A

Seminar Presentation Report

On
ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY

SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

ON THE AWARD OF
BTECH IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By
Vanshika Devdatta Patil (2130331246503)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. E. G. Meshram Mam

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA- 402103
Academic Year: 2021-2022

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 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, LONERE
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Vanshika Devdatta Patil, a student of Information technology, bearing
PRN No. 2130331246503, has successfully completed seminar presentation on Electronic Paper Display.
To my satisfaction and submitted the same during the academic year 2021- 2022 towards the partial
fulfilment of B.tech Engineering, under the Department of Information Technology, Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

Prof. E. G. Meshram Dr. S. R. Sutar

(Seminar Guide) (Head of Department)

Examiner:
1) Prof. P. Jadhav

Date- 20/04/2022
Place- Lonere

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, I’m Ms. Vanshika Devdatta Patil presenting “Electronic paper display”
seminar report as part of the curriculum of ‘Btech Engineering’. I wish to thank all the people who gave
me unending support. I express my profound thanks to the HOD Sir Dr. S. R. Sutar, Seminar Guide Prof.
E. G. Meshram Madam, Co-ordinator Prof. S. R. Hivre Madam and all those who have indirectly guided
and helped me in preparation of this Seminar.
Thank You.

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 ABSTRACT

It is called Electronic-paper or Electronic-Ink. It is a display technology using organic electronics

designed to mimic the appearance of regular ink on paper. An Electronic Paper Display is also known as
EPD. It is a display device that possesses a paper-like high contrast appearance, ultra-low power
consumption, and a thin, light form. It gives the viewer the experience of reading from paper, while having
the power of updatable information.
Unlike a conventional flat panel display, which uses a backlight to illuminate its pixels, electronic
paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without
drawing electricity or using processor power, while allowing the paper to be changed. One important feature
is that the state of each pixel can be maintained without a constant supply of power.

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 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VI
1. Introduction to E-Paper Display 01
2. History of E-Paper Display 02
3. Technologies Used 03
• Gyricon
• Electrophoretic
• Electrowetting
• Electrofluidic

4. Types of Electronic Paper Display 04

• Flexible Electronic Paper Display
• Non-Flexible Electronic Paper Display

5. How E-paper display works? 06

6. Properties of E-Paper Display 07
7. Applications of E-Paper Display 08
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Paper Display 10
9. Future scope 11
10. Conclusion 12
11. References 13

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Electronic-Paper Display 01

2.1 First Selling Product of E-Paper (Kindle) 02
4.1 Flexible E-Paper Display (Samsung Z Flip Mobile) 04
4.2 Flexible E-paper Display (Samsung Z Fold Mobile) 04
4.3 Non-Flexible e-Paper Display (Kindle) 05
5.1 Schematic Diagram of e-Paper Display 06

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 CHAPTER NO. - 01
INTRODUCTION

Electronic paper, also called e-paper, is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance
of ordinary ink on paper. Unlike a conventional flat panel display, which uses a backlight to illuminate its
pixels, electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images
indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later.

To build e-paper, several different technologies exist, some using plastic substrate and electronics
so that the display is flexible. E-paper is considered more comfortable to read than conventional displays.
This is due to the stable image, which does not need to be refreshed constantly, the wider viewing angle,
and the fact that it uses reflected ambient light. While it is lightweight and durable, it still lacks good color
reproduction. The contrast ratio in common devices as of 2008 might be described as similar to dirty
newspaper, though newly-developed implementations are slightly better.

Fig. No. 1.1: Electronic-Paper Display

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 CHAPTER NO. - 02
HISTORY OF E-PAPER DISPLAY

▪ The first E-Paper was developed in 1974 by “Nicholas K Sheridon” at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research
Center. The first E-Paper is called as Gyricon.
▪ In 1990 Joseph Jocobson created new Version of E-paper display which is known as Microcapsules
and in 1997 he developed Electronic Ink and Establish Company on it, with partner Philips.
▪ In 2005, Philips sold its first E-paper as well as its right to Prime View International.
▪ In 2007, Amazon began producing and selling products on this technology like Kindle.

Kindle:

Fig. No. 2.1: First Selling Product of E-paper (Kindle)

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 CHAPTER NO. - 03
TECHNOLOGIES USED

• Gyricon: It is based on a thin sheet of flexible plastic containing a layer of tiny plastic beads each
encapsulated in oil and it rotate freely. Gyricon consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106
micrometers across. Each sphere is a Janus particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on
one side and positively charged white plastic on the other.

