EEE 444: Project

Title of the Project

IoT Enabled PV Solar System Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection

This report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. (Engineering)
in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Submitted By

Sabbir Ahmed Ethen Student ID: 1802210

Md. Abdullah Al Noman Student ID: 1802257
Md. Rubayet Khan Student ID: 1802269

Supervisor:
Md. Hassanul Karim Roni
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University (HSTU)
Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
November, 2023
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “IoT Enabled PV Solar System Monitoring and Fault
Detection” is carried by Sabbir Ahmed Ethen, Student Id: 1802210, Md. Abdullah Al Noman,
Student Id: 1802257 & Md. Rubayet Khan, Student Id: 1802269 and complies with the regulations
of this university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.

Signed by the Final Examining Committee:

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Chairman

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External

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Internal

..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Supervisor

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Co-Supervisor

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 Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “IoT Enabled PV Solar System Monitoring and Fault
Detection” has been carried out by Sabbir Ahmed Ethen, Student ID: 1802210, Md. Abdullah Al
Noman, Student ID: 1802257 & Md. Rubayet Khan, Student ID: 1802269 under my supervision in
the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and
Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.

Signature of Co-Supervisor
Signature of Supervisor

------------------------------------------
Md. Ilius Hasan Pathan ------------------------------------------
Assistant Professor Md. Hassanul Karim Roni
Lecturer

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 DEDICATION

(To our beloved Parents and respected Teachers)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we thank the Almighty, the Creator and Sustainer, for providing us with the
strength and chance to finish the thesis "IoT Enabled PV Solar System Condition Monitoring and
Fault Detection ". We would like to express our sincere appreciation to our parents for their
unwavering support and assistance that has enabled us to pursue our academic goals.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to our respected Supervisor, Md.
Hassanul Karim Roni, Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Co-
supervisor, Md. Ilius Hasan Pathan, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. We appreciate their energy, passion, and extensive knowledge, which have all played a
role in the success of our work. As we continue our journey, we will continue to pursue these core
values and strive for even greater success in the future. With our commitment to our values, I am
confident that we will achieve great things in the years ahead. Through hard work and determination,
I am confident that we will not only meet our ambitious goals but also exceed them.

Once again, we extend our deepest appreciation to our friends and professors, and we look forward to
their continued support and guidance in our future endeavors. Finally, the supervisor and co-
supervisor acknowledge that this work would be almost impossible to carry out successfully without
their parents, as they provide moral support and optimistic encouragement throughout their research
work.

Authors
Sabbir Ahmed Ethen (ID 1802210)
Md. Abdullah Al Noman (ID 1802257)
Md. Rubayet Khan (ID 1802269)
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh

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 Abstract

This project presents an “IoT based PV Solar System monitoring and fault detection” system that
monitors the performance of solar panels and provides real-time data to a central controller, which is
accessible through a web-based graphical user interface. The system incorporates sensors that
measure the voltage, current, temperature, Humidity and power sunlight of each panel and alert the
user when predefined conditions are not met. And the sensors are also detect the fault of the battery
and send this information through the NodeMCU controller. The NodeMCU is used as the system
controller. The system also tracks the accumulation of dust on the panels, which affects their
efficiency, and notifies the user when cleaning is required. The data is sent to a cloud-based platform
for remote monitoring and future analysis. The proposed system improves the efficiency of solar
energy generation, reduces maintenance costs, and facilitates remote monitoring and control of solar
power systems.

Solar energy is a sustainable source of energy that can generate electricity, heat water, and provide
lighting. By incorporating solar energy into your home or business, you can reduce energy costs,
lessen the impact on the environment, and enjoy renewable energy. Now is the time to embrace
renewable energy and make a positive impact on the environment. By switching to renewable energy
sources, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, which are rapidly becoming scarce. In addition,
we can minimize energy consumption's environmental impact. Now is the time to switch to
renewable energy sources.

The NodeMCU is used as the system controller because it is a low-cost, open-source platform that
can detect and respond to environmental conditions. It allows the system to monitor the amount of
dust on the panels and notify the user when cleaning is necessary. It also allows remote monitoring
and control of the solar power system, saving time and money on maintenance costs.

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 CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS
PAGE

Certificate iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Contents vii-viii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1-10

1.1 Power Crisis in Bangladesh 1

1.2 The State of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh 4
1.3 Solar Energy Potential in Bangladesh 4
1.4 Automation 5
1.4.1 Types of Automation 5
1.4.2 Concept of IoT 7
1.4.3 IoT Connectivity and Innovation 8
1.5 Objectives 9
1.6 Literature Review 9

CHAPTER-2: BACKGROUND STUDY 11-13

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 2.1 Present Solar Energy Overview 11
2.2 Sustainable Solar Energy Vision of Bangladesh 13

CHAPTER-3: SYSTEM MODELING 14-33

3.1 Block Diagram 15

3.2 Circuit Diagram 16
3.3 Component Description 16

3.3.1 ESP32 16

3.3.2 Current Sensor 18

3.3.3 DC Voltage Sensor 22

3.3.4 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor Module 24

3.3.5 LCD Display 27

3.3.6 Solar Panel 28

3.3.7 Solar Charge Controller 29

3.3.8 Power Inverter 30

3.4 System Technical Data 32

3.5 Blynk 33

CHAPTER-4: PROJECT FEATURES AND OUTCOMES 34-41

4.1 Project Feature 34

4.1.1 Step 1: Control 34
4.1.2 Step 2: Monitoring 34
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 4.1.3 Step 3: Fault Detection 35
4.2 Estimated Cost 36
4.3 Simulation 36

4.3.1 Monitoring System 37

4.3.2 Graphical Representation of the System through Blynk App. 37

4.3.3 Solar PV Monitoring System through Webserver 39

4.3.4 Solar PV Monitoring Output through Serial Monitor 40

4.4 Discussion 41

CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 42

5.1 Conclusion 42
5.2 Future Work 42

REFERENCES 44

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Pin Description of ACS712 Current Sensor 19

Table 3.2: Pin Description of DC Voltage Sensor 23
Table 3.3: Pin Description of DHT11 Sensor Module 26
Table 3.4 Technical Parameter of Inverter 31
Table 3.5: Solar Panel Electrical Data 32
Table 3.6: Solar Panel Mechanical Data 33
Table 4.1 Component price and total cost table for Overall system 34

