PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS

I. TITLE: LESSON 5: THE INTELLECTUAL ATTRIBUTES OF

PERSONALITY AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

II. INTRODUCTION:

Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-human
animals and in plants. Intelligence in machines is called artificial intelligence, which is commonly
implemented in computer systems using programs and, sometimes, specialized hardware.

From Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), a report published by the Board of
Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association:

Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt
effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning,
to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be
substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary
on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of
"intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although
considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered
all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen
prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat
different, definitions.

III.LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

LO1. understand the meaning and types of intelligence
LO2. examine what type of intelligence do you possess
LO3. follow the steps in effective decision making
LO4. Enhance your interpersonal skills
 IV. LESSON PROPER

Definition of Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-
awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and
problem solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer
information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an
environment or context.

Intelligence – is the sum of total of all cognitive processes and skills. It refers to the
ability of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope with the
demands of social living. Topics called “higher-order” forms of cognition-concept formation,
reasoning, problem solving, and creativity, as well as memory and perception are related to
human intelligence.

Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-
human animals and in plants. Intelligence in machines is called artificial intelligence, which
is commonly implemented in computer systems using programs and, sometimes, specialized
hardware.

The definition of intelligence is controversial. Some groups of psychologists have

suggested the following definitions:

From "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an op-ed statement in the Wall Street
Journal signed by fifty-two researchers (out of 131 total invited to sign)

A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason,
plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn
from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking
smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our
surroundings—"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.

Human Intelligence

Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex

cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.[18] Intelligence enables
humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It
is a cognitive process. It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts,
understand, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas,
plan, solve problems, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans to
experience and think.

Human intelligence – is the ability to acquire, recall, and use knowledge to understand
concrete and abstracts concepts, relations among objects and ideas, and to use knowledge in a
meaningful way.

2
 Types of Intelligence

Nine different types of intelligence have been identified ranging from numerical to
interpersonal skills, which type are you?

Key takeaways:

• People do not have a set intellectual capacity.

• Psychologist, Howard Gardner, introduced the theory of multiple types of intelligence.
• According to Gardner there are nine different types of intelligence.

An understanding of one’s areas of intelligence can be useful when striving to maximize

one’s strengths.

The word intelligence often conjures up images of math and science or IQ tests and
complicated algorithms. People who are thought to have high intelligence are valued and often
considered a cut above the rest. How do you measure intelligence however? And, is there only
one kind? What if you are useless at math, but brilliant at languages…does that make you
unintelligent?

These are the very questions that Harvard psychologist Howard Gardener addressed in
his 1983 book, “Frames of the Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.” Here, Gardener
explains that people do not have a set intellectual capacity, but rather many kinds of
intelligences, for example a person can be musically intelligent, but terrible with numbers. In his
book, Gardener argues that traditional psychometric views of measuring intelligence are too
narrow and that they can’t possibly capture all the abilities and talents people possess. He states
that it would be incomplete to judge someone’s intelligence by one or two factors alone. In fact,
Gardener suggests that there are nine different types of intelligence, which one are you?

1. Naturalistic Intelligence

Have you noticed how some people can make anything grow? It’s as if they have a ‘green
thumb’. Others connect with animals easily and some are completely at home in nature.
Naturalistic intelligence describes people who are sensitive to the natural world. They enjoy
being outside, nurturing and exploring the environment. People with high naturalistic
intelligence are sensitive to subtle changes in nature and the environment around them.

2. Musical Intelligence

Not everyone has green thumbs and a love for the great outdoors. Instead, some people
are naturally drawn towards music. People with musical intelligence are generally more
sensitive to sound and often pick up on noises that others would not normally be aware of.
They have an excellent sense of rhythm and the ability to recognize tone and pitch. More often
than not they play an instrument or are involved in music as a profession.

