aT This proves the theorem. Cor.1 Complementary combination: The number of combinations of » things taken rat a time is equal to the number of combinations of » things taken 7 —r at a time. Symbolically, Cin, = Clann). Using theorem 5, we have nl Clmn—) = Gone! a “Aa! C(n,r) =C(n,n—-r) =C(n,7) Con2:1f — C(ajr)=Clnyr, then +r'= 0 Since, C(n, 1) = CH, 7) or, (n,n) =C(n, n=) So, ff C(n, r) = C(n 1’) then either r=r' or r+ r=” Cor. 3 C(n, r)+ C(n, r-1)=C(n+ 1,7) Using theorem 5, we have: GRADE XII 18 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : nt eeeceee lien cin, Go and C07r-D=GoreDl=D! ! 1,—1— Now, C (a7) + Cm r-D= GoD pinot i nt atl Gol (r—Dir(@r-rt 1) (nt DE 8 "Goren Cathy) 2 Ca) +O r- N= Cnt) Worked Out Examples Example 1 Calculate the value of C(12, 9). Solution : Wehave C(12,9)=C (12, 12-9) =C (12, 3) 10.11.12 _ Saosin Example 2 IfC(18, r) = C18, r+ 2), find rand C(r, 3) Solution: (18, 1) = C8, +2) => (18,1) =C(18, 18-12) => CU18,1)=C(18, 16-1) = r=l6-r => 24=16 r=8 i i 8x 7x 6x 5! Now, C(r,3) = C(8,3)= 8x 7x 6x 5! _ fr, 3) = C18, 3) 51x 3x 2x 1756 Example 3 In an examii.tion paper containin, ‘ i - i 8 10 questions a candidate has to answer 7 questions only in how many ways can he choose the questions ? If two questions are made compulsory, in how mi questions in all? any ways can he choose 7Permutation and Combination 19 Solution: The candidate can choose 7 questions out of 10 in C (10, 7) ways, which gives lor (0-7) 171 = If two questions are compulsory, then the candidate has to select 5 questions from the remaining 8 questions, This selection can be made in (8, 5) ways 7 8! 8x 7x 6x 5! i (8-515 3x 2x 1x 517 56 ways Example 4 A committee is to be chosen from 12 men and 8 women and is to consist of 3 men and 2 women. How many committee can be formed ? Solution: 3 men can be chosen from 12 men in 12! (12-3) 13! = 220. 2 women can’be chosen from 8 women in C (12,3) = = 28 ways. Therefore, total number of committees = 220 x 28 = 6160. Example 5 5 men in a group of 12 are graduates. In how many committees of 6 members be made so that each committee may consist of 3 graduates? Solution: There are 12 men of which 5 are graduates so 7 of them are non- graduates. Now selection of 3 graduates from 5 graduates and rest 3 from remaining 7 non-graduates are to be made. 3 graduates from 5 graduates can be selected in C(5._ 5) ways. Again 3 non-graduates from 7 can be selected in (7, 3) ways “. total no. of committees = C(5, 3) x C(7, 3)+ GRADE XIl 20 HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS = GR xq! “suas! 4 Te Se SM 2x3! “Aix 3x 2x1 = 10x 35=350 Example 6 From 6 gentlemen and 4 ladies a ¢ ‘ommittee of 5 is to be formed. In how many ways can this be done so as to in clude at least 3 ladies? Solution: The selection of the members in the committee can be made as follows: Ladies (4) | Gentlemen (6) Selection 3 2 C(4, 3) x C6, 2) 4 i C4, 4x C61) ‘. the required no. of committees ~cu, 3) x C(6, 2) + C4, 4) x C(6, 1) cate ole +a StL Example 7 In an examination, a candidate has to pass in each of the 4 subjects. In how many ways can he fail? Solution: A candidate fails in an examination if he can not pass either in 1 or 2 oF 3 or 4 subjects. +, total no. of ways by which he fails =C(4, 1) + C(4, 2) + C(4, 3) + C(4, 4) =H 22 113! =4464+441=15 Example 8 Find the number of ways by which the | " * eee he letters of the word "LanguagePermutation and Combination 21 Solution: L,@a),n, (gg), ue There are 8 letters in the word "Language". The possible combination of selection of two letters are as follows: a) 2 same letters b) 2 different letters The two same letters can be selected in C(2, 1) ways. The two different letters can be selected in C(6, 2) ways. + total no. of selections = C(2, 1) + (6, 2) 6 =2+ 233-17 yays EE 1, A boy puts his hand into a bag which contains 10 differently coloured marbles and brings out 3. How many different results are possible? Find the number of ways in which a student can select 5 courses out of 8 courses. If 3 courses are compulsory, in how many ways can the selections be made? From 10 persons, in how many ways can a selection of 4 be made i) when one particular person is always included? ii) _ when two particular persons are always excluded? 4. A bag contains 8 white balls and 5 blue balls. In how many ways can 5 white balls and 3 blue balls be drawn? 5. How many committees can be formed from a set of 7 boys and 5 girls if cach committee contains 4 boys and 3 girls? ; 6. From a group of 11 men and 8 women, how many committees consisting of 3 men and 2 women are possible? 7. From 4 mathematician, 6 statistician and 5 economists, how many committees of 6 members can be formed so as to include 2 members from each category? 8. A person has got 12 acquaintances of whom 8 are relatives. In how many ways can he invite 7 guests so that 5 of them may be relatives? 9. There are ten electric bulbs in the stock of a shop out of which there are three defectives. In how many ways can a selection of 6 bulbs be made So that 4 of them may be good bulbs?22 : GRADE XIl HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL BASIC MATHEMATICS : GRAI ves, a committee of 5 is to be formed, In From 6 gentlemen and 4 ladies, ea how many ways can this be done so as £0 incl idate i i £10 questions which are ‘A candidate is required to answer 6 out of c divided into 2 groups each containing 5 questions “ is not permitted to attempt more than 4 from any group. In how many different ways can he make up his choice? A man has § friends. In how many ways cal them to a dinner? a) IfC(20,r+5)=C(20, 2r-7), find C(15, nr). b) IfC(n, 10) + Cn, 9) = C(20, 10) find n and C(n, 17) c) Solve forn the equation C(n + 2, 4) = 6C(n, 2) is divided into two in he invite one or more of ‘An examination paper consisting of 10 questions, groups A and B. Group A contains 6 questions. In how many ways can an examinee attempt 7 questions a) _ selecting 4 from group A and 3 from group B? b) selecting atleast two questions from each group? Six men ina group of 8 are skilled. Find the number of ways by which 5 men can be selected such that a) _ atleast 3 of them may be the skilled men. b) _ atleast one of them may be the unskilled man. Ina group of 10 students, 6 are boys. In how many ways can 4 students be selected for mathematical competition so as to include a) exactly two boys b) atleast two boys c) at most two girls. In how many ways can the letters of the followin; time, be selected? ee a) Number b) Circle ¢)Monsoon —d) Examination Answers 1.120 2.5610 3.184 ii)70 4.5605, 350 6.4620 7.900 8.336 9.105 10.246 11.200 12.31 15. a) 17.) 13. a) 455 b) 19, 171 c)7 14,a) 60 b) 116 56 b)50 16.) 90 b) 185g) 185 15 bl o)8 431