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: World energy Scenario 2

Figure 1.2: World Net Electricity Generation 2

Figure 1.3: Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh 4

Figure 2.1: Electricity Plan of Bangladesh 12

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Overall System 14

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram of Overall System 16

Figure 3.3: Details of ESP32 Microcontroller Layout 17

Figure 3.4: Current Sensor (ACS712) 19

Figure 3.5: Pinout diagram of ACS712 Current Sensor 19

Figure 3.6: Working of ACS712 current sensor 20

Figure 3.7: Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32 21

Figure 3.8: DC Voltage Sensor Module 22

Figure 3.9: Schematic diagram of DC Voltage Sensor 22

Figure 3.10: Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32 23

Figure 3.11: Temperature & Humidity Sensor (DHT11) 24

Figure 3.12: DHT11 Module Circuit Diagram 25

Figure 3.13: DHT11 Module Pinout Configuration 25

Figure 3.14: Circuit Diagram of DHT11 Sensor Module with ESP32 26

Figure 3.15: 16x2 LED Display with 12C module 27

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Figure 3.16: Solar Panel (12 Volt 30 Watt) 28

Figure 3.17: Solar Charge Controller 30

Figure 3.18: Power Inverter 1000 Watt 31

Figure 3.19: Power Panel Name Plate 32

Figure 4.1: Control Panel of the System 35

Figure 4.2: Monitoring System 37

Figure 4.3: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring in Mobile Application 38

Figure 4.4: Voltage and Current Monitoring in Mobile Application 39

Figure 4.5 Power Monitoring in Mobile Application 39

Figure 4.6: Solar PV Monitoring Output through Web Server 40

Figure 4.7: Solar Monitoring Output through Serial Monitor 41

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Power Crisis in Bangladesh

Power is a fundamental need for a nation to progress and reach its goals. Bangladesh, being a
densely populated country, requires a significant amount of power for daily living and production.
However, with the current consumption rate, the available resources will be exhausted within a few
decades, leading to a severe power crisis in the future. This looming crisis is a major concern for the
people of Bangladesh, and urgent measures must be taken to prevent it. While power crises are a
worldwide issue, they particularly affect developing countries like Bangladesh. The primary sources
of power generation, such as natural gas, oil, and coal, are not only polluting the environment but
also limited in quantity. Over 50% of these resources have already been depleted, emphasizing the
need to find sustainable and renewable alternatives. Solar energy stands out as the most viable option
since it is abundant, affordable, clean, noiseless, and requires minimal maintenance. Hence, adopting
solar energy as a primary source of power in Bangladesh can ensure a sustainable and prosperous
future for the nation.

Bangladesh is a country with a high demand for power, and the consumption rate is increasing
rapidly. With limited fossil fuel resources, the future power crisis will be a big concern for the
people of Bangladesh. However, the solution to this problem lies in the utilization of renewable
energy, particularly solar energy. Solar energy is abundant and is considered to be one of the most
cost-effective, cleanest, and noiseless forms of renewable energy. In recent years, the use of solar
energy has increased dramatically, and it has the potential to provide a sustainable solution to the
power crisis in Bangladesh. [1]
The implementation of solar cells on a large scale could provide a tremendous amount of power to
meet the county’s growing demand. Moreover, the use of solar energy could help reduce the
dependency on limited fossil fuel resources, and minimize the negative impact on the environment
caused by the generation of power through conventional methods.
It is important that the government and private sectors take necessary steps to promote the use of
solar energy and make it accessible to the general public. With proper planning, investment, and

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implementation, the use of solar energy can revolutionize the power sector in Bangladesh and
contribute to the sustainable development of the country.

Figure 1.1: World Energy Scenario

Renewable energy systems harness natural sources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal
heat, which are continually replenished by the Earth. Embracing these sources offers a chance to
foster a greener and more sustainable planet. By modernizing and investing in renewable energy
technologies, we can diminish our dependence on non-renewable resources, paving the way for a
more environmentally-friendly future.

Figure 1.2: World Net Electricity Generation

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Solar energy stands out as a highly promising renewable resource capable of fulfilling energy
demands. Bangladesh, benefiting from abundant sunlight, possesses significant potential to leverage
solar energy to address its escalating energy needs. The government has set an ambitious target of
achieving 10% of the nation's total energy mix from renewable sources by the conclusion of 2021,
aiming to reach a renewable energy generation capacity of 2,000 MW. Presently, Bangladesh boasts
an installed renewable energy capacity of 650.53 MW, with solar energy contributing 416 MW, and
hydropower generating 230 MW. [2]

Efficiently operating and maintaining solar photovoltaic systems pose a significant challenge in
harnessing solar energy. IoT enabled solar condition monitoring and detection present a noteworthy
solution to this challenge. Through the utilization of IoT technology, operators can conduct
continuous monitoring and analysis of the health and performance of solar panels. This enables early
detection of faults, reducing system downtime and optimizing overall efficiency in solar energy
generation.

Continuous tracking of the solar photovoltaic system simplifies and streamlines daily or monthly
analysis. Swift detection of errors within the system is facilitated by monitoring solar panels
operating at peak capacity. Utilizing this data allows for performance enhancement, ensuring that the
solar panels consistently operate at optimal efficiency levels.

Solar energy offers numerous environmental benefits. As a clean and renewable energy source, it
contributes to a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions—a key driver of climate change.
Additionally, embracing solar energy helps decrease reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating the
associated price volatility and fostering a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape.

In conclusion, solar energy holds considerable promise in shaping Bangladesh's energy landscape.
The integration of IoT-enabled solar condition monitoring and detection stands as a crucial tool in
optimizing the efficiency and functionality of solar photovoltaic systems. Beyond its environmental
benefits, the utilization of solar energy proves economically viable in the long term. By tapping into
the abundant power of the sun, Bangladesh can establish a reliable and continuous power supply,
playing a pivotal role in the nation's journey toward sustainable development.

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1.2 The State of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

Bangladesh can make 650.53 megawatts of renewable energy. This includes 416 megawatts from
solar energy and 230 megawatts from hydropower. This means there has been an increase from the
579 MW capacity in 2018, showing that it is growing. Right now, solar energy is the most important
type of renewable energy in Bangladesh, and there is very little wind energy being used. The
government wants to use more renewable energy, like solar and wind power. Right now, only 3% of
the energy comes from renewable sources. They want to increase that to at least 10% by the end of
2021. While the increase in capacity isn't big, it shows where the country is heading in the future and
promise to grow its clean energy industry.