3. Logical–Mathematical Intelligence

3
 Of all the types of intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence is the most similar to
what we typically associate with general intelligence. People with this type of intelligence are
excellent at math and working with numbers. They can recognize patterns easily and work
out processes in a logical manner. They have excellent reasoning skills and can often talk
themselves out of trouble. People with high logical–mathematical intelligence are often drawn to
games involving strategy and the solving of puzzles.

4. Existential Intelligence

While many of us are happy with going about our lives day by day, people with high
levels of existential intelligence often think more deeply about daily occurrences. They ask
questions similar to why are we here? And, what is the point of all this? They are often deeply
philosophical thinkers and they have the capacity to look for answers to questions bigger than
themselves. Existential intelligence is often called spiritual or moral intelligence.

5. Interpersonal Intelligence

Do you have a natural ability to get on well with others? Are you good at reading people
and social situations? If this is the case, chances are that you have a high level of interpersonal
intelligence. People with this type of intelligence are often good at reading verbal and non-
verbal cues as well as determining temperament and mood. They feel empathy easily. Often
this type of intelligence can be found in politicians, social workers, life coaches and
psychologists.

6. Linguistic Intelligence

Linguistic Intelligence is the type of intelligence that is most commonly shared by

humans. It involves our ability to think in words and use these words to make oneself
understood. People with high linguistic intelligence are very good at putting their feelings and
thoughts into words in order to make others understand them. They are drawn to activities such
as reading, writing and public speaking.

7. Bodily–Kinesthetic Intelligence

People high in Bodily–kinesthetic intelligence have an excellent sense of timing and a

great mind-body coordination as well as fine and gross motor skills. They are able to use their
bodies to convey feelings and ideas and, as a result, they often take up roles in dance, sports or
medicine. They use their bodies to solve problems and create something meaningful.

8. Intra–Personal Intelligence

Do you understand your thoughts, feelings and emotions and are you able to use this
understanding in your everyday life? If this is the case, you probably have high intra-personal
intelligence. Intra-personal intelligence refers to an understanding of oneself and the human
condition as a whole. They are known as ‘self-smart’ people and, despite having a deeper
understanding of their own emotions, they are often quite shy. Philosophers, spiritual leaders,
psychologist and writers usually have high intra-personal intelligence.

4
9. Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is defined as the ability to consider things in three dimensions. People
with high spatial intelligence are generally very creative and usually have a vivid imagination,
high artistic ability and excellent spatial reasoning. These people are often referred to as ‘picture
smart’ and can be found in professions such as architecture, design and map reading.

It must be noted that Gardner’s theory received harsh criticism from psychologists. Many
felt that his definition of intelligence is too broad, merely representing skills and talents and not
intelligence per se. His lack of empirical research has also been questioned. Despite this however
his theory of multiple intelligence is still widely used by teachers and educators. A good
understanding of the different types of intelligence can help one identify one’s skills and talents,
thus pointing you in the right direction when choosing a future career or area of study. Besides,
isn’t it nice to know that even if you are completely useless at math it doesn’t necessarily mean
that you aren’t smart!

Factors Affecting Intelligence

1. Nature- How much does our intelligence depend on our genes? For more than a
century, researchers have been studying how much our genetic legacy influences our
intelligence. After all that time, they've determined that our genes do influence intelligence and
IQ. (40-80%) Our brain structure and functionality -- both biological factors -- contribute to our
level of intelligence. Using brain imaging, neuroscientists have identified differences in brain
structure, specifically differences in our parieto-frontal pathways that seem to affect our
intelligence positively (or negatively, depending on the brain). Well- functioning pathways
correlate to better brain functioning, brain efficiency and information processing, which all point
to better IQ scores.

2. Early Nutrition- As it turns out, you really are what you eat. And what your mom
ate during her pregnancy. Prenatal and early nutrition are linked to brain structure, behavior and,
yes, intelligence. The greater nutrition in the foods we eat, especially for males in the weeks just
after birth, the greater the size of the caudate -- that's the part of our brain that specializes in
learning and memory -- and the greater our verbal IQ scores. And the effects also seem to apply
to babies whose prenatal diets were rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid). When pregnant and lactating women have diets rich in these fatty acids,
their offspring are more likely to score higher on intelligence and achievement tests at ages 4 and
7.

