COGNITION OF

LEARNERS
 2.1 Cognition of learners
 Atkinson and shiffrin proposed the notion that memory
consist of three stores.

• a sensory register - refers to the first and most emediate form of

memory you have.
• short-term memory- is the capacity to store a small amount of
information in the mind and keep it readily available for short a short
period of time.
• long-term memory- the phase of type of memory responsible for the
storage of information for an extended period of time.
The Memory Stores
 each store is a unitary structure and has its own
characteristics in terms of encoding, capacity and duration.
• Encoding- is thn be st cite way information is changed so
that it can be stored in the memory. there are three main
ways in which information can be encoded;
1. visual (picture)
2. acoustic (sound)
3. semantic (meaning)
• Capacity-concerns how much information can be stored.
• Duration- refers to the period of time information can last in
the memory stores.
2.2 DUAL CODING THEORY

 A theory of cognition was a hypothesized by Allan Paivio

of the University of Western Ontario in 1971.
2.3 EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE MEMORY

 It shows how learned information slips out of our

memories over time- unless we take action to keep it
there.
2.4 SPACE RETRIEVAL

 Is a theraperiutic technique, or modality, that utilizes high

repetition eith minimal variation to access motor or
procedural learning to facilitate recall of facts or
strategies.
 The goal is to accurate recall of information over
progressively longer periods of time.
• Meanful Connections
• Retrieval Practice
• Space Overtime
COURSE EXAM

• Space retrieval
• Study
2.5 LATERALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION

 The left and right sides of the brain or specialized to

attend to different information to process sensory inputs
in different ways and to control different types of motor
behavior this is reffered to as hemispheric specialization
or simply as brain lateralization.
2.6 THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

 Intelligence has memory definition and people have

different perceptions of what it really is.
• GardnersTheory of Multiple Intelligences
• Spearmans Two- factor theory of Intelligence
• Thurstones Theory: Primary Mental/Group factor theory
• Steamberg’s Triarchic theory of Intelligence
GARDNERS THEORY

Howard Gardners
 In his book Frames of Mind (1983) explained that
intelligence does not come in one type but in 9 different
types.
1. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)
 This intelligence focuses its ability to think in three
dimensions. Some of its strength includes spatial
reasoning, artistic skill, active imanigation, and image
manipulation. People with spatial intelligence enjoy jigsaw,
puzzles, mazes, and drawing.
2. Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart)
 The strength of this intelligence is to organize and
discriminate living things as well as being sensitive to the
features of the natural world.
3. Musical Intelligence (Music Smart)
 People under this intelligence have the ability to recognize
rythm, timbre, pitch, and tone. This intelligence helps learners
in creating and reflecting music. Instrumentalist, composers
and singers possesses this intelligence.
4. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart)
 Recognizing personal strengths, thoughts and feelings and
using it to plan and direct your life is the major characteristic of
people processing this intelligence.This intelligence does not
only focuse on self but it also has the ability to understand the
nature of human condition.
5. Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)
 This intelligence is portrayed through manipulation of objects
and use of different of physical strength. Strong hand-eye
coordination, timing, and skill perfection through strong mind-
body coordination are the main strengths of this intelligence.
6.Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
 The strength of a word smart is the ability to use words and
language in expressing ideas. This intelligence allows people to
understand the order of words, its meaning and apply meta-
linguistic skill in using language.
7. Logical- Mathematical Intelligence (Math Smart)
 Math smart has the ability to quantify, calculate, consider
proposition and hypotheses, and carry out complete
mathematical operations. This intelligence helps the learner to
perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract,
symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills, inductive and
deductive thingking.
8. Existential Intelligence (Spirit Smart)
 This intelligence is sensitive and has the ability to answer/ ask
questions about human existence like the true meaning of life, is
there life after death and why to de exists.
9. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)
 The person under this intelligence has the ability to understand
and communicate with others in a very effective way. The skills
that involves in people smart includes sensitivity to moods and
temperaments of others, strong verbal and non- verbal
communication skills and the ability to identify the differences of
others.
SPEARMANS TWO- FACTOR THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE

 English psychologist Charles Spearman developed the

two - factor theory in 1904. in this theory he proposed that
intellectual abilities were comprised to two factors:the first
ability is called the as the ‘G’ factor which is the general
ability or the common ability;the second is called as the
‘S’factor which is a group of specific abilities.
THURSTONE’S THEORY: PRIMARY MENTAL/GROUP
FACTOR THEORY
• Louis Thurstone said that intelligent activities are not
expression of many highly specific factors,as what
Thorndike believes.He also believes that there are no
general factors that control all the mental tasks.Thurstone
proposed the concept that intelligence is a cluster of
abilities.
THURSTONE HAS GIVEN THE FOLLOWING NINE
PRIMARY FACTORS:
1. Numerical Factor(N)-This ability involves fast and accurate
mathematical calculations.
2. Verbal Comrehensive Factor- This ability involves accurate
understanding verbal marerials,vocabulary and reading
comprehension.
3. Verbal Fluency Factor- The ability to produce words,
sentences and other verbal material.
4. Perceptual Speed Factor -This ability involves proofreading
and recognition of numbers and letters.
5. Inductive Reasoning Factor - The ability to create
generalization-reasoning from specific to general thinking.
6. Spatial Visualization Factor - The ability to manipulate
Imaginary object in space.
7. Memory Factor - Ability to memorize quickly.
8. Deductive Reasoning - Ability to use general result
correctly
9. Problem Solving Ability Factor - This ability focuses on
the skill to solve problem independently
Stembergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

 American psychologist Robert stemberg (1985) has

created three -pronge or triarchic theory of intelligence.
The three are:
1. Analitic Intelligence - generally defines as the academic
ability. This intelligence helps us to solve problems and
acquire new information.
2. Creative Intelligence - the ability to adapt within a
situation and to learn from experiences
3. Practical Intelligence - also known as the street smart ,
help learners to adapt to the demand of their
environment.
2.7 META COGNITION

 Metacognition means “thinking about thinking” coined by

John Flavell, the founding father of the concept of
metacognition. Flavell said that Metacognition is an
individual’s knowledge about how she/he thinks.
• Elements of Metacognition
• Metacognitive Strategies
GROUP 1

• AGAR, BAI NISAN

• ABAS, JUNABAI
• CAMPONG, RADIAH
• SILONGAN,JOHAINA
• SOBRIERA, LYZYL KRYZ

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