A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

E-PAPER TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to the

in fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree

BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY(s.y.)

Computer SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

2022-2023
BY

Neha Subhash Jadhav [922220147]

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Kavita. M. Jadhav

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PCET-NMVPM’s
NUTAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH TALEGAON, PUNE 410507
 PCET-NMVPM’s
NUTAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
TALEGAON, PUNE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

“E-Paper Technology”

Submitted by

Neha Subhash Jadhav

is a bonafide work carried out under the supervision of Prof. Kavita M. Jadhav and it is submitted towards
the fulfillment of the requirement of University of DBATU, Lonere, Raigad for the award of the degree of
Bachelors of Technology S. Y. (Computer Science & Engineering).

Prof. Kavita M. Jadhav

(Seminar Guide)

Dr. P. B. Dhore Dr. Aparna Pande

(HOD, CSE) (Principal, NCER)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible. So, we acknowledge all those whose

guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light and crowned my efforts with success.

I have immense pleasure in expressing thanks to the principal Dr. Aparna Pande for providing

all the facilities for the successful completion of the project.

With due respect, I thank our H.O.D. Dr. Prasad Dhore Department of Computer Science

and Engineering, for his motivating support, keen interest which kept my spirits alive all through.

I would like to express thanks to my guide Prof. Kavita M. Jadhav, Department of Computer

Science and Engineering who has guided us throughout the completion of this Seminar-I.

Finally, I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff and all my friends who

have rendered their support in the completion of this report.

Name of Student ___________________________________

 ABSTRACT

Made of flexible material, requiring ultra-low power consumption, cheap to manufacture, and most
importantly, easy and convenient to read, E-papers of the future are just around the corner, with the
promise to hold libraries on a chip and replace most printed newspapers before the end of the next
decade. Electronic paper(E-paper) is a portable. Reusable storage and display medium that looks
like paper but can be repeatedly written on (refreshed) by electronic means, thousands or millions of
times. E-paper will be used for applications such as e-books, electronics newspaper, portable signs,
& foldable, rollable displays. Information to be displays is downloaded through a connection to a
computer or a cell phone, or created with mechanical tools such as an electronic “pencil”. This
paper discusses the history, features, and technology of the electronic paper revolution. It also
highlights the challenges facing E-paper and its various applications. The paper concludes that E-
paper, which can be termed as the second paper revolution, is closer to changing the way we read,
write and study; a revolution so phenomenal that some researchers see it as second only to the
invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in the 15th century.

Keywords: Electronic paper, E Ink, Invention, Printing, Innovation, Print Media

 INDEX

Contents Page No

Acknowledgement I

List of Figures II

List of Tables III

List of abbreviations IV

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Necessity 1

1.3 Problem Statement 2

1.4 Objective 2

1.5 Motivation 2

Chapter 2: Literature survey 3

Chapter 3: System Analysis

3.1 System Overview 6
3.2 Hardware Requirements 6
3.3 Methodology 7
3.4 System Architecture 9

Chapter 4: System Evaluation

12
4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
12
4.2 Application

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future scope

5.1 Conclusion
15
5.3 Future scope 15

Chapter 6: References 16

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No Name of Figure Page No

1 Gyricon 7

2 Electrophoretic 8

3 Electrowetting 9

4 Back Plane 10

5 Front Plane 11

6 Wristwatch 12

7 E-Books 13

8 Newspaper 13

9 Cell Phones 14

10 Status Display 14

11 Smart Card Display 14

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr. No Name of Table Page No

1 Literature Survey 3

iii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sr. No. Abbreviations Descriptions

1 RGB Red, Green and Blue

2 EWD Electrowetting Display

3 LCD Liquid Crystal Display

iv
 E-Paper Technology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electronic paper, e-paper or electronic ink display is a display technology designed to mimic
the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. Unlike a conventional flat panel display, which uses
a backlight to illuminate its pixels, electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper. It is
capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the
image to be changed later. To build e-paper, several different technologies exist, some using
plastic substrate and electronics so that the display is flexible. E-paper has the potential to be
more comfortable to read than conventional display. This is due to the stable image, which
does not need to be refreshed constantly, the wider viewing angle, and the fact that it reflects
ambient light rather than emitting its own light. An e-paper display can be read in direct
sunlight without the image appearing to fade. The contrast ratio in available displays as of 2008
might be described as similar to that of newspaper, though newly-developed implementations
are slightly better. There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to provide full-color
capability.