3. Nurture- How much nature versus nurture affects human intelligence is a long-
studied and long- debated topic. The term "nature" refers to how genetics and heritability
influence our intelligence, and "nurture" describes how certain environmental factors affect our
intelligence. These factors include everything from our family's parenting style and home
environment to how we're educated and the experiences we have throughout our lives.
Researchers often study twins who've been separated at birth to understand further the roles
nature and nurture play in human intelligence. They theorize that if intelligence is purely
biological, identical twins separated at birth should still have equal IQs. But that's not always the

5
case, they find. While you may be genetically predisposed to an average intelligence level, a
quality education and life experiences may enable you to turn an average IQ into a great one over
a lifetime.

4. Birth Order- People have been studying whether or not birth order affects human
intelligence for more than a century, yet we're still just not sure. For years, it was believed that
firstborns and older children in families were more intelligent than their younger siblings. And
there are more firstborn children who've become space-bound astronauts, U.S. presidents and
Nobel Prize winners than kids with older siblings. Why? Families with just one child may have
more time and financial resources to put toward educating that child. Recent studies, however,
observe that it may not be intelligence -- our potential for learning, understanding and reasoning
-- that's affected by birth order, but rather our IQ (intelligence quotient). IQ tests measure our
intelligence aptitude and compare us to our peers. Firstborn children, on average, score three
points higher on IQ tests than their closest, next-born siblings

5. Birth Order and Personality- While researchers continue to study if, how and why
birth order affects our intelligence; they're also looking at how birth order affects our
personalities. They've found that firstborn children tend to be perfectionists and people- pleasers,
while their younger siblings are often more extroverted and sociable.

6. Environment- We may be genetically predisposed to a certain brain volume,

structure and pathways -- a certain level of intelligence set by our biology -- but how much we
achieve isn't based in biology alone. The type of life we lead also affects intelligence.
Environmental factors, such as the diet we eat, the toxins we're exposed to both in the womb and
as we age, and even the neighborhood we choose to live in -- be it dangerous or safe -- all
influence how genes are expressed in our lives. Let's use cigarette smoke as an example.
Exposure to the toxins in cigarette smoke -- while in the womb and throughout a lifetime -- is
known to lower our intelligence quotient, decreasing IQ scores by more than seven points when
compared to individuals who aren't exposed to cigarette smoke [source: American Friends of Tel
Aviv University]. Such environmental factors are thought to influence our intelligence levels
throughout our lives.

How to Make Decisions: Making the Best Possible Choices

Imagine that your company has been expanding rapidly over the past 12 months. Sales
are up 50 percent, but costs and overheads have also increased, so your operating profit has
fallen. Decisions need to be made – and fast! But first you’re going to need to consider your
options...

We make decisions every single day. As we explore in this article and video, you'll see
that some decisions are simple, others are more complex.

Some of your decisions will be so routine that you make them without giving them much
thought. But difficult or challenging decisions demand more consideration. These are the sort of
decisions that involve:

6
• Uncertainty – Many of the facts may be unknown.
• Complexity – There can be many, interrelated factors to consider.
• High-risk consequences – The impact of the decision may be significant.
• Alternatives – There may be various alternatives, each with its own set of uncertainties and
consequences.
• Interpersonal issues – You need to predict how different people will react.

When you’re making a decision that involves complex issues like these, you also need to
engage your problem-solving, as well as decision-making skills. It pays to use an effective,
robust process in these circumstances, to improve the quality of your decisions and to achieve
consistently good results.

7 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING

Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering

information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process
can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and
defining alternatives. This approach increases the chances that you will choose the most
satisfying alternative possible

Step 1: Identify the decision- You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to clearly define
the nature of the decision you must make. This ¬first step is very important.