Figure 1.3: Renewable energy scenario in Bangladesh [1]

1.3 Solar Energy Potential in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is estimated to have a significant amount of solar radiation, with an annual average of
1,900 kWh/m2, equivalent to a daily autonomy of 4 to 6. 5 Recognizing the potential of solar
energy, the Government recently issued a draft National Solar Energy Roadmap (SREDA), to
address the slow progress in clean energy adoption. The roadmap proposes an ambitious solar target

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of 40 gigawatts (GW) by 2041, of which 40% is generated from rooftop solar installations. By
emphasizing an expedited action plan, Bangladesh holds the potential to realize a remarkable 50%
contribution of solar power to its total installed capacity by the year 2041. This ambitious objective
underscores the government's unwavering commitment to harnessing solar energy and propelling the
nation toward a more sustainable and renewable energy future.

1.4 Automation
In recent decades, industrial automation has become a driving force in all production systems. With
the expansion of industrial plant organizational structures, new technologies and architectural styles
have also evolved. Every innovation had to start with the latest state-of- the art systems within the
respective domain. While researching the application of service-oriented architectures to automation
and even down to the shop floor, one must consider the most recent standards, proven technologies,
industrial solutions, and automation research works. In this chapter we will try, without any claim to
completeness, to provide a short summary of today’s situation and trends in automation.

1.4.1 Types of Automation

Automated systems can be classified as:

• IoT Base.
• Web Base.
• GSM Base.
• Microcontroller Base

 IoT Base
IoT-based automation refers to the integration of Internet of Things technologies to enhance and
streamline various processes. Devices connected through IoT networks enable seamless
communication and data exchange, fostering efficient automation. This synergy allows for real-time
monitoring, control, and optimization of diverse systems, ranging from smart homes to industrial
processes. Through sensors and actuators, IoT-based automation facilitates intelligent decision-
making, reducing human intervention and minimizing errors. [3] The result is increased productivity,
energy efficiency, and overall operational effectiveness. As a transformative force, IoT-based
automation continues to redefine how we interact with and manage the interconnected world of
devices and systems.

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Overall, IoT-based automation holds immense potential to revolutionize industries and everyday life,
making processes more streamlined, intelligent, and connected.

 Web Base

Web-based automation involves using technology to streamline and improve processes related to
web applications. By using scripts or automation tools, repetitive tasks such as data entry, testing,
and monitoring can be performed efficiently, saving time and minimizing errors. This approach
leverages the power of web technology to create a seamless workflow, ensuring a more responsive
and efficient online environment. Whether it is e-commerce, software development or online
services, web-based automation plays a vital role in optimizing operations and improving the overall
user experience. Adopting this form of automation enables businesses and individuals to navigate the
digital landscape with greater efficiency and reliability. Developing this system then involves the use
of web languages such as PHP, HTML and CSS. [4] It eliminates the need for on-board device
controls, thereby simplifying the user experience. Instead, it relies on a complex database of daily
habits. The system incorporates specialized motion detection and allows users to set specific time
slots to turn the device on and off. When motion is detected within the set range time window, the
device is enabled to turn on. Conversely, if no movement is detected within this predetermined
period, the devices will automatically turn off. This automation method optimizes convenience,
energy savings, and usability.

 GSM Base
GSM-based automation leverages Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology to
facilitate seamless communication and control between devices, enhancing remote operation and
monitoring capabilities. This innovative approach allows devices to efficiently exchange data,
commands and notifications over the powerful GSM network, establishing wireless connectivity
over long distances. This technology shows its versatility in many industries, including home
automation, security systems, industrial automation, agriculture and infrastructure monitoring. One
of the distinctive features of the GSM system is its ability to provide flexibility, scalability, and
access to widespread network coverage. This feature makes integration with existing infrastructure a
simple process. Additionally, it enables real-time monitoring and control from virtually any location
via a GSM connection, significantly improving operational convenience and efficiency.

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However, it's essential to bear in mind that the efficacy of GSM-based automation is contingent on
the availability of GSM network coverage. Moreover, when compared to certain other wireless
technologies, GSM-based systems may exhibit limitations in terms of data transmission speed. In
conclusion, GSM-based automation stands as a pivotal solution that not only facilitates wireless
communication but also extends the convenience of remote accessibility. It is especially invaluable
in industries and applications where the coverage of GSM networks is accessible, empowering
organizations to streamline their operations and enhance productivity.

 Microcontroller Base
In today's dynamic landscape, security systems have assumed a pivotal role in safeguarding both
human lives and financial investments. This crucial task is achieved by seamlessly integrating
diverse subsystems, encompassing surveillance, intruder detection, access control, and fire detection,

under the aegis of a single centralized control unit. In this era, automation has become an
incontrovertible reality, where an array of functions, from basic tasks like device activation and
deactivation to more advanced operations, are executed automatically. [5]

In this era, automation has become a reality, where a range of functions, from basic tasks such as
turning devices on and off to more advanced operations, are performed automatically. These
processes can be controlled remotely or at close range, providing greater levels of convenience and
efficiency. Recent technological advances, especially those related to Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, have
ushered in a new era of device connectivity and interoperability. Notably, eliminating the need for a
physical connection between the Arduino board and the computer resulted in significant savings.
This is achieved through the use of a Wi-Fi shield, which takes on the role of a miniature web server
for the Arduino, allowing it to operate as a self-contained, independent device. Essentially, Wi-Fi
Shield relies on a wireless connection to the Internet, established through a router or wireless access
point, which acts as a control device.

1.4.2 Concept of IoT

Kevin Ashton first came up with the idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) in 1999. He said that IoT
is a world where things can talk to each other using RFID technology. Even though, it's important

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to know that the exact meaning of IoT is still changing and can be different depending on who is
talking about it.

Broadly defined, IoT is often described as “a dynamic and extensible global network infrastructure
with self-configuring capabilities, supported by standardized communication protocols.” This book
attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of IoT, [6] covering the basic concepts, the complex
architectural layers inherent in IoT systems, key terms related to the field and the diversity of
services it facilitates

1.4.3 IoT Connectivity and Innovation

The success of the Internet of Things (IoT) hinges upon the effective interconnection of objects
within its network. The intricate design of IoT architecture encompasses a multifaceted array of
elements, spanning networking, communication, business models, processes, and security
considerations. Key to this architectural framework is the ability to scale, extend, and foster
interoperability among an extensive array of devices and their diverse models.

In the dynamic landscape of IoT, physical objects are often mobile and demand real-time
interactions. Therefore, a pivotal facet of IoT architecture is its adaptability, enabling dynamic
device-to-device communication and ensuring the clarity of event communication.