Applications include electronic pricing labels in retail shops, and general signage, time tables
at bus stations, electronic billboards, the mobile phone MOTOROLA FONE F3, and e-Readers
capable of displaying digital versions of books and e-paper magazines. Electronic paper was
developed in order to overcome some of the limitations of computer monitors. These
limitations include the backlighting of monitors which is hard on the human eye, while
electronic paper reflects light just like normal paper. In addition, e-paper is easier to read at an
angle than flat screen monitors. Electronic paper also has the potential to be flexible because it
is made of plastic. It is also light and potentially inexpensive.

1.2 NECESSITY

In principle, electronic discovery is no different than paper discovery. There are substantial
differences between the discoveries of the two media. The following is a list of discovery
related differences between electronic documents and paper ones. We assume that a paper
document is a document that was created, maintained and manually as a paper documents, it is
simply a hard copy of an electronic document.

1. The magnitude of electronic data is way larger than paper documents.

2. Variety of electronic documents is larger than paper documents.
3. An e-document contains attributes lacking in paper documents.
4. The structure of e-documents may reach complexity absent from paper documents.
5. An electronic data is created by several individuals than a paper documents.
6. Electronic documents change faster, more frequently and easier than in paper documents.
7. Electronic documents may be created by electronic means while paper documents are
created by humans.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 1

 E-Paper Technology

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Develop e-paper technology to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. It is capable of
holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to
be changed later. To build e-paper, several different technologies exist, some using plastic
substrate and electronics so that the display is flexible.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

The study keeps the following objectives in it is ambient discussion:

1. To look into comparative details of E-paper with traditional paper.
2. To explore potential merits of E-paper.
3. To discuss pros and cons of E-paper.
4. To reveals the accessing modes of E-paper.

1.5 MOTIVATION

The e-paper technology will be developed so that a person can comfortably carry in his or her
pocket. E-paper has the potential to be more comfortable to read than conventional display.
This is due to the stable image, which does not need to be refreshed constantly, the wider
viewing angle, and the fact that it reflects ambient light rather than emitting its own light. He
or she can easily read in direct sunlight. It has the potential to be flexible because it is made of
plastic.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 2

 E-Paper Technology

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Research on e-paper started roughly 35 years ago. One of the Xerox's teams led by Nicholas
K. Sheridan invented Gyricon rotating ball display, which was the groundwork of the first e-
paper. Xerox's concept in the early 70s was the "PAPERLESS" office. However, more papers
were used after the widespread of personal computers. Monitors are uncomfortable to human's
eye unlike ink on papers. Therefore, Xerox tried to develop e-paper, an electronic based paper
that closely resembles ink on paper. Yet, 35 years since the invention of e-paper, it does not
enter the market.

The reason why it took so long for e-paper to enter the market was because of the early Gyricon
technology was expensive and had a poor resolution. Newer solution to e-paper are
electrophoresis front plane. Though, no current display technology is paper- like yet. E-paper
has to be thin, flexible and comfortable to human's eyes while consumed minimal amount of
power. One of the biggest obstacles is the cost of e-paper. There is no doubt that the technology
will be widespread when it is cheaper than 100$. Many companies such as E ink, SiPix,
Polymer vision, IBM, etc. see e-paper as a promising technology. Thus, they continue to
develop commercialized e-paper products. Despite the fact that the newspaper is the oldest
mass medium, it never became old-fashioned during the course of its nearly 400-year history.
Instead, the newspaper has shown itself to be extremely flexible and adaptable down through
the centuries. This is evidenced by a comparison of today's front pages with the first weekly
newspapers of the early 17th century: the book- like, linear medium has developed to become
a complex, non-linear entity. Continuous text has become modular information units that can
consist of text, image, graphic and optical elements. It is by virtue of this change that the daily
newspaper has successfully defended its position against the competition from the "newcomer"
media of radio and TV. But the fundamental change in appearance of the daily newspaper is
not just a superficial, pro forma change. It marks a far-reaching change in the relationship
between the medium and its readers, though also a basic change in how the medium sees its
role and that of those responsible for its production, i.e. journalists. For example, the
"newspaper-makers" in the 17th century were news gatherers who compiled information for
the readers more or less in the chronological order of the reported current events - as if for a
book. Accordingly, in view of their professional profile, the title of "journalist" was hardly
appropriate.

