HUMAN

INTELLIGENCE
pratima
◦ Have you met an intelligent person in life?
◦ Is intelligence important for human being?
◦ Intelligence is very important mental attribute which accounts
for differences among individuals.

◦ Of many factor contributing for individual difference,

intelligence is one vital one.
INTRODUCTION OF INTELLIGENCE:

◦ Like beauty, humor, and courage, intelligence is a quantity. We

recognize and admire, but one which is very difficult to define.
◦ We may think of it as a combination of things like, under
standing, the ability to see relation ship, to reason, and the
ability to learn
◦ Some psychologist define intelligence as adjustment capacity of
the individual to different situations and problems of life .
◦ Others psychologist define it as individual's ability to learn or
ability to abstract thinking.
ORIGIN OF WORD INTELLIGENCE:

◦ Basically, “INTELLIGENCE” is a “Latin” word, derived from

“INTELLIGERE”, which means “to understand” or “to
know”. It was first started to use in “1350-1400”, by a Latin
psychology. 
◦ Intelligence, like love, is one of those concepts which are easy to
recognize then to define.
Some of the basic definitions of intelligence
define by different psychologists are as follow
◦ According to Feldman “intelligence is the capacity to
understand the world, think rationally, and use resources
effectively when faced with challenges”
Intelligence = f ( Person, environment)
◦ Acc. To David Wechsler (1958), defined Intelligence as the
global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally and to deal with the situation effectively.
◦ Neisser and others (1996) defined Intelligence as the individual's abilities
to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to
learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning and to
overcome obstacles by careful thought.
◦ Acc. To Benjamin B.Lahey (1995), Intelligence refers the cognitive abilities
of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, and to cope
effectively with the demands of daily living.
◦ In short, intelligence deals with how well a person is able to use cognition
to cope with the world.
By analyzing the definition, we can
categorize in following points.
◦ Intelligence refers to overall capacity of the individuals.
◦ It involves capacity to learn, reason, solve problems and adjust
with the environment.
◦ Level of intelligences varies from individual to individuals and
important attributes contributing for the uniqueness of the
individual.
◦ It is an innate (by birth ) ability which grown and is influenced
by environment.
INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (I.Q.)

◦ As mentioned earlier, intelligence can be measured, It can be

measured in terms of intelligence quotient.
◦ I.Q.=mental age/ Chronological age *100
◦ The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early
20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern.
◦ Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to
help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra
academic assistance. Binet was the first to introduce the concept of
mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess.
◦ Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool
that has led to developing many other tests of skill and aptitude.
MAJOR APPROACHES TO
INTELLIGENCES
◦ TWO FACTOR THEORY
◦ GROUP FACTOR THEORY
◦ GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE
◦ STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY
◦ CATTLE’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE (CATTLE’S APPROACH)
◦ Psychologist often debate on the intelligence as unitary or
multifaceted.
◦ Francis Galton’s view, intelligence Is a single general factor that
provides the basic foundation for the specific abilities that we
posses.
◦ But other psychologist say it has 2 types, others argue that there are
seven types of intelligence , some other says that nine types and
others claimed that it has three types.
TWO FACTOR THEORY( G-factor theory)

◦ British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described a concept

he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor or two factor theory.
◦ He proposed that intellectual abilities / performance were comprised of
two factor ‘g’ and ‘s’.
◦ One General ability or common ability (Known as G ) which is
universal , inborn ability and other group of specific abilities (Known as
S) which is acquired from the environment.
◦ The general intelligence, g, influences the performance on all mental tasks,
while another component influences abilities on a particular task.
◦ To explain the differences in performance of individual on
different tasks, Spearman hypothesized that this other
component was specific to a certain aspect of intelligence. This
second factor he named s, for specific ability. And to assess this
pattern, he develop a statistical technique known as factor
analysis.
GROUP FACTOR THEORY (multifactor
theory)

◦ Also known as theory of primary abilities.

◦ Developed by L.L. Thurston (1938), he argued against
spearman’s emphasis on general intelligence.
◦ He theorized that intelligence can be broken down into a
number of primary abilities
◦ This theory holds that intelligence is comprised of 7 independent sets of mental abilities;
1. Verbal comprehension
2. Word fluency
3. Number
4. Spatial visualization
5. Memory
6. Perceptual speed
7. Reasoning
Verbal Comprehension

◦ It is the ability of individual to comprehend or understand

meaning of words.
◦ This ability can be measured by tasks like vocabulary test,
synonym and antonyms and reading comprehension.
Word Fluency

◦ It is the ability of individual to fluently utilize words.