To ensure the triumph of IoT endeavors bridging the physical and digital realms, the design of the
IoT system assumes a pivotal role. It encompasses various critical aspects, including networking,
communication, business models, processes, and robust security measures. Crafting an effective IoT
architecture necessitates a keen focus on factors like extensibility, scalability, and the facilitation of
seamless interoperability among an array of devices and their respective models. In an environment
where physical objects frequently move and necessitate immediate interaction, IoT architecture must
exhibit the flexibility to enable devices to engage dynamically and communicate events clearly and
unambiguously.

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1.5 Objectives
The main objectives of this paper are given below:
 Optimum power from solar PV

 Monitoring Voltage, Current, Power, Temperature and Humidity levels

 State of voltage (SoV)

 Link with online server and mobile application

 Human-machine interfacing(HMI)

 Using Solar pump as a load

1.6 Literature Review

In the context of our project, it is pertinent to consider the wealth of prior research that has laid the
foundation for our work. Here, we delve into some notable literature reviews that bear relevance to
our endeavors.

In 2011, Kim et al introduced a power management and control system, which hinged on the use of
wireless sensor networks. Their innovative approach involved the continuous sensing and real-time
updating of electricity data through wireless sensors, which were seamlessly connected via Zigbee
modules. This setup enabled the provision of instantaneous electricity consumption information to
end-users, coupled with remote monitoring and control of household appliances through web
services.

Fast forward to 2013, Soliman and colleagues embarked on a journey that explored the convergence
of IoT, Web services, and Cloud computing in the realm of Smart Homes. Their methodology was
marked by embedding intelligence into sensors and actuators, utilizing the Arduino platform,
networking smart devices via Zigbee technology, and harnessing Cloud services for versatile access
across different locations. The fruits of their labor resulted in a framework adept at measuring home
conditions, monitoring household appliances, and managing home access. Notably, the adaptable
nature of this infrastructure opened doors to a myriad of potential applications.

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Building upon these foundations, in 2014, Suryadevara and associates unveiled a sophisticated smart
monitoring and control system for household electrical appliances in real time. Their system
diligently monitored the electrical parameters of household devices through specially designed
sensing modules, wirelessly transmitting data via Zigbee protocol to a central controller. This
enabled accurate calculation of power consumption and introduced flexible mechanisms for
appliance control. The system's versatility extended to remote monitoring and control through a
user-friendly website interface, making it an efficient tool for consumers in managing their daily
operations.

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 Chapter-2
Background Study

2.1 Present Solar Energy Overview

Solar energy has rapidly gained prominence as a globally favored renewable energy source,
attributed to its remarkable efficiency and minimal environmental footprint. Recent surveys
underscore its vast potential, with solar cells poised to generate an impressive 60 terawatts (TW) of
power on a worldwide scale. Notably, solar cells outshine their renewable energy counterparts in
terms of efficiency, boasting a peak laboratory-tested efficiency rate of 46.7%. As relentless research
and development endeavors drive innovation in this arena, the trajectory is clear: solar power will
emerge as an increasingly pivotal and influential energy source in the forthcoming years. Earth
receives an enormous amount of solar energy each year - about 79,000 TWyr, to be exact. This
makes it the largest and most easily accessible source of energy on our planet. In fact, most other
available energy sources, such as fossil fuels, are ultimately derived from solar energy.

When we compare the amount of solar energy that can be converted into usable energy (like
electricity) to other renewable sources such as wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, ocean thermal,
waves, tides, and biomass, as well as conventional reserves like coal, oil, gas, and nuclear energy, we
find that solar photovoltaics have the potential to meet global primary energy demand more than 12
times over. Even wind energy has the potential to meet global energy demand twice over, even when
accounting for land use and conversion efficiency constraints.

In the context of a fully electrified future scenario, the magnitude of solar energy's potential becomes
even more apparent. Solar power alone possesses the capacity to surpass global energy demand by a
staggering 27-fold, while wind energy could do so by a factor of 5. These revelations underscore the
immense promise of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, in the pursuit of
sustainable and reliable global energy provision. According to the World Vision 2100 report by the
WBGU, solar cells are projected to account for 20% of total energy production by 2050, and this
share is expected to rise to 70% by 2100. This indicates that solar energy will eventually become the

11
primary source of power generation worldwide. However, to achieve this, we would need to install a
massive 51.42 billion solar panels to power the entire world through solar energy.

To meet this goal, it is crucial to increase the efficiency of PV modules. In Bangladesh, a subtropical
country where 70% of sunlight reaches the ground, solar panels can be an effective and easily
accessible source of electricity production. The country receives an average of 4-6.5 KWh/m 2 of
solar energy per day. Despite being located between 20.30- and 26.38-degrees north latitude and
88.04 and 92.44 degrees east, Bangladesh has the potential to be a reliable solution for the ongoing
power crisis.

Bangladesh's location is favorable for generating power through photovoltaic (PV) systems, as the
country receives an average daily solar radiation of 4 to 6.5 kWh per square meter. The maximum
amount of irradiance is captured during March-April and September-October.

To achieve the goal of producing 10% of total power generation from renewable energy (RE)
sources by 2020, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has launched several large and small-scale
solar PV initiatives since 2008. The large-scale projects include grid-integration capable solar parks,
rooftop solar systems, solar irrigation, solar mini-grids, and solar-powered telecom Base Transceiver
Stations (BTS). Meanwhile, small-scale projects include Solar Home Systems (SHS) and solar
streetlights.

YEAR 2016
16000 MW

YEAR 2030
40000 MW

YEARR 2021
24000 MW

YEAR 2016 YEAR 2021 YEAR 2030

Figure 2.1: Electricity Plan of Bangladesh

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For electricity generation, the Bangladesh Government has set a long –term target with the following
strategies:

 Low carbon emission

 Improvement of Energy Efficiency
 Construction of efficient and effective infrastructure
 Using Alternative Energy
 Development of Domestic Primary Fuels
 Fuel Diversification

 Multi-sector Co-ordination

To meet up with these strategies the most eco-friendly energy is solar energy, and it should be more
efficient and most cost-effective.

2.2 Sustainable Solar Energy Vision of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has embarked on an ambitious mission, setting a robust target of generating over 4,100
megawatts of electricity from renewable energy sources by the year 2030. This strategic endeavor
serves a dual purpose, aiming to significantly curtail greenhouse gas emissions while enhancing
energy security. Notably, within this capacity goal, solar power emerges as the leading contender,
with a planned contribution of 2,277 megawatts. Hydropower follows closely with a slated capacity
of 1,000 megawatts, and wind power is expected to generate 597 megawatts.

