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Seminar
On
E-Paper Technology

Submitted To: Submitted By:

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 Introduction
 History
 Technologies
 Comparison of e-paper & LCD
 Applications
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 E-Paper is also called Electronic Paper or Electronic ink
Display.
 The first E-Paper was developed in 1974’s by “Nicholas K
Sheridon” at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Centre.
 It is a display unit.
 E-Paper is flexible.
 E-paper have a wide viewing angle.
 A digital pen is also used to create handwritten document.
 Developed in the 1970’s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo
Alto Research Center.
 The first electronic paper was called Gyricon.
 At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken
demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this
technology.

 Random example:
 USB flash drive with
 E Ink-implemented
 capacity meter of available
 flash memory.
 Gyricon

 Electrophoretic display

 Electrowetting

 Electrofluidic display

 Interferometric modulator (Mirasol)

 It was the first electronic paper and was developed in 1970’s.
 Consists of polyethylene spheres having diameter between 75-
106 micrometers.
 Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively
charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white
plastic on the other (each bead is thus a dipole).
 These spheres are embedded in transparent silicone made
sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that
they can rotate freely.
 The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes
then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus
giving the pixel a white or black appearance.
 The spheres of the Gyricon display are trapped in the oil-filled
cavities of an elastomer. Positioning them with a positive or
negative voltage puts them into the reflecting [left] or light-
absorbing [right] black state. Prototypes have been fabricated
at Xerox' PARC.
 The electronic ink display from E Ink is based on encapsulated
electrophoretics
--microcapsules containing many tiny white pigment chips, or
particles, that are suspended in a blue-black liquid dye.

 Applying an electric field moves the particles about; the

microcapsules can be switched into the reflecting [left] or
absorbing [right] state by applying a positive or negative voltage
across the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes.
 Any kind of electrophoretic display relies on electrostatic migration of
light-scattering particles in a dyed colloidal suspension.

 When a positive voltage is applied, the particles migrate electrostatically

toward the electrode on the viewer side.

 If white light-scattering particles are used, a near-Lambertian reflection can

be obtained.

 When a negative voltage is applied, the particles move to the electrode on

the side away from the viewer and become hidden behind the dye; the
viewer sees the color of the dye.

 Once migration occurs under either polarity and the voltage is removed, the
white particles stay in place, creating a bistable memory device.
 Based on the phenomenon of Electrowetting effect-
controlling the shape of a confined water/oil interface by an
applied voltage.
 With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil forms a flat film
between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent)
insulating coating of an electrode, resulting in a coloured pixel.
 When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the
water, the interfacial tension between the water and the coating
changes. As a result the stacked state is no longer stable,
causing the water to move the oil aside.
 This results in a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective
white surface is used under the switchable element, a white
pixel.
 Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an electrowetting display.

 Electrofluidic displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny

reservoir.
 The reservoir comprises <5-10% of the viewable pixel area and therefore
the pigment is substantially hidden from view.

 Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of the reservoir

and spread it as a film directly behind the viewing substrate.

 As a result, the display takes on color and brightness similar to that of

conventional pigments printed on paper.
 Technology used in electronic visual displays that can create
various colors via interference of reflected light.

 The color is selected with an electrically switched light

modulator comprising a microscopic cavity that is switched on
and off using driver integrated circuits similar to those used to
address liquid crystal displays (LCD).
Electronic Ink Liquid Crystal
Display Display
Wide viewing angle Best image only from one position

Black on paper white Gray on gray

Readable in sunlight Can be difficult to see

Holds image without power drain Required power to hold images

Plastic or glass Glass only

Light Weight Power supply and glass make LCDs

relatively heavy
Thin (~1 mm) Thick (~7 mm)
 Paper-like readability
 Sunlight and non-uniform light visibility
 High reflectivity, high contrast & resolution
 Viewing angle ~180 degree
 Highly flexible
 Ultra-Low Power Consumption
 Long-term Bistable Image: content preserved without
power
 Prolonged battery life
 Full color implementation- not yet.
 Implementation of video on it- not yet.
 Flexibility of the e-paper such that it can be rolled or
folded- not yet.
 Develop it as such that it will reflect infra red rays and
the documents can be read by using night vision
camera only, or so that it can be used by military and
security purposes.
 Electronic Book
 Electronic Newspaper

 Mobile display

 Computer monitor
 Researches found that in just few years this
technology can replace paper in many situations,
leading us to think of a truly paperless world.
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.studymafia.org
Thanks