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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
by
to the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
January, 2019
CERTIFICATE
Certified that AJAY YADAV (1604331002) has carried out the research work presented in
this thesis entitled “Flexible electronic skin” for the award of Bachelor of Technology
from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi under my
supervision. The thesis embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the
student himself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other
degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.
Signature
Dr. D. C. Dhubkariya
(Associate Professor)
Date: 29/01/2019
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no.
Certificate ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgements vi
List of Figures v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-3
CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION 4-5
CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE OF E-SKIN 6-9
CHAPTER 4: FABRICATION OF E-SKIN 10 - 16
4.1 BY USING ZINC OXIDE WITH VERTICAL NANOWIRES 10
4.2 BY USING GALLIUM INDIUM 11
4.3 BY USING ORGANIC TRANSISTORS 12
4.4 BY USING ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 14
4.5 WORKING OF E-SKIN BY OLED 16
CHAPTER 5: FEATURES 17 - 23
5.1 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES FOR E-SKIN 18
5.1.1 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability 18
5.1.2 Self -healing 19
5.1.3 Temperature sensitivity 19
5.1.4 Self – Powering 20
5.2 HIGHLY INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC SKIN DEVICES 21
5.2.1 Biomedical Devices 21
5.2.2 Robotics 22
5.2.3 Optoelectronics 23
CHAPTER 6: RESULT AND ANALYSIS BY APPLICATIONS 24 - 25
6.1 ADVANTAGES 24
6.2 APPLICATIONS 24
CHAPTER 7: FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION 26
CHAPTER 8: REFERENCE 27
ABSTRACT
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who helped directly or indirectly to
transform an idea into my working seminar report.
I would like to express our gratefulness and sincere thanks to Dr. D.K. Srivastava, Head of
the Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, for his kind help
and encouragement during the course of my study and in the successful completion of the seminar
report. I would like to express our hearty thanks to Prof. V.K. Tyagi, Director, BIET, Jhansi
Successful completion of any seminar report cannot be done without proper support and
encouragement. I sincerely thanks to Management for providing all the necessary facilities during
the Course of study.
I would like to thank my parents and friends, who have the greatest contributions in all my
achievements, for the great care and blessings in making as successful in all my endeavors.
AJAY YADAV
iv
TABLE OF FIGURES
1. Artificial skin 1
3. Evolution of e-skin 5
15. Self-healing 19
16. Self-powering 20
17. Demonstration of stretchable lithium ion batteries 21
v
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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This latest advance is an example of the progress made in the field of microfluidic
stretchable radio frequency electronics (μFSRFE), which have demonstrated the possibility
of combining established stiff electronic components with channels of elastomers filled
with fluid metal. This design means it is possible to build systems that can return to their
original form after major mechanical deformation. Ongoing research projects that
promoting the virtues of ‘E-skin’ could, in the future, be deployed in the field of healthcare.
This E-skin could be used for a vast array of applications such as medical instruments that
need to make controlled incision. Likewise, bandages could be equipped with sensors to
ensure they are applied with the proper tightness [2].
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CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION
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FIG 3 EVOLUTION OF E-SKIN [18]
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CHAPTER 3
ARCHITECTURE OF E-SKIN
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CHAPTER 4
FABRICATION OF E-SKIN
There are different types of fabrications for making of E-skin. They are as follows
4.1 By using Zinc Oxide with vertical Nanowires: -
U.S. and Chinese Scientists used zinc oxide vertical nanowires to generate
sensitivity. According to experts, the artificial skin is "smarter and similar to human skin."
It also offers greater sensitivity and resolution than current commercially available
techniques. A group of Chinese and American scientists created experimental sensors to
give robots artificial skin capable of feeling. According to experts, the sensitivity is
comparable to that experienced by humans. Trying to replicate the body's senses and indeed
its largest organ, the skin, has been no mean feat but the need for such a substitute has been
needed for a while now, especially in cases of those to whom skin grafts have not worked
or indeed its use in robotics. To achieve this sensitivity, researchers created a sort of flexible
and transparent electronics sheet of about eight thousand transistors using vertical
nanowires of zinc oxide. Each transistor can directly convert mechanical motion and touch
into signals that are controlled electronically, the creators explained. “Any mechanical
movement, like the movement of an arm or fingers of a robot, can be converted into control
signals," the Professor Georgia Institute of Technology (USA), Zhong Lin Wang. This
technology "could make smarter artificial skin similar to human skin," said Zhong, after
stating that it provides greater sensitivity and resolution. The system is based on
piezoelectricity, a phenomenon that occurs when materials such as zinc oxide are pressed.
Changes in the electrical polarization of the mass can be captured and translated into
electrical signals thereby creating an artificial touch feeling [10].