Presently, the nation is actively executing the construction of nine solar power plants, collectively
boasting a capacity of 450 megawatts. Concurrently, a wind power project is in the works, poised to
generate 60 megawatts. Furthermore, agreements are in progress to establish 12 additional solar
plants with a combined capacity of 500 megawatts. This comprehensive approach also includes
plans for wind and biomass plants, set to yield a combined capacity of 130 megawatts. These
concerted efforts underscore Bangladesh's unwavering commitment to expanding its renewable

energy capacity and navigating towards a cleaner, more sustainable, and energy-secure future

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 Chapter-3

System Modeling
This chapter will provide a brief overview of the system model utilized in our project.

3.1 Block Diagram

This block diagram has several sectors: power supply, sensors, modules, liquid crystal display,
LED for fault indication, and microcontrollers. Figure 2.1 shows the visual representation of
our system with the help of a block diagram.

Computer

Cloud LCD

Mobile App

Voltage
Sensor

Solar
Charge Current
Control Sensor
ESP32
Microcontroller
Temperature
Battery sensor

Inverter Humidity
Solar Panel Sensor

AC Load Power Supply

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Figure 3.1: Block diagram of overall system

The block diagram for an IoT-enabled solar power monitoring system and fault detection using
voltage, current, and temperature sensors consists of several interconnected components.

Solar Panels: The system begins with the solar panels, which capture sunlight and convert it into
electrical energy.

Voltage Sensor: A voltage sensor is deployed to measure the voltage output of the solar panels. It
provides real-time data on the voltage generated by the solar panels.

Current Sensor: A current sensor is used to measure the electrical current flowing through the solar
panels. It provides information on the current output of the solar panels.

Temperature Sensor: A temperature sensor is employed to monitor the temperature of the solar
panels. It helps in detecting any abnormal temperature variations that may affect the performance of
the panels.

Microcontroller: A microcontroller acts as the central processing unit of the system. It collects data
from the voltage, current, and temperature sensors, and processes the information.

Inverter: An inverter converts the DC voltage to an AC voltage. In most cases, the input DC voltage
is usually lower while the output AC is equal to the grid supply voltage of either 120 volts, or 240
Volts depending on the country.

IoT Gateway: The microcontroller is connected to an IoT gateway, which serves as the bridge
between the local network and the internet. It facilitates the transmission of data from the sensors to
the cloud-based platform.

Cloud-based Platform: The data collected from the sensors is transmitted to a cloud-based
platform. This platform stores, analyzes, and visualizes the data, providing real-time monitoring and
analysis of the solar power system.

Fault Detection System: The cloud-based platform incorporates a fault detection system that
utilizes the data from the sensors to identify any faults or anomalies in the solar power system. It can
detect issues such as voltage fluctuations, current overload, or abnormal temperature variations.

3.2 Circuit Diagram

15
Figure 3.2 shows the circuit representation of the block diagram in Figure 3.1. Here the connection
between every pin of the switch, sensors, modules, and microcontrollers is shown for motor control,
monitoring, and diagnosis with the help of IoT.

Charge Controller Battery

Online Server

Inverter AC Load

Current Sensor

Voltage Sensor

ESP32 16X2 LCD

Temperature
Sensor

Figure 3.2: Circuit diagram of overall system

3.3 Component Description

3.3.1 ESP32 Microcontroller

The ESP32 is a development board that features the ESP32 microcontroller. This specific model of
the ESP32 comes with 38 pins, providing a wide range of connectivity and functionality options.
The board is equipped with numerous digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins, offering versatility
in interacting with an array of sensors, actuators, and external devices. These pins can be configured
for various purposes, serving as GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins, PWM (Pulse Width

16
Modulation) pins, or for specific functionalities such as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-
Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), or I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication.

The ESP32 with 38 pins, the ESP32 is designed to support wireless communication, including Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth connectivity. This makes it well-suited for applications requiring internet connectivity
or communication with other devices, such as home automation systems, remote monitoring, or
smart devices. The ESP32 microcontroller, powering the board, brings advanced capabilities like
dual-core processing, ample memory resources, and support for various communication protocols
and interfaces. These features enhance the board's capabilities, enabling the development of intricate
and sophisticated projects.

In summary, the ESP32 with 38 pins stands out as a highly flexible and potent development board.
Its extensive pin connections, coupled with the capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller, render it
an ideal choice for a diverse range of projects involving IoT, wireless communication, and
demanding I/O requirements.

Figure 3.3: Details of ESP32 Microcontroller Layout

Features of ESP32 Microcontroller

17
  Type: Wi-Fi + Bluetooth module
 Model: ESP32 38 Pins
 Power supply voltage (USB): 5V DC
 Voltage inputs/outputs: 3.3V DC
 Power consumption: 5μA in suspension modes
 Main CPU: Tensilica XTense 32-bit LX6
 Performance: Up to 600 DMIPS
 Clock frequency: up to 240Mhz
 Secondary processor: allows basic operations in ultra-low-power mode
 Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n/e/i (802.11n @ 2.4 GHz up to 150 Mbit/s)
 Bluetooth: 4.2 BR/EDR BLE dual control mode
 Memory: 448 KByte ROM, 520 KByte SRAM, 6 KByte SRAM in RTC and QSPI support
multiple flash chips/SRAM
 USB-Serial Chip: CP2102
 Antenna: in PCB
 Digital pins GPIO: 24 (some pins only as input)
 Analogue Digital convor: two 12-bit ADC type SAR, supports measurements in up to 18
channels, some pins support a programmable gain amplifier
 Security: IEEE 802.11, including WFA, WPA/WP2 and WAPI
 Hardware accelerated cryptography: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptical curve cryptography
(ECC), random number generator (RNG)

3.3.2 Current Sensor

A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measurable output voltage
that is proportional to the current through the measured path. There are a wide variety of sensors,
and each sensor is suitable for a specific current range and environmental conditions. Figure 2.6
shows the current sensor (ACS712) that we have
used for our project. Features of the current
sensor are given

18

Figure 3.4: Current Sensor (ACS712)

Pinout diagram of ACS712 Current Sensor:

Figure 3.5: Pinout diagram of ACS712 Current Sensor

Pin Description:
Table 3.1: Pin Description of ACS712 Current Sensor
Pin Number Pin Name Pin Description
1&2 IP+ +ve terminals for current sensing
3&4 IP- -ve terminals for current sensing
5 GND Ground Signal
6 FILTER External Capacitor to set the bandwidth
7 VIOUT Analog Voltage Output
8 VCC Power Supply to IC

Features of Current Sensor:

 Measures both AC and DC current
 Available in 5A, 20A and 30A modules
 66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity

19
  Low-noise analog signal path
 Very small in size
 1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance
 Total output error of 1.5% at TA = 25°C
 Stable output offset voltage.
 Near zero magnetic hysteresis

Working of ACS712 current sensor:

Figure 3.6: Working of ACS712 current sensor

We can see from the above image, the current to sensed is connected to the top 4 pins, 2 pins for
positive and 2 pins for negative, when current flows with in an amount of magnetic field is produced
across the copper conduction path which is proportional to the amount of current passed. This
magnetic field is sensed by the integrated Hall Effect IC and outputs voltage through the VIOUT
pin.

Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32:

20
 Figure 3.7: Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32

Code:

#include <ACS712.h>

// Pin connected to the current sensor output

const int currentSensorPin = 34; // Assuming ADC1 channel is used
// ACS712 sensitivity (mV/A)
const float acs712Sensitivity = 66;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// Read the analog value from the current sensor
int sensorValue = analogRead(currentSensorPin);

// Convert the sensor value to millivolts

float voltage = sensorValue * (3300.0 / 4095.0);

// Convert the voltage to current using the ACS712 sensitivity

float current = (voltage / acs712Sensitivity);

// Print the current value to the serial monitor

Serial.print(" Current: ");
Serial.print(current);
Serial.println("A");
delay(1000); // Optional delay between readings
}

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3.3.3 DC Voltage Sensor

The voltage sensor module is a small size 0-25 DC voltage sensing device. The design of the module
is based on a resistive voltage divider circuit. It is a voltage sensor module that reduces the input
voltage signal by the factor of 5 and generates a corresponding analog output voltage with respect to
step down voltage factor. This voltage measurement circuit is small and portable and can be used to
detect under and over-voltage faults in electrical circuits.

Figure 3.8: DC Voltage Sensor Module

Schematic diagram of DC Voltage Sensor

Figure 3.9: Schematic diagram of DC Voltage Sensor

Pin Description:
Table 3.2: Pin Description of DC Voltage Sensor
Pin Number Pin Name Pin Description

22
 1 VCC
2 GND
3 S
4 +
5 -
Positive terminal of the External voltage source (0-25V)
Negative terminal of the External voltage source
Analog pin connected to Analog pin of the microcontroller
Not Connected
Ground Pin connected to GND of microcontroller

Features of Voltage Sensor

 Input Voltage: 0 Volts – 25 Volts
 Voltage measurement Range: 0.02445 Volts – 25 Volts
 Analog signal resolution: 0.00489 Volts
 Voltage Sensor module dimensions: 4cm x 3cm x 2cm
 It is a small, portable and reliable device.
 The module is a simple circuitry and easy to interface with microcontrollers.
Working principle of DC Voltage Sensor

For measuring voltage we are using 0-25v DC voltage sensor. This sensor uses the voltage divider
which reduces the voltage by 5 times using 2 resistors R1= 30000Ω and R2=7500Ω. As we all know
Arduino ADC input voltage ranges from 0-5v but ESP32 has a maximum input of 3.3v only. So with
the help of this voltage divider we can measure from 0-16v with ESP32.

3.3vX5times=16.5v (MAX)

Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32:

Figure 3.10: Circuit Diagram of ASC712 Current Sensor with ESP32

23
Code:

const int voltagePin = 35; // Analog input pin connected to the voltage sensor
const float referenceVoltage = 5.0; // Reference voltage of the Arduino (usually 5V)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
voltageRead();
}
void voltageRead(){
// Read the voltage from the voltage divider
int sensorValue = analogRead(voltagePin);
// Convert the analog reading to voltage
float voltage = ((sensorValue / 1023.0) * referenceVoltage);
Serial.print("Voltage: ");
Serial.print(voltage, 2); // Print voltage with 2 decimal places
Serial.println(" V");
delay(1000); // Read voltage every 1 second
}

3.3.4 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor Module

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be easily
interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and
temperature instantaneously. DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as
a module. The difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on
LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses
a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

Figure 3.11: Temperature & Humidity Sensor (DHT11)

DHT11 Module Circuit Diagram:

24
 Figure 3.12: DHT11 Module Circuit Diagram

DHT11 Module Pinout Configuration:

DHT11 Sensor DHT11 Sensor Module

Figure 3.13: DHT11 Module Pinout Configuration

Table 3.3: Pin Description of DHT11 Sensor Module

Pin Number Pin Name Pin Description
1 VCC Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

25
2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data
3 GND Connected to the ground of the circuit

Features of Temperature & Humidity Sensor Module (DHT11)

 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V

 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
 Output: Serial data
 Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
 Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
 Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

Circuit Diagram of DHT11 Sensor Module with ESP32:

Figure 3.14: Circuit Diagram of DHT11 Sensor Module with ESP32

Code:

#include "DHT.h"
#define DHT11PIN 16
DHT dht(DHT11PIN, DHT11);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);

26
 /* Start the DHT11 Sensor */
dht.begin();
}
void loop()
{
float humi = dht.readHumidity();
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.print("ºC ");
Serial.print("Humidity: ");
Serial.println(humi);
delay(1000);
}

3.3.5 LCD Display

The 16x2 LCD display, prevalent in diverse electronic devices, is a text-based screen with two lines.
Utilizing backlight and liquid crystal technology, it efficiently presents characters and symbols.
Controlled by a microcontroller or dedicated driver circuit, like the ESP32 controller, through
parallel or serial communication, it accommodates standard alphanumeric characters, numbers,
symbols, and custom symbols. Incorporating a contrast control feature for character visibility
adjustment, this display operates on low voltage sources, is mountable, and finds broad application
in electronic projects for information display. Renowned for its durability, it is a staple in various
devices and projects.

Figure 3.15: 16x2 LED Display with 12C module

Features of 20x4 LCD Display

 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

27
  Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is built by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 It can also display any custom generated characters
 Available in Green and Blue Backlight

3.3.6 Solar Panel

A solar panel, or photovoltaic (PV) panel, is a device transforming sunlight into electricity through
semiconductor PV cells. Encased in tempered glass for protection, these cells generate electric
current when exposed to sunlight. An anti-reflective coating can enhance efficiency by minimizing
sunlight reflection. Encapsulation shields cells from environmental factors while allowing light
transmission. The panel's back sheet offers insulation and protection, with the entire structure
enclosed in a robust frame for support and installation. The junction box contains electrical
connections and wiring, facilitating the safe transfer of electricity. Cables and connectors are used to
transport the generated electricity to other devices or the electrical system. Solar panels come in
various sizes and designs to meet different energy needs and are used in residential, commercial, and
industrial applications. Specific design features may vary depending on the manufacturer and type of
solar panel. Here used 12 volt 30 watt solar panel.