Step 2: Gather relevant information- Collect some pertinent information before you make your
decision: what information is needed, the best sources of information, and how to get it. This
step involves both internal and external “work.” Some information is internal: you’ll seek it
through a process of self-assessment. Other information is external: you’ll ¬find it online, in
books, from other people, and from other sources.

Step 3: Identify the alternatives- As you collect information, you will probably identify several
possible paths of action, or alternatives. You can also use your imagination and additional
information to construct new alternatives. In this step, you will list all possible and desirable
alternatives.

Step 4: Weigh the evidence- Draw on your information and emotions to imagine what it would
be like if you carried out each of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need identified
in Step 1 would be met or resolved through the use of each alternative. As you go through this di
cult internal process, you’ll begin to favor certain alternatives: those that seem to have a higher
potential for reaching your goal. Finally, place the alternatives in a priority order, based upon
your own value system.

Step 5: Choose among alternatives- Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are ready to
select the alternative that seems to be the best one for you. You may even choose a combination
of alternatives. Your choice in Step 5 may very likely be the same or similar to the alternative
you placed at the top of your list at the end of Step 4.

7
Step 6: Take action You’re now ready to take some positive action by beginning to implement
the alternative you chose in Step 5. Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences. In this
final step, consider the results of your decision and evaluate whether or not it has resolved the
need you identified in Step 1. If the decision has not met the identified need, you may want to
repeat certain steps of the process to make a new decision. For example, you might want to
gather more detailed or somewhat different information or explore additional alternatives

Challenges in Decision Making Process:

“Whenever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision.”

― Peter F. Drucker

Effective decision making is an art which obviously cannot be earned overnight, hence,
needs to be nurtured in time. However, even an effective leader cannot remain oblivious to
certain hurdles which chronicle his decision-making capacity. An effective decision has positive
effects on all the departments, and equal damage is caused by an ineffective decision. Hence, he
has to remain vigilant about the repercussions caused by his decisions.

Sometimes, taking a decision can equal to cracking a hard nut. As a professional as well
as an individual, we face many situations in our professional as well as personal lives, wherein it
is quite tough to take a decision. A careful study of various hurdles faced will lead you to take
effective and better decisions in future.

Following are typical barriers faced by a manager while developing strategies.

Level of Decision Making Not Clear

Sometimes, there is ambiguity in the level of power a manager holds, whether he holds
the right to make modifications in the existing system. This often leads to confusion in the minds
of the manager, especially at a middle-level manager.

Lack of Time

Hasty decisions often lead to disastrous effects. However, businesses are subject to
emergencies and often, as a decision-making authority, you need to take a call in the limited time
available. This can pose a most difficult hurdle for most leaders; however, an effective leader has
to go through these testing times.

Lack of reliable data

Lack of reliable data can be a major hindrance in making apt decisions. Ambiguous and
incomplete data often makes it difficult for them to make an appropriate decision, which may not
be the best suited for any organization.

8
Risk-Taking Ability

Any decision attracts a fair deal of risk of resulting into negative outcome. However, it is
necessary to take calculated risks for an effective decision. Also, at the same time, casual attitude
and completely ignoring risks will not result in taking appropriate decisions.

Too Many Options

A manager can be in a dilemma if there are too many options for an effective solution.
Finding the appropriate one can be very difficult, especially if a particular decision favours a
department over the other.

Inadequate Support

A manager, however good he may be, cannot work without an adequate support level
from his subordinates. Lack of adequate support either from top level or grass root level
employees may result in a great jeopardy for the manager.

Lack of Resources

A manager may find it difficult to implement his decisions due to lack of resources- time,
staff, equipment. In these cases, he should look out for alternative approaches which fit in the
available resources. However, appropriate steps must be taken in case he feels that lack of
resources may stop the growth of the organization.