Today, journalists are professional news processors who select information in an aimed way,
organize it, and see to it that this organization is reflected in the corresponding design and
layout. According to the two newspaper historians Kevin Barnhurst and John Nerone, daily
newspapers have transformed themselves from a confusing news jungle to maps through world
events (NERONE/ BARNHURST 1995). Whereas up to the late 19th century daily newspapers
left it to their readers to make their own order out of the random organization of the articles,
today's daily newspapers map-out the news situation for their readers by way of division into
sections, layout and text design (see BLUM/BUCHER 1998). During the course of the history

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 3

 E-Paper Technology

of the newspaper, the so-called "interface" has become more and more the most important
means of steering attention. Today's readers must therefore comprehend two "languages" in
order to understand the newspaper: the design language, by which they understand the
newspaper layout and structure, and the content language for the opinions and information
contained in the articles. However, despite all developments to date at the level of design,
content, news gathering and newspaper production, one property has remained constant
thought the centuries: printing of the newspaper using ink on paper. But, already at the turn of
the 19th to the 20th century, the visionary view was expressed that this was not a written law
and that it must not necessarily remain so for all time.

Although newspapers, with their online editions, have not found any chemical or physical form,
but rather an electronic form of publication, the break from print is achieved, with a number of
far-reaching consequences: digital media have changed so dramatically the basic constants of
media communication, such as production, product design, distribution and reception, that
none of the various media will remain unaffected. For the daily newspaper itself, the online
editions mean a radicalisation and continuation of the development since the early beginnings
in the 17th century. The shift from the linear book form of the early newspapers towards
modular clusters consisting of various information units finds its logical continuation in the
hypertext structure of the online media. From that point of view, the daily newspaper is more
closely related to the online media than are TV and radio that, despite their combination of
image, audio and text, have remained linear media to this very day.

Then again, the transition from the printed to the online newspaper represents a qualitative
leap: various studies have shown that the printed newspaper, by organizational specifications
concerning layout, section assignment and text design, can exert a major influence on reading
habits. Thus the Poynter "Eyes on the News" study shows that how a newspaper page is
perceived depends decisively on the optical design elements, such as illustrations, typography
and positioning (see GARCIA/STARK, 1991).

A comparative study on the behaviour of readers of the print edition of the New York Times
and of its online edition came to the conclusion that the readers of the print edition base their
choice of topics largely on how the topics are presented and to an especially large degree on
the topics appearing on the front page and in the first section (see TEWKSBURY/ ALTHAUS
2000 and ALTHAUS/TEWKSBURY 2002). The findings among the readers of the online
edition of the New York Times are totally different. Compared to the print readers, their
selection of topics to read is much more wide-ranging and less determined by specifications of
the medium. The greater self-determination of use results in readers selecting information on
the basis of personal criteria and thus giving preference to different topics than readers of the
print edition. Readers of the online edition also form different opinions concerning the same
topics and, compared to print readers, receive less information. The historical trend indicated
by the analysis of BARNHURST and NERONE i. e. that newspapers have become maps for
the information landscape, seems to be broken in the case of online newspapers: users have
apparently here taken the compass into their own hands and map-out the information
cyberspace - the "paperspace" - themselves.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 4

 E-Paper Technology

In a latest development, the print and online editions have been joined by a third version of the
daily newspaper, namely the so-called E-Paper version, also referred to as the "digital edition".
Meant here is the online edition of a daily newspaper that optimally simulates the printed pages
by displaying them one-to-one on a smaller scale. Users can navigate on the newspaper page,
obtain an overview just as they know it from the print newspaper. The digital simulation of the
printed edition permits both specific pages and articles to be retrieved by clicking on them. In
this way, E-Paper combines the presentation possibilities of the printed newspaper with those
of the online newspaper. This, it is hoped, allows readers to experience the sensation of reading
the newspaper also on the web (NET-BUSINESS2001). To read online as in print and scroll
by mouse-click, that sums up the dual character of the E-Paper version. The decisive question
here is whether E-Paper, due to its hybrid character, represents a step forwards or a step
backwards, or whether the development is leading towards a media dead end, such as was the
case with Bildschirmtext in Germany.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 5

 E-Paper Technology

3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Electronic paper or e-paper is a display technology that mimics the appearance of ordinary ink
on paper to produce a low-power, paper-like display. E-paper displays typically have a so-
called image memory, which means they do not need much power to maintain the display; they
mostly need power when there is a change in the display. Therefore, e-paper displays are best
for low-frequency switching displays, such as signage and labels.
E-paper displays reflect light rather than emit light, making them very comfortable to read even
under direct sunlight. They are extremely popular because of their low power consumption,
high reflectivity, high contrast, readability, thickness, and wider viewing angle. E-paper
displays are widely used in e-readers, real-time bus arrival information, electronic shelf label
(ESL) segments, digital menu boards, traffic signs and, logistics monitoring devices.
E-paper displays can be made using different types of technology, such as electrophoresis,
electrowetting, and electrochromism. Electrochromism, is highly scalable, flexible, and cost-
effective screen-printing production processes, whereas some display companies, such as E
Ink, use electrophoresis.