• Electrophoretic: To form an E-ink electronic display the ink is printed onto a plastic film that is
laminated to a layer of circuit. Other form of E-ink with improve properties compared to Gyricon is
Electrophoretic. Electrophoresis is a process, which enables separating molecules according to their
size and electrical charge by applying an electric current. In an electrophoretic front plane, small
charges submicron particles are suspended in a dielectric fluid that is enclosed into a sub-pixel size cell
or microcapsule.

• Electrowetting: Electrowetting display (EWD) is based on controlling the shape of a confined

water/oil interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (colored) oil forms a flat film
between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating coating of an electrode, resulting in
a colored pixel. When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension
between the water and the coating changes. As a result, the stacked state is no longer stable, causing
the water to move the oil aside. This makes a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white surface
is under the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small pixel size, the user only experiences
the average reflection, which provides a high-brightness, high-contrast switchable element.

• Electrofluidic: Electrofluidic display is a variation of an electrowetting display. Electrofluidic

displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir comprises <5-
10% of the viewable pixel area and therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from view.[24]
Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of the reservoir and spread it as a film
directly behind the viewing substrate. As a result, the display takes on color and brightness similar
to that of conventional pigments printed on paper. When voltage is removed liquid surface tension
causes the pigment dispersion to rapidly recoil into the reservoir. The technology can potentially
provide >85 % white state reflectance for electronic paper.
The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati.
The technology is currently being commercialized by Gamma Dynamics.

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 CHAPTER NO. - 04
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY

There are two types of Electronic Paper Display:

o Flexible Electronic Paper Display
o Non-Flexible Electronic Paper Display

▪ Flexible e-Paper Display

Flexible display is a display which is Flexible in Nature. It allow user to interact with Phones by Folding,
Twisting, Bending in different manner across both Vertical and Horizontal Planes.

Fig. No. 4.1: Flexible E-Paper Display (Samsung Z Flip Mobile)

Fig. No. 4.2: Flexible E-paper Display (Samsung Z Fold Mobile)

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▪ Non-Flexible e-Paper Display
Non-Flexible e-Paper are stiff like any other normal screen. It can display Image on Paper as well as
Liquid Crystal Plane.

Fig. No. 4.3: Non-Flexible e-Paper Display (Kindle)

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 CHAPTER NO. - 05
HOW DOES E-PAPER DISPLAY WORKS?

The primary substance used in the electronic paper display is Electronic Ink. Electronic Ink is the
main material that is processed into a film for combining into electronic displays. Electronic ink is a fusion
of physics, chemistry and electronics to create this new material.
The basic components of electronic ink are millions of tiny micro-capsules, about the diameter of
human hair. Each micro-capsule, in one incarnation contains positively charged white particles and
negatively charged black particles put in a clear fluid.
The positive white particles move to the top of the micro-capsule where they become visible to the
user when a negative electric field is applied. This makes the surface visible as white spot.

Fig. No. 5.1: Schematic Diagram of e-Paper Display

At the same time, an opposite electric field pulls the negative black particles to the bottom of the
micro-capsules where they are hidden and are not visible. If this process is reversed, the negative black
particles appear at the top of the capsule, which now makes the surface appear dark at that spot. To form
an Electronic Power Display, the ink is printed onto a plastic film sheet that is laminated to a layer of
circuitry.
The circuitry forms a pixel pattern that can then be controlled by a display driver. These capsules
which are present in a liquid medium allow them to be printed using earlier screen printing processes onto
any virtual surface like glass, plastic, fabric and even paper. Finally, e-ink will permit surface to become a
display, bringing information to us.

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 CHAPTER NO. – 06
PROPERTIES OF E-PAPER DISPLAY

▪ It consists Ultra-thin and flexible energy cell.

▪ E-paper Eliminates the cost of the battery, weight and volume of the battery holder.
▪ It can be made into almost any shape.
▪ It is Environmentally Friendly as well as non-caustic.
▪ There are no possibility of explosion, burns, or overheating.

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 CHAPTER NO. - 07
APPLICATIONS
Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies
used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological
advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:

a) Electronic Book:
 In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the Amazon Kindle TM, an E-book with
an E-paper display.
 In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle 2TM and in May 2009, the larger Kindle DXTM
was announced.
 In November 2009, Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes and Noble NookTM, based on the
AndroidTM Operating System.

b) Electronic Newspaper:
 In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd distributed an electronic version of paper to select
subscribe in limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the iRex iLiad. This was
the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing.
 The French daily Les Échos announced the official launch of an electronic version of the paper
on a subscription basis, in September 2007.

c) Wristwatches:
 In December 2005, Seiko released the first electronic ink based watch called the Spectrum
SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a flexible electrophoretic display and in March 2010 Seiko
released a second generation of this famous electronic ink watch with an active matrix display.
The Pebble smart watch (2013) uses a low-power memory LCD manufactured by Sharp for its
e-paper display.
 In 2019, Fossil launched a hybrid smartwatch called the Hybrid HR, integrating an always on
electronic ink display with physical hands and dial to simulate the look of a traditional analog
watch.

d) Status Display:
 Some devices, like USB flash drives, have used electronic paper to display status information,
such as available storage space. Once the image on the electronic paper has been set, it requires
no power to maintain, so the readout can be seen even when the flash drive is not plugged in.

e) Mobile Phones:
 Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the Motorola F3, uses an alphanumeric black-and-white
electrophoretic display.
 The Samsung Alias 2 mobile phone incorporates electronic ink from E Ink into the keypad,
which allows the keypad to change character sets and orientation while in different display
modes.