Inability to Change

Every organization has its own unique culture which describes its working policies.
However, some policies are not conducive to managers who are looking out for a change. The
rigid mentality of top-level management and the subordinates are the biggest hurdle, wherein a
manager cannot make positive amendments even if he wishes to do so.

Every experience is a big teacher, and managers should take a cue from their previous
experiences, and learn to boost their decision-making capacity. Big businesses have benefited
greatly from positive changes and results, which implies that a manager should first and foremost
improve his ability to deal with risks to take a good decision.

What is Interpersonal Relationship?

A strong bond between two or more people refers to interpersonal relationship. Attraction
between individuals brings them close to each other and eventually results in a strong
interpersonal relationship.

Forms of Interpersonal relationship

An interpersonal relationship can develop between any of the following:

9
 Individuals working together in the same organization.
People working in the same team.
Relationship between a man and a woman (Love, Marriage).
Relationship with immediate family members and relatives.
Relationship of a child with his parents.
Relationship between friends.

Relationship can also develop in a group (Relationship of students with their teacher,
relationship of a religious guru with his disciples and so on)

Must have in an Interpersonal Relationship

• Individuals in an interpersonal relationship must share common goals and objectives.

They should have more or less similar interests and think on the same lines. It is always
better if individuals come from similar backgrounds.
• Individuals in an interpersonal relationship must respect each other’s views and opinions.
A sense of trust is important.
• Individuals must be attached to each other for a healthy interpersonal relationship.
• Transparency plays a pivotal role in interpersonal relationship. It is important for an
individual to be honest and transparent.

Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal skills are the skills we use every day when we communicate and interact
with other people, both individually and in groups. They include a wide range of skills, but
particularly communication skills such as listening and effective speaking. They also include the
ability to control and manage your emotions.

It is no exaggeration to say that interpersonal skills are the foundation for success in life.
People with strong interpersonal skills tend to be able to work well with other people, including
in teams or groups, formally and informally. They communicate effectively with others, whether
family, friends, colleagues, customers or clients. They also have better relationships at home and
at work.

You can improve your interpersonal skills by developing your awareness of how you
interact with others and practising your skills.

What are Interpersonal Skills?

Interpersonal skills are sometimes referred to as social skills, people skills, soft skills, or
life skills.

“The skills you need and use to communicate and interact with other people.”

This definition means that interpersonal skills therefore include:

10
Communication skills, which in turn covers:

• Verbal Communication – what we say and how we say it;

• Non-Verbal Communication – what we communicate without words, for example
through body language, or tone of voice; and
• Listening Skills – how we interpret both the verbal and non-verbal messages sent by
others.

Emotional intelligence – being able to understand and manage your own and others’ emotions.

Team-working– being able to work with others in groups and teams, both formal and informal.

Negotiation, persuasion and influencing skills – working with others to find a mutually
agreeable (Win/Win) outcome. This may be considered a subset of communication, but it is often
treated separately.

Conflict resolution and mediation – working with others to resolve interpersonal conflict and
disagreements in a positive way, which again may be considered a subset of communication.

Problem solving and decision-making – working with others to identify, define and solve
problems, which includes making decisions about the best course of action.

How to Maintain Powerful Interpersonal Relationships

Now, let’s get into the part of how to maintain strong interpersonal relationships. Once
you’ve gotten a solid relationship started here’s some ways you can maintain it.

1. Be Open

Any strong relationship needs to have the willingness to be open. This means the ability
and desire to share what you’re thinking and your feelings about different subjects.

It really makes a lot of sense if you think about it. When you are open and willing to
share, it shows the other person that you care about the relationship; that you are wanting to
create a close connection by being truthful and receptive to the other person’s thoughts and
feelings.