3.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 GYRICON

Name Specification

Polyethylene Spheres 75 and 106 Micrometers

Front Plane E-Ink

Back Plane Electronic circuit

E-Ink Plastic film

 ELECTROPHORETIC

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 6

 E-Paper Technology

Name Specification

Microcapsules small particles of different colors and

electric charges

Fluid Particles can move easily

3.3 METHODOLOGY

 TECHNOLOGIES USED

 GYRICON

Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto
Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres
between 75 and 106 micrometers across. Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively
charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead
is thus a dipole).

The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a
bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of
electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a
white or black appearance. At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken
demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology. From 2007 Estonian
company Visitret Displays is developing this kind of displays using PVDF as material for
spheres dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage.

 ELECTROPHORETIC

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 7

 E-Paper Technology

Electrophoresis is a process, which enables separating molecules according to their size and
electrical charge by applying an electric current. In an electrophoretic front plane, small charges
submicron particles are suspended in a dielectric fluid that is enclosed into a sub-pixel size cell
or microcapsule. When an electric filed is applied across the cell or capsule, the ink particles
will move towards the electrode with the opposite charge. With a transparent electrode, the cell
or capsule takes in the color of the ink when current is applied. The contrast is improved by
using opposite colored particles such as black and white- and charging them with opposite
polarities.

When current is applied, all the black particles will migrate to one side, and all the white to the
other. Switch the field, and the capsule will change color. This enables switching between all
black particles and all White particles on the transparent front electrode of the cell or
microcapsule. This is how the high contrast ratio of electrophoretic display is created.

The electrophoretic technology used by E-ink is the most widely known and used form of E-
paper. Known as electronic ink, it is a proprietary material that is made into a film for
incorporation ink a paper-like display. Another approach to the problem of low-power, high
quality color in E-paper comes from the Novel devices lab at the University of Cincinnati. The
technology, called electiofluidic display, uses voltage to manipulate colored ink in much the
same way that print heads operate in color printers.

 ELECTROWETTING

Electrowetting display (EWD) is based on controlling the shape of a confined water/oil

interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (colored) oil forms a flat film
between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating coating of an electrode,
resulting in a colored pixel. When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the
interfacial tension between the water and the coating changes. As a result, the stacked state is
no longer stable, causing the water to move the oil aside. This makes a partly transparent pixel,
or, if a reflective white surface is under the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the
small pixel size, the user only experiences the average reflection, which provides a high-
brightness, high-contrast switchable element.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 8

 E-Paper Technology

Displays based on electrowetting provide several attractive features. The switching between
white and colored reflection is fast enough to display video content. It is a low-power, low-
voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be made flat and thin. The reflectivity
and contrast are better than or equal to other reflective display types and approach the visual
qualities of paper. In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-
color displays, leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice
as bright as other emerging technologies. Instead of using red, green, and blue (RGB) filters or
alternating segments of the three primary colors, which effectively result in only one-third of
the display reflecting light in the desired color, electrowetting allows for a system in which one
sub-pixel can switch two different colors independently.
This results in the availability of two-thirds of the display area to reflect light in any desired
color. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two independently controllable
colored oil films plus a color filter.
The colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow, which is a subtractive system, comparable to the
principle used in inkjet printing. Compared to LCD, brightness is gained because no polarisers
are required.

3.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Basically, an e-paper can be comprised into two different parts namely:

 Back Plane
 Front Plane

 BACK PLANE

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 9

 E-Paper Technology

Back plane consists of electronic circuits. It is made up of organic thin film transistor arrays
which provide voltage needed by the E-Paper. The back plane controls each pixel or
segment to formulate the text on the E-Paper. Provides appropriate voltage to control each
pixel or segment of the back plane.

 FRONT PLANE

For forming the electronic ink display the electronic ink is printed onto a plastic film which is
laminated over a layer of circuitry. After many years Gyricon ink has been created by Nicholes
after a wide range of study of tiny rotating particles. Based on a thin sheet of flexible plastic
containing a thin layer of tiny plastic beads which can freely rotate within the plastic sheet.
Each and every hemisphere has a different charge and color, when electric field is applied as a
backbone beads start rotating. This occurs in the front plane. Later the electrophoretic
technology was developed which consists of microcapsules which has given a new form.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 10

 E-Paper Technology

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 11

 E-Paper Technology

4. SYSTEM EVALUATION

4.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ADVANTAGES

 It consumes less power.