◦ People high in word fluency can generate and manipulate
words quickly.
◦ This can be easily measured by anagram test. In which jumbled
letters are given to individual and he has to make meaningful
words quickly.
Number

◦ This is the ability of individual to deal with number.

◦ People high in this area can compute mathematical operation
easily and quickly.
◦ Simple arithmetic test can be sufficient in measuring this
intelligence in individual.
Spatial visualization

◦ This is the ability of individual to mentally manipulate objects

in space.
◦ Those high in this intelligence are good in activities like parking
car and passing car in narrow street.
◦ Block design is one way to measure this intelligence in
individual.
Memory

◦ It is the ability of individual to remember words, letters or

other relevant information.
◦ This can be measured through recall test.
Perceptual speed

◦ It is the degree to which individuals are quick in perceiving

visual details, similarities and differences.
◦ Problems that requires finding the missing objects, exploring
similarities and differences between objects, exploring
similarities and differences between objects can be measure this
type of intelligence.
Reasoning

◦ It is the ability of individual to reason.

◦ Analogies and series type problems are good tests to measure
reasoning.
◦ This theory assumes that people may be very good in
one field and very poor in other ones.
GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE

◦ Third definition of intelligence that addresses intelligence as multifaceted is advocated by Howard Gardner
(1993,1999).
◦ He proposed that people have eight relatively independent sets of intelligence;
1. Verbal/Linguistic
2. Musical
3. Logical/mathematical
4. Visual/Spatial
5. Movement or bodily kinesthetic
6. Interpersonal intelligence
7. Intrapersonal intelligence
8. Naturalistic
Verbal/Linguistic

◦ Mastery , Love and ability to use language and words, found in

poets, speakers, writers and rap singers
Musical

◦ High level of competence in composing and performing;

sensitivity to pitch and tone; evident in composing, singers, and
musicians.
Logical / Mathematical

◦ Used in solving mathematics problems and in logical

thinking of instance, in science and mathematics,
especially highly advanced mathematics.
Visual/Spatial

◦ Ability to grasp how objects orient in space, which can

be very useful in art and navigation; therefore observed
in artists, pilots, and astronauts.
Movement or Bodily Kinesthetic

◦ Ability to control body motions and to handle objects

skillfully; found in dancers and athletes.
Interpersonal Intelligence

◦ Sensitivity to people and an ability to understand what

motivates them, how to work effectively with them, and
how to lead and to follow.
Intrapersonal intelligence

◦ Understanding one’s emotions and being able to draw

on them on them to guide one's behavior.
Naturalist

◦ Ability to recognize patterns in nature; to identify and classify

plants, animals, and minerals; and to use this information in
activities such as farming or landscaping
STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY

◦ Proposed by Robert Sternberg.

◦ He has emphasized the importance of “practical intelligence”
which is important in real life, usually outside the classroom.
◦ This theory composed of three factors;
1. Componential (Analytical) intelligence
2. Experiential ( Creative) intelligence
3. Contextual (Practical) intelligence
◦ Analytical intelligence is the information processing that individual uses
when he thinks. People high in this intelligence are good in analyzing,
comparing and evaluating.
◦ Creative intelligence is ability to think of novel solutions. These people are
good in dealing new situation by with the help of existing knowledge and
skills. These people are good in inventing and designing innovations.
◦ Practical intelligence refers to the ability of individual to deal with day to
day problems effectively. These people are good in adapting with the
situation.
CATTLE’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE (CATTLE’S APPROACH)
◦ One of the influential and recent view of intelligence suggests that
intelligence consist of two components namely fluid intelligence and
crystallized intelligence (Cattel, 1967, 1987).
◦ People who have high fluid intelligence are good in Solving analogy,
identification of similarities, forming concept memory, reasoning abilities
and abstracting .This type of intelligence is not influence is not influenced
by learning and maturation and declines after age 30 or 40.
◦ Crystallized intelligence in other hand involves knowledge derived from
experience. Thus, crystallized intelligence will grow with respect to our
age. Your ability to solve life hassles and vocabulary may test crystalized
intelligence.
◦ Crystallized intelligence refers to words or language that we
use in solving problem while fluid intelligence covers the speed
and accuracy through which one can analyze information.
THANKYOU