Think about some of the conversations you’ve had over the years. When you are
speaking to someone who always seems to hold things close to the vest and shares very little
information, it’s difficult to know what they are truly thinking or feeling. This creates a sense of
distance from that person. On the other hand, when you interact with someone who is open with
how they feel and interactive with you, it feels much closer. It feels like they care enough and are
willing to share thoughts, ideas, and their feelings with you. This creates a much stronger bond.

2. Show Empathy

11
 Here’s a saying you may have heard before:

“People will forget what you said. People will forget what you did. People will never
forget how you made them feel.”

Pretty powerful stuff. One of the deepest human desires is to feel understood. When you
show empathy towards someone else, you are showing that you care enough to understand how
they feel. And that goes a really long way in maintaining strong relationships.

Remember to show empathy whenever the opportunity presents itself in your

relationships. This helps all of us feel more supported, understood, and most importantly,
connected.

3. Be Respectful

It goes without saying that in order to help build and maintain strong relationships, you
will need to be respectful — respectful of the other person’s time, opinion, feelings, and so on.
This is vitally important in one on one relationships such as a marriage or close friendship.

The same really holds true in close relationships that involve a group type dynamic. If
you are on a team at work, things will go so much better and the friendships will develop
stronger if you are respectful to the others in the group. One of the biggest reasons, besides being
the right thing to do, is you want others to be respectful to your time and opinions as well. It
helps develop the sense of bonding and trust.

Work towards being respectful of others in general and certainly in tighter relationships.

4. Be Available

Giving your time is like giving a gift. Time is the one thing we all have the same amount
of — same 24 hours in a day, same amount of days in a week, etc. How you choose to spend that
time says a lot about you. And being available to someone shows that you value them enough to
spend your time with them. That is absolutely huge.

Being giving of your time shows the other person that you care enough about them and
the relationship to share your most valuable commodity. Being available to someone will do
wonders for maintaining strong personal relationships.

One of my best male relationships goes back to my high school days. We were good
friends then and decent friends during college. It was post college and into career time when we
became really good friends. And that lasted for quite a while until we had families. And we did
pretty good for a while after that. He’s always been great at staying in touch and getting together
periodically. Somewhere in there, I wasn’t a very good friend and did not make equal effort of
being available of my time. And it very nearly cost me one of my best friendships. I righted the
ship and have made equal time and trips to his city to see him and his family. It’s really
important to be available and give your time to support these types of connections.

12
5. Establish Boundaries

Boundaries are critical for healthy relationships. A boundary is a belief, or way of life, or
conviction that you have. It involves your beliefs, values, and limits. It’s important to be clear to
other people in your life, especially the strong interpersonal relationships, about what your
boundaries are. It helps to create self-esteem and respect in the relationship. It’s basically
showing others what you stand for and what you will and won’t allow in your life. A couple of
quick examples for context are probably helpful here:

In a marriage, one spouse makes it clear to their partner that financial responsibility is
very important to them. Maybe they had to start working at an early age and were responsible for
all of their own costs once they turned 18. Whatever the reason, it doesn’t really matter. What
does matter is that they make it clear to their partner that it’s important to them. And the other
partner is into gambling, and gambling so much that leads to financial irresponsibility. At some
point, there’s going to be a hard conversation about the direction of the marriage.

In a work group, one of the members makes it clear that watching their son’s soccer
games on Wednesdays at 6 is very important. He is willing to work late any other day of the
week except Wednesdays. He has established a boundary. His team members and manager hear
him and understand him, and ask him to stay late from time to time but not Wednesday’s. There
is a healthy, well established boundary.

6. Be a Good Listener

I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again any chance I get. Something most people tend to
forget is that listening is half of all communication. And when we get really good at listening, it
becomes more than half of our communication. That’s because being a good listener will do
wonders for your strong relationships.

Showing that you are actively listening will help boost the other persons self esteem
because it shows that you truly care about what they are saying; that makes them feel important.
It shows that you seek to understand and that it’s important to you to know how the other person
is feeling about something. It’s like the silent form of flattery to the person you are interacting
with. It makes them feel supported and probably most importantly, valued.