 It is Flexible.
 It is possible to read in direct sunlight.
 It is thin and light-weight.
 It has a reflective display.
 Electronic-ink can be printed in any surface, including walls, billboards, product labels,
and T-shirts.

 DISADAVNTAGES

 It has very low refresh rate.

 They are not suitable for animation.
 They currently support very few fonts.
 They do not have as much memory as you would find on a tablet.

4.2 APPLICATIONS

 Wristwatches
In December 2005, Seiko released their Spectrum SVRDOOITM wristwatch which has a
flexible elestrophoretic display and in March 2010, Seiko released a second generation of
this famous E-ink watch with an active matrix display.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 12

 E-Paper Technology

 E-books
In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the Amazon KindleTM, an E-book
with an E-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle2TM and in May
2009, the larger Kindle DXTM was announced. In November 2009, Barnes and Noble
launched the Barnes and Noble NookTM, based on the AndroidTM operating system. It
differs from other big name readers in that it has a replaceable battery and a separate touch
screen below the main reading screen.

 Newspapers
In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd distributed an electronic version of the paper
to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the
iRexi.Lad. This was the first recorded application up electronic ink to newspaper publishing
(Wikipedia, 2010).

 Cell Phones
Motorola low-cost mobile phone, the Motorola F3TM uses an alphanumeric black/white
electrophoretic display. The Samsung Alias2TM mobile phone incorporates electronic ink
from E-ink into the keypad, which allows the keypad to change character sets and
orientation while in different display modes.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 13

 E-Paper Technology

 Status Displays
Some devices, like USB flush drives have used electronic paper to display status
information, such as available storage space.

 Smart Card Display

Today, many credit cards contain a smart card to hold information such as money
expenses and accumulated credit.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 14

 E-Paper Technology

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSIONS
Today, paper remains the most popular document medium because of its credibility, tangibility,
ease of use, flexibility, portability, and compatibility which has made it difficult to replace.
Even with the prevalence of computers and online documents, the paperless office is more
distant than when it was proposed. With paper a document flowing at a faster pace than ever,
the need for more document management system becomes increasingly inevitable. Sheridon
believes that E-paper will eventually be able to make power hungry desktop displays obsolete
and help make heavy back-breaking textbooks something school children might learn about in
a history class on their lightweight E-readers. Though new technologies are misperceived as
total replacements for old ones, when in fact, the introduction of a new technology can simulate
a synergy between old and new, we should reconsider the argument to completely replace all
paper documents with electronic documents, and consequently, we predict a co-existence
between paper and E-paper.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The E-paper will be embedded as a cylindrical tube (about 1 centimeter in diameter or 15 to 20
centimeters long), that a person can comfortably carry in his or her pocket. The tube will
contain a tightly rolled sheet of E-paper that can be spooled out of a slit in the tube as a flat
sheet, for reading, and stored again at the touch of a button.

Information will be downloaded (there will be a simple user interface) from an overhead
satellite, a cell phone network, or an internal memory chip. The document reader will be used
for E-mail, the internet, books download from a digital library, technical manuals newspapers,
magazines etc. anywhere in the planet. It will cost quite less than $10, and nearly everyone will
have one. The surest way to produce the future of E-paper to invent it. E-paper is rich in
potential.

Judging by recent developments in terms of display size and power consumption in E-readers
coming to market, the future of E-paper technology is bright. In 10 to 20 years, consumers
might see large E-paper modules that are as thin and as flexible as magazines are today, with
display brightness approaching that of conventional print. In Heikenfeld’s imagined future,
these solar-powered devices will have touch interfaces, communication capabilities, and be so
energy efficient that changing them will be an afterthought. You might click on an image in a
story, and it will provide video or animation.

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 15

 E-Paper Technology

6. REFERENCES

6.1 REFERENCES

 http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
 http://www.slideshare.net/PRADEEPCHEEKATLA/e-paper-18053302
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/electronic_paper.html
 http://www.computerworld.com/article/2535080/computerhardware/the-future-of-e-paper-
the-kindle-is-only-the-beginning.html.
 https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_electricity_lesson02
 https://www.ynvisible.com/news-inspiration/what-is-e-paper
 https://www.ijert.org/research/e-paper-technology-IJERTCONV4IS06009.pdf
 https://www.smartcity-displays.com/how-does-e-paper-work/

Department of CSE Nutan College of Engineering and Research, Talegaon, Pune 16