They fabricated organic transistors and tactile sensors on an ultrathin polymer sheet
that measured 1 micrometre thick-one-tenth the thickness of plastic wrap and light enough
to drift through the air like a feather. This material can withstand repeated bending, crumple
like paper, and accommodate stretching of up to 230 per cent. What’s more, it works at
high temperatures and in aqueous environments—even in saline solutions, meaning that it
can function inside the human body. Flexible electronics using organic transistors could
serve a range of biomedical applications. For example, they’ve experimented with
electromyography, the monitoring and recording of electrical activity produced by muscles.
For this system, they distributed organic transistor-based amplifiers throughout a 2-μm-
thick film. This allowed us to detect muscle signals very close to the source, which is key
to improving the signal-to-noise ratio, and thus the accuracy of the measurements.
Conventional techniques typically use long wires to connect sensors on the skin with
amplifier circuits, which results in a pretty abysmal signal-to-noise ratio,
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and they can imagine more medically urgent applications of such a system. In collaboration
with the medical school at the University of Tokyo, we’re working on an experiment that
will place our amplifier matrix directly on the surface of an animal’s heart. By detecting
electric signals from the heart with high spatial resolution and superb signal-to-noise ratios,
we should be able to zoom in on the exact location of problems in the heart muscle that can
lead to heart attacks.
Schematic process for the fabrication of micro-structured PDMS films. A dilute
solution of the PDMS mixture is drop cast onto a Si wafer mould. An ITO-coated PET
substrate is laminated to the mould, and the PDMS film is cured under pressure. After
curing, the flexible substrate is peeled off the mould as shown in Figure 3. Scanning
electron micrographs of micro-structured PDMS films with pyramid or line features [5].
The pressure sensitive structured PDMS films can be moulded at full wafer scale with high
uniformity and fidelity on a variety of flexible, plastic substrates. Pressure-response curves
for different types of micro structured PDMS films. The structured PDMS films exhibit a
much higher-pressure sensitivity s than the unstructured PDMS films of the same thickness.
Relaxation and steady state curves for different types of featured after loading and
unloading. While both, structured and unstructured PDMS films, show immediate response
to the application of pressure, only the structured PDMS films exhibit relaxation times in
the millisecond range.
The micro structured PDMS films are able to sense the application of very small
pressures [2]. Shown is the capacitance change on placing and removing a bluebottle fly
(20 mg) on an area of 64mm2, corresponding to a
pressure of only 3 Pa.
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4.5 Working of E-Skin by OLED:
➢ Nanotube TFT drain connected to anode of OLED.
➢ OLED: Bi-layer structure whose colour controlled by emissive layer material.
➢ PSR: Electrical contact with cathode of OLED.
➢ Conductivity of PSR αapplied pressure [14].
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CHAPTER 5
FEATURES
The electronic skin concept was initially developed for applications in robotics. Robots
could be provided with pressure sensing that would allow them to grip objects securely
without damaging them. These electronic skins, which mainly consist of pressure- sensing
materials and associated electronic devices for pressure reading, might also provide touch
sense to prosthetic devices such as artificial legs or arms. One challenge for making these
devices is that the transistors (and the semiconductors in them) that amplify weak signals
must be flexible in order to act like skin. The ability of transistors to amplify signals, their
gain depends on the mobility of the charge carriers in their semiconductor under the gate
layer (or in their gated semiconductor layer). Doped single-crystalline silicon wafers are
used in most computer chips because of their high carrier mobility, which allows operation
with low applied voltage and low power. However, the wafers are brittle, so alternative
materials have been pursued. Some of the candidate flexible semiconductors, such as
conducting polymers have much lower carrier mobility. The higher voltages needed to use
these materials as transistors may not be suitable for electronic skin that makes direct
contact with a patient’s skin, and may quickly exhaust small power supplies. However,
their carrier mobility, although much higher than that of conducting polymers, is still much
lower than that of doped silicon. With these types of materials, it is difficult or impossible
to achieve the performance needed to amplify very weak signals acquired from natural skin.
The electronic skin uses thin single-crystal silicon that has superior flexibility and a
mobility equivalent to that of the silicon used in personal portable devices. The approach,
a printing method developed previously by Rogers’s group could be called ―inking and
printing.
This innovative design contains all of the necessary components in an ultrathin layer
about the thickness of a human hair. The electronic skin can be simply mounted onto or
peeled off natural skin in the same way as bandage tape. Physiological information has
been collected from heart, brain, and skeletal muscles with a quality equivalent to that
collected with bulky electrodes and hardware. Other forms of physiological information
collection based on the electronic skin are readily feasible because they could use
components that have more sophisticated functions. The transfer-printing fabrication
approach has proved to be viable and low-cost in this demonstration, which will greatly
facilitate the practical clinical use of the electronic skin. Because of the higher quality of
the transferable thin silicon, wireless communication directly from the electronic skin
should be feasible, given recent demonstrations of this capability in other devices
E-skin can mimic the properties of human skin in its ability to sense tactile forces,
as well as augment the capabilities of human skin through incorporation of chemical and
biological sensing functionalities [16].