7. Okay to Disagree

It is so beneficial to strong interpersonal relationships to know that it’s okay to disagree.

We are all different and have different feelings and opinions. Strong relationships actually thrive
on some disagreement and conflict. The alternative is not speaking up when you disagree with
something and stuffing it inside.

And you know what happens if you stuff your feelings and opinions and feelings inside
for a long time? Resentment. And smoldering resentment will eventually explode in a way that’s
not good for anyone.

13
 I have a strong relationship with both of my daughters. We also tend to disagree or
outright argue a fair amount. And that’s fine. I tell both of them all the time that I don’t always
like them but, I always love them. And they can say the same about me and that’s great. Having
the ability to disagree with the other person fosters a much more open relationship where
everyone feels comfortable sharing how they think and feel.

8. Be Appreciative

This one makes a lot of sense. Showing you are appreciative of another person in a good
relationship only makes the relationship stronger.

We all like to feel appreciated and understood. When someone thanks you for something you
did or said, it makes you feel good. You feel good because it’s nice to know that your efforts not
only make someone feel better or supported but also that they noticed it. And this will certainly
help to maintain your strong interpersonal relationships.

V. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

Intelligence is the sum of total of all cognitive processes and skills. It refers to the ability
of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope with the demands of
social living. Topics called “higher-order” forms of cognition-concept formation, reasoning,
problem solving, and creativity, as well as memory and perception are related to human
intelligence.

We make decisions every single day. As we explore in this article and video, you'll see
that some decisions are simple, others are more complex. When you’re making a decision
that involves complex issues like these, you also need to engage your problem-solving, as
well as decision-making skills. It pays to use an effective, robust process in these
circumstances, to improve the quality of your decisions and to achieve consistently good
results.

A strong bond between two or more people refers to interpersonal relationship. Attraction
between individuals brings them close to each other and eventually results in a strong
interpersonal relationship. Interpersonal skills are the skills we use every day when we
communicate and interact with other people, both individually and in groups. They include a
wide range of skills, but particularly communication skills such as listening and effective
speaking. They also include the ability to control and manage your emotions.

VI. SELF PROGRESS TEST/ACTIVITY

IQ TEST INFORMATION

An IQ test seeks to measure an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or a person's mental age. It is

intended to provide an assessment of human intelligence.

14
 Traditionally, IQ scores are place on a scale with 100 being considered average intelligence.
Scores are adjusted so that one standard deviation is 15 points. By this definition, approximately
two-thirds of the population would receive an IQ score in the range of 85 to 115.

There are many different tests that can be used to measure IQ. Some of the more common IQ
tests include:

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Das–Naglieri cognitive assessment system
Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
Cattell Culture Fair III
Raven's Progressive Matrices
Differential Ability Scales
Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales

Although all IQ tests are different, most of the tests attempt to measure areas such as:

Verbal comprehension
Logic
Perceptual Reasoning
Mathematical reasoning

***Take this online IQ test: https://www.test-guide.com/iq/free-iq-tests/free-iq-test.html

VII. ANSWER TO SELF-PROGRESS TEST/COMMENTS

Answers and scores will be shown in the provided link after taking the online IQ Test

VIII. SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS AND MATERIALS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ8H2YlmhGI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyHGggA2yb4

IX. REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/mariavictoriaobar/factors-affecting-intelligence?qid=be19ad06-
4687-4e19-a907-9330c553a35f&v=&b=&from_search=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence
https://www.sacap.edu.za/blog/applied-psychology/types-of-intelligence/
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_00.htm
https://www.umassd.edu/media/umassdartmouth/fycm/decision_making_process.pdf
https://www.proschoolonline.com/blog/hurdles-faced-effective-decision-making
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/interpersonal-relationship.htm
https://www.lifehack.org/842962/interpersonal-relationship
https://www.test-guide.com/iq/free-iq-tests/free-iq-test.html

15