Figure 3.16: Solar Panel (12 Volt 30 Watt)

Features of Solar Panel

28
  Power Output: 30 watts
 Voltage: 12 volts
 Size and Dimensions: Typically 2 to 3 feet in length, 1 to 2 feet in width
 Solar Cells: Made of silicon, converts sunlight into electricity
 Efficiency: Ranging from 15% to 20%
 Construction: Durable, weather-resistant material (e.g., tempered glass), aluminum frame for
support
 Junction Box: Located on the back, serves as a connection point, protects against moisture
and dust
 Cables and Connectors: Pre-attached cables or connectors (e.g., MC4 or Anderson Power
pole)
 Mounting Options: Can be mounted on roofs, ground, or poles
 Compatibility: Used in small-scale solar systems (off-grid cabins, RVs, boats), connects to
charge controllers or inverters.

3.3.7 Solar Charge Controller

The primary function of a solar charge controller is to regulate the voltage and current flow from
solar panels to batteries, effectively preventing overcharging. By managing the energy transfer, the
charge controller ensures that the batteries receive the appropriate charging levels. This is
particularly important as 12V panels typically generate higher voltages ranging from 16 to 20V,
which can be detrimental to the batteries if not regulated. To achieve a complete charge, batteries
typically require a voltage of around 14 to 14.5V.

Solar charge controllers offer a variety of options in terms of size, cost, and features. They are
available in different amperage ratings, starting from 4.5A and going up to larger models with
capacities of 60 to 80A. The selection of a suitable charge controller depends on factors such as the
scale of the solar system, the capacity of the battery bank, and the specific charging requirements. In
summary, a solar charge controller plays a crucial role in protecting batteries from overcharging by
regulating the voltage and current from solar panels. Its availability in various sizes and capacities
ensures compatibility with different system configurations and charging needs.

29
 Figure 3.17: Solar Charge Controller

Types of Solar Charger Controller:

There are three different types of solar charge controllers, they are:
 Simple 1 or 2 stage controls
 PWM (pulse width modulated)
 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT

3.3.8 Power Inverter

Power Inverter widely use in the car, on the boat, transfer 12V DC power directly to 220V AC
power for supplying the Laptop computers, camera, cell phones, camcorders, televisions, electric
shaver, car refrigerator and other electronic devices when outdoor for tour, camping and medical
treatment.

The car power inverter has advantages of Compact and light weight, practical and prefect modeling,
and its self-supplied auto cigarette lighter plug can easily connect to a vehicle’s battery. We can get
220v AC direct from the power inverter output socket.

30
 Inverter DC Part Inverter AC Part Inverter Cable

Figure 3.18: Power Inverter 1000 Watt

Table 3.4 Technical Parameter of Inverter

Model E12-1000
Input Voltage 10 - 14.8 V
Output Voltage AC 200-230 V
Continuous output power 1000 watt
Spike Output Power (Peak) 1000 watt
Output Frequency 50 Hz
Efficiency Up to 90.5%
Operating Temperature -15 – 50%
No Voltage Range <9.6 V
Over Voltage Range >15 V

Features of Inverter:
 DC to Ac modified sine wave
 Auto protection: Safe and reliable
 Input and output are completely independent
 Smart, light, and portable, designed for home use
 Universal socket, suitable for all kinds of plugs
 Modified/Square waveform output
 Applicable for resistive AC loads
 High-precision voltage stability technology

31
3.4 System Technical Data
We have selected a solar panel with ratings 30 wat, 12 volt. The tactical data from nameplates are
examined in this section.

Solar Panel Nameplate:

Figure 3.19: Power Panel Name Plate

Solar Panel Specification

Table 3.5: Solar Panel Electrical Data

Maximum Power at STC* 30 W

Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) 17.6 V

Optimum Operating Current (Imp) 1.71 A

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21 V

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 1.92 A

Efficiency 16 %

Maximum System Voltage 600 VDC UL

Maximum Series Fuse Rating 5A

Table 3.6: Solar Panel Mechanical Data

32
 Solar Cell Type Monocrystalline (6.1 x 1.14 in)

Number of Cells 34 (2 x 17)

Dimensions 24.5 x 13.8 x 0.8 in (570 x 340 x
25mm)
Weight 6.2 lbs (2.8 kg)

Front Glass Tempered Glass 0.13 in (3.2mm)

Frame Anodized Aluminum Alloy

Connectors MC4 Connectors

3.5 Blynk
Blynk is a comprehensive software suite that facilitates the prototyping, deployment, and remote
management of interconnected electrical devices, regardless of their scale, spanning from small IoT
projects to a vast array of connected items available to the public. With Blynk, anyone can
effortlessly connect hardware to the cloud and create iOS, Android, and web applications without the
need for coding. These applications empower users to analyze real-time and historical data from
their devices, remotely control them from anywhere, receive important notifications, and much
more. Blynk operates as a multi-tenant solution, enabling administrators to set roles and permissions
to govern user access to data.

Applications developed using Blynk are now accessible to users, who can download the app, connect
their devices, and start utilizing its features, regardless of whether they are family members,
employees, or customers.

Furthermore, Blynk provides a white-label option within its Business Plan, enabling the
customization of the app with our company's name, logo, theme, and color scheme. These tailored
apps can subsequently be released on popular platforms like the App Store and Google Play,
ensuring seamless compatibility with our devices.

33
 Chapter 4

Project Features and Outcomes

4.1 Project Feature

For the optimal operation of our project, the specified components are indispensable. The project
functionalities are segmented into three primary steps: control, monitoring, and fault detection. In
this section, we will present each aspect of our project, offering a thorough and detailed
demonstration.

4.1.1 Control

Efficient control stands as a pivotal element in any system, as suboptimal control arrangements can
impede system performance. Conversely, the implementation of appropriate control mechanisms can
optimize system efficiency, leading to decreased losses. A robust tool for achieving this optimization
is IoT-based control. Leveraging the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT), system performance
can be heightened through real-time monitoring, automation, and intelligent decision-making. IoT-
based control empowers systems to adapt, respond, and optimize operations, ultimately resulting in
enhanced efficiency and minimized losses.