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5.1.2 Self -healing
While naturally occurring, human skin has the ability to repair itself after incurring
mechanical damage, this property has yet to be fully realized in e-skin. For artificial skin,
the ability to repair both mechanical and electrical damage would be highly advantageous
for practical applications. There are two predominant strategies used to incorporate self-
healing properties into materials, namely: 1) the use of materials loaded with healing agents
and 2) the use of materials containing dynamic reversible bonds. The incorporation of
capsules containing healants was first demonstrated in self-healing, non-conducting
polymers. However, for e-skin applications, it is necessary to use a system that is
electrically active.
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5.1.4 Self – Powering
Providing a long-lasting supply of power is a persistent challenge for mobile electronics.
As the largest human organ, skin provides a large area for potential energy storage.
Furthermore, as the body’s interface with the outside world, e-skins may provide the
opportunity to scavenge energy from environmental sources such as light and mechanical
forces. A number of promising technologies have recently been demonstrated for power
generation, transmission, and storage in stretchable systems, including solar cells,
mechanical energy harvesters, supercapacitors, batteries, and wireless antennas.
Light is a readily available power source, and is most effectively harvested using devices
with large surface area. stretchable solar cells based on rigid GaAs device islands connected
with freestanding metal interconnects are determined. These solar cells operated with an
efficiency of ≈13% with applied strain of up to 20%. Although these devices provided
exceptional performance, the high cost of GaAs may limit its implementation in large-area
e-skins. OPVs on ultrathin substrates using conventional materials and processes are
fabricated. By transferring the devices to a pre-stretched substrate, they were able to
achieve a stretch ability up to 400% with an efficiency of 4%.
Dielectric elastomer generators can achieve very high efficiencies, but have historically
been limited by the complexity and weight of the associated electronics. Recent reports
have demonstrated that the circuit complexity can be reduced using systems that are self-
primed or primed by electrets.
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5.2 HIGHLY INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC SKIN DEVICES
Active electrode arrays have been demonstrated for measuring electrical activity
in both the heart and brain. The mechanical compliance of these arrays was essential for
achieving conformal interactions with these irregularly shaped organs. For measuring
electrocardiogram signals, an array of 2016 transistors were used to achieve good temporal
resolution at 288 contact points, thus allowing for high-resolution spatial mapping of
electrical characteristics. A similar flexible array of active electrodes was used to measure
brain activity with unprecedented spatial accuracy.
a) Illustration of a stretchable device with an exploded view of the various layers in the
battery structure.
b) Operation of a battery that has been biaxially stretched to 300% powering a red LED.
Inset shows the un stretched device.
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5.2.2 Robotics
Compliant devices with integrated tactile functionality could be used as skin-like sensors
for intelligent robots. One of the first flexible and highly multifunctional skin-like systems
was reported using polymer micromachining technologies. An array of several sensor types
allowed the measurement of numerous desired parameters such as contact forces, object
hardness, temperature, thermal conductivity, and surface curvature. However, the system
lacked multiplexing for large-scale implementation.
Over the last decade, a series of increasingly more complex stretchable circuits with
multiple functionalities were reported. A flexible active matrix of pressure and temperature
sensors was first reported in 2004 and stretch ability was subsequently added by the
selective removal of periodic sections of the flexible substrate. To increase the device’s
stretch ability, stretchable interconnects were implemented by developing a highly
conductive and stretchable material comprised of a fluorinated elastomer and ionic liquid
with long CNTs.
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CHAPTER 6
RESULT & ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION
6.1 ADVANTAGES: -
1. Reduces number of wires
2. Compact in size
3. Attachment and detachment is easy
4. More flexible
5. Light in weight
6. It replaces present system of ECG and EEG
7. It gives sense to a robot
8. Wearable
9. Ultrathin
10. Twistable & stretchable
11. Easy to handle
6.2 APPLICATIONS: -
Some applications are given below to know the depth and use of electronic skin
• When the skin has been seriously damaged through disease or burns then human skin is
replaced by artificial skin [7].
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• It is also used for robots. Robot senses the pressure, touch, moisture, temperature,
proximity to object.
• It can measure electrical activity of the heart, brain waves, muscle activity and other vital
signals
• By using interfacial stress sensor, we also measure normal stress & shear stress.
• Localized electrical stimulation: This is a ―smart bandage’’. Temperature is changes
across a wound.
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CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
• Bendable sensors and displays have made the tech rounds before.
• We can predict a patient of an oncoming heart attack hours in advance.
• In future even virtual screens may be placed on device for knowing our body functions.
• Used in car dashboard, interactive wallpapers, smart watches [2].
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
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