Outline

Unit 1: Permutation and Combination

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Fundamental Principle of Counting

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Mathematics Class - XII

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1 Introdction
Lila Prasad Bagale
Mathematics Lecturer

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Global School of Science
2 Fundamental Principles of Counting
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August 2, 2021
3 Solved Examples

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Introdction Introdction

Introduction Introduction (Continued . . . )

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In our daily life, we are very often required to know the number of
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ways in which a particular work can be done or the number of ways in Example 3.
which a set of objects can be arranged under some conditions.
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How many number plates having three different digits can be formed
Example 1. form the integers 3,4,5,6,7,8,9? [Here the order of selection matters]
Suppose you have 5 different shirts and 3 different pants, then in how
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To answer above questions easily, we first know the concept of
many ways can you dress up? [Here order of selection does not Fundamental Principle of Counting.
matter]
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Definition 4.
Example 2. Simply, the process of selecting the objects without any order from a
If there are 400 peoples in a village, then in how many ways a set of objects is called combination and that of arranging the

objects with order is called permutation.
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committee of 10 peoples can be formed? [Here also order of selection

does not matter]
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 Fundamental Principles of Counting Fundamental Principles of Counting

Fundamental Principles of Counting Fundamental Principles of Counting (Contd. . . )

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Suppose we have three letters A, B and C. Then in how many ways

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these letters can be arranged in a row. Thus we see that these letters can be arranged in six ways.
ABC ACB BAC Alternatively: There are 3 possible choices for the first position, 2

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BCA CAB CBA choices for the second position and 1 choice for the third position.
The following figure illustrates the process of arrangement: Thus, we have 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 ways of arrangements.

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This consideration leads us to the following principle:
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A Basic Principle of Multiplication
C B ACB
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Let an event E1 can occur in the m1 number of ways, another event
A C BAC E2 following the first can occur in m2 number of ways and so on.
A,B,C B
C A BCA Then, the total number of ways the events E1 , E2 , . . . , En can occur

in m1 · m2 · . . . · mn number of ways.
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A B CAB
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B A CBA
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Fundamental Principles of Counting Fundamental Principles of Counting

Basic Principle of Multiplication Basic Principle of Addition

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Basic Principle of Addition
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Example 5. Let an event E1 can occur in the m1 number of ways, another event
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There are five doors in the school assembly hall. In how many ways E2 can occur in m2 number of ways and so on. Then, either of these
can a student enter the hall and leave it through a different door? events E1 , E2 , . . . , En can occur in m1 + m2 + . . . + mn number of
ways.
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Solution: A student can enter the assembly hall from any of the 5
doors. So, there are 5 ways of entering the assembly hall. As the Note:
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student has to leave the hall from different door, he / she can leave it If our task is completed in multiple number of steps (or sentence is
though any one of the remaining 4 doors. Hence, by the basic connected by the conjunction “and”) then we use basic principle of
principle of multiplication the student can enter and leave the multiplication and if our task is completed in single step (or the

assembly hall in 5 × 4 = 20 ways.

sentence is connected by the conjunction “or”)then we use the use
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basic principle of addition.

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 Fundamental Principles of Counting Solved Examples

Basic Principle of Addition (Contd. . . ) Solved Examples

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Example 7.

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Example 6. How many two digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 2,

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3, 4 ,5 and 6 when (a) repetition of digits is not allowed
If a student wants to take admission in 8 medical colleges and 6
(b) repetition of digits is allowed ?
agricultural colleges. In how many ways he / she can take admission
in either of colleges?

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Solution: Here, given digits are 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. We have to form
two digits even numbers by using these digits.
Solution: Here, the number of medical and agricultural colleges are
(a) If repetition of digits is not allowed, there are 3 choices for unit’s
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8 and 6 respectively. The student can take admission in either 8 of
place and 4 choices for ten’s place. By basic principle of counting,
medical colleges or 6 of agricultural colleges.
total number of 2 digit even numbers = 3 ×4 = 12.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition the total number of

ways = 8 + 6 =14. (b) If repetition of digits is allowed, there are 3 choices for unit’s
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place and 5 choices for ten’s place. By basic principle of counting,
total number of 2 digit even numbers = 3 ×5 = 15.
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Solved Examples Solved Examples

Solved Examples (Contd . . . ) Solved Examples (Contd . . . )

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Example 9.
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Example 8.
How many numbers of at least three different digits can be formed
How many odd numbers less than 1000 can be formed by using the
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from the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5?
digits 0, 3, 6, 9?
Solution: Given digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Solution: Here, given digits are 0, 3, 6, 9
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Here, we have to form the numbers having at least three digits and
The numbers are odd and less than 1000. So there are 2 choices for
the digits are different. So, we have to form 3 digit, 4 digits and 5
unit’s place, 4 choices for ten’s place and also 4 choices for hundred’s
digits numbers with different digits.
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place.
By the basic principle of counting, there are 2 × 4 × 4 = 32 such There are, 5 × 4 × 3 = 60 three digits numbers.
numbers. 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 120 four digits numbers.

5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 five digits numbers.

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Alert! While solving the problem that requires certain condition, first
of all we have to fulfil those conditions.
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Hence, there are 60 + 120 + 120 = 300 such numbers.
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 Solved Examples Solved Examples

Solved Examples (Contd . . . ) Solved Examples (Contd . . . )

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Example 11.

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In a city, telephone numbers consists of 6 digits and none of them
Example 10. begin with 0. How many telephone numbers could be possible in that

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In how many ways can the letters of the word ‘NEPAL’be arranged in city?
a row, if repetition is allowed?

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Solution: In total we have 10 digits i.e, 0, 1, 2, . . . , 9.
Solution: The letters of the word ‘NEPAL’are N, E, P, A and L. Here we have to form 6 digits telephone number and none of them
Here, the repetition of letter is allowed. So, there are 5 choices for begin with 0.
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each of five positions. Hence, by the fundamental principle of So, there are 9 possible choices for the beginning place and since the
counting, these letters can be arrange in 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 3125 repetition of digits is allowed there are 10 possible choices for each of
ways. the remaining 5 place.

By the basic principle of multiplication
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9 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 900000 telephone numbers are possible.
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