4.1.2 Monitoring

IoT-based monitoring allows for the efficient handling of a vast volume of events and alerts, coupled
with the analysis of dynamic systems. By collecting and scrutinizing extensive IoT data from
connected devices, consumers, and applications on a web scale, IoT monitoring establishes a crucial
link between businesses and devices. In our project, we've developed an onboard and online
dashboard dedicated to monitoring. This dashboard facilitates the tracking of various parameters,
including voltage, current, speed, temperature, and vibration, offering valuable insights for effective
monitoring and management. Additionally, the dashboard issues alerts and notifications in the event
of any issues, supporting proactive maintenance and informed decision-making. It serves as a tool to
evaluate the performance of connected devices and pinpoint potential areas for improvement.

4.1.3 Fault Detection

34
Fault detection involves identifying and diagnosing abnormalities in PV solar systems by analyzing
data collected from integrated sensors and monitoring devices. Various techniques can be employed
for fault detection, including sensor data analysis, rule-based detection, pattern recognition,
statistical analysis, comparative analysis, and integration with diagnostic tools. Real-time sensor data
is analyzed to detect deviations from normal operating conditions, predefined rules or thresholds are
set to identify potential faults, and machine learning algorithms or statistical methods are utilized to
analyze historical data for fault pattern recognition. Comparative analysis against industry standards
or within a network is also performed to identify discrepancies. Integration with diagnostic tools
further enhances fault detection capabilities. By combining these techniques, the IoT-enabled system
continuously monitors PV solar system performance, detects faults in real-time or near real-time,
and facilitates timely corrective actions for optimal operation and maximum energy generation.

Figure 4.1: Control Panel of the System

35
4.2 Estimated Cost of Overall Project
Table 4.1 Component price and total cost table for overall system.

SI No. Name of Item Unit Cost (BDT) Quantity Cost (BDT)

1 Solar Panel (30 watt) 1600 1 1600

2 Solar Charge Controller 620 1 620

3 Battery (12 volt) 800 1 800

5 ESP32 Microcontroller 715 1 715

6 DC Voltage Sensor Module 100 1 100

7 Current Sensor ACS712 215 1 215

Temperature & Humidity

8 150 1 150
Sensor (DHT11)

9 LCD Display 360 2 720

10 Power Inverter 1200 1 1200

11 Control Box 450 1 450

Total Cost 6570

4.3 SIMULATION

36
4.3.1 Monitoring System
The IoT-based solar power monitoring system is an innovative project that provides real-time
monitoring and analysis of various parameters of a solar panel. The system has several advantages,
including efficient energy management, improved solar panel performance, reduced maintenance
costs, and increased system reliability. The software modules of the system include the Blynk
mobile application and the computer program. The ESP32 microcontroller acts as a bridge between
the hardware components and the software modules, processing and displaying the collected data.
IoT-based solar power monitoring system has many advantages such as efficient energy
management, improved solar panel efficiency, reduced maintenance costs and increased reliability.

Figure 4.2: Monitoring System

4.3.2 Graphical Representation of the System through Blynk App

37
Figure 4.3: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring in Mobile Application

38
 Figure 4.4: Voltage and Current Monitoring in Mobile Application

Figure 4.5 Power Monitoring in Mobile Application

4.3.3 Solar PV Monitoring System through Web Server

A solar PV monitoring system can utilize a web server to provide an intuitive interface for users to
access and visualize data. The system collects data from various sensors, such as voltage sensors,
current sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors, and stores it in a database connected to
the web server. Through a web browser, users can monitor real-time data on power output, system
status, and environmental conditions. They can also analyze historical data to identify trends and

39
evaluate performance over time. The web server can be configured to generate alarms and
notifications, alerting users to issues like low power output or system faults. This remote access
capability allows users to monitor the solar PV system from anywhere, using any device with
internet connectivity. Overall, utilizing a web server for solar PV monitoring enhances accessibility,
enables data-driven decision-making, and facilitates effective management of the system.

Figure 4.6: Solar PV Monitoring Output through Web Server

4.3.4 Solar PV Monitoring Output at Serial Monitor

40
 Figure 4.7: Solar Monitoring Output through Serial Monitor

4.3 Discussion

Since irradiance is related to current and temperature affects the voltage of the solar module. Hence,
the power generation of the solar panel relies on temperature and irradiance. The proposed system
programming codes are developed in C language via Arduino IDE. Here we used the ESP32 as a
microcontroller. The Blynk libraries are included in the programming function to communicate and
transfer the sensed values to the cloud platform. The electrical characteristics are monitored and
displayed successfully through a mobile application. The result in Fig. 4.7 shows the real-time solar
PV monitoring system through Blynk. The inference of output is that the increase in temperature
reduces the voltage generation in PV and the rise in irradiance shows a moderate increase in current.
Hence, these two parameters become the deciding factors for the performance of solar modules. The
results shown in Fig. 4.5 are displayed on the Web server. Fig. 4.6 shows the output on the serial
monitor of a PC. The obtained result is closer to the standard ratings of a solar panel.

41
 Chapter 5

Conclusion and Future work

5.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, the implementation of an IoT-enabled solar power condition monitoring and fault
detection system brings numerous benefits to the field of solar energy. By harnessing the power of
IoT technology, real-time monitoring and analysis of solar panel parameters become possible,
leading to efficient energy management, improved solar panel performance, reduced maintenance
costs, and increased system reliability. The integration of software modules, such as the Blynk
mobile application and computer program, along with the ESP32 microcontroller, enables seamless
communication between hardware and software components, facilitating data processing and
display. The system empowers users to make informed decisions about their energy usage,
contributing to sustainability and a reduced carbon footprint. Moreover, by continuously measuring
and analyzing various aspects ofi solar panels, the system aids in enhancing performance,
minimizing maintenance expenses, and ensuring the long-term reliability of solar power systems.
Overall, the IoT-enabled solar power condition monitoring and fault detection system represents a
significant advancement in the field, enabling efficient and optimized utilization of solar energy
resources.

IoT-based solar panel monitoring is an essential tool for energy management and real-time
monitoring of solar panels. The system's ability to regularly measure and analyze various aspects of
solar panels helps improve their performance, lower maintenance costs and increase reliability. It
also helps users make informed decisions about their energy use and contributes to sustainable
development.

5.2 Future Work

We have partially completed our project, though there are some recommendations for future
works. Some of them are:

42
 We have monitored limited variables and identified faults with respect to those
variables. More variables and their faults can be introduced.
 We have identified the fault. In future work, a protection scheme against those
faults can be established
 We have analyzed our project for a single solar panel. In future, it can be analyzed for micro-
grid system.
 By interfacing our system with machine learning, we can predict the fault before it
occurs and protect the system from becoming faulty.
 Expand system scalability to handle increased data volume
 Integrate data analytics and reporting for performance evaluation

43
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