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  On December 12, 2012, Yota Devices announced the first "YotaPhone" prototype and was later
released in December 2013, a unique double-display smartphone. It has a 4.3-inch, HD LCD
on the front and an electronic ink display on the back.
 On May and June 2020, Hisense released the hisense A5c and A5 pro cc, the first color
electronic ink smartphones. With a single-color display, with toggable front light running
android 9 and Android 10.
 Samsung Galaxy flip is an Android based foldable smartphone developed by Samsung
Electronics as a part of the Samsung Galaxy Z Series. Its existence was first revealed in an
advertisement during the 2020 Academy Awards. Unveiled alongside the Galaxy S20 on
February 11, 2020, it was released on February 14, 2020. In India this mobile released in April
11, 2022.
 Samsung Galaxy fold is also an Android based foldable smartphone developed by Samsung
Electronics. Unveiled on March 20, 2019, it was released on September 6, 2019 in South Korea.

f) Laptop:
 Some laptops like Lenovo ThinkBook Plus use electronic paper as a secondary screen.

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 CHAPTER NO. - 08
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

▪ Advantages of E-Paper Display

 Paper like flexibility, better readability and Low power consumption.
 It has Clarity.
 It consists visibility Sunlight and non-uniform light.
 E-paper have Wide Viewing angle ~180 degree.
 It consists Ultra-low power consumption as well as Prolonged battery life

▪ Disadvantages of E-Paper Display

 The major disadvantage of E-paper display is very low switching speed as well as refreshing
rate compared to other Low power consumption devices.
 Electrochemical complexity
 The E-paper cannot support Animation as well as slow for videos.
 Problems in extremes temperatures, humidity.

▪ There are some limitations of E-Paper Display

▪ Low Brightness and resolution
▪ Lack Color

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 CHAPTER NO. - 09
FUTURE SCOPE

▪ The E-paper will be embedded as a Cylindrical-tube, that a person can comfortably carry in his or her
pocket.
▪ Information will be downloaded from an overhead satellite, a cell phone network, or an internal
memory chip.
▪ The document reader will used for e-mail, the Internet, pdf download using Digital Library, technical
manuals newspapers, etc. anywhere in the planet.
▪ It will cost quite less than $10, and nearly everyone will have one. The surest way to produce the future
of E-paper to invent it. E-paper is rich in potential.
▪ E-Paper can communicate satellite or other computers easily.
▪ Judging by recent developments in terms of display size and power consumption in E-readers coming
to market, the future of E-paper technology is bright.
▪ In 10 to 20 years, consumers might see large E-paper modules that are as thin and as flexible as
magazines are today, with display brightness approaching that of conventional print.

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 CHAPTER NO. - 10
CONCLUSION

Today, paper remains the most popular document medium because of its credibility, tangibility,
ease of use, flexibility, portability, and compatibility which has made it difficult to replace. Even with the
prevalence of computers and online documents, the paperless office is more distant than when it was
proposed. With paper a document flowing at a faster pace than ever, the need for more document
management system becomes increasingly inevitable.
E-paper display are the display of the future because they are very energy efficient, truly portable
and can be used universally in various fields in which electronic display have not ventured till now.
It can also be assumed that after a few years this technology will eventually replace paper and lead
us to a ‘paperless’ world.
Though new technologies are misperceived as total replacements for old ones, when in fact, the
introduction of a new technology can simulate a synergy between old and new, we should reconsider the
argument to completely replace all paper documents with electronic documents, and consequently, we
predict a co- existence between paper and E-paper.

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 REFERENCES

▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
▪ https://www.ijert.org/e-paper-technology
▪ https://www.computerworld.com/article/2535080/the-future-of-e-paper--the-kindle-is
only-the-beginning.html
▪ http://www.computerworld.com/article/2535080/computer- hardware/the-future-of-e-
paper–the-kindle-is-only-the- beginning.html

▪ Liu, Z and D. Stork. 2000. Is Paperless Really More? Rethinking the Role of Paper in
the Digital Age. Communications of the ACM. 43(11).Nov. 2000.

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