LSD Project Report Phase 2

Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belgaum, Karnataka - 590014
A Project Phase - 2
Report on
“Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease using IOT and Deep
Learning”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer

Science & Engineering
Submitted by
Najma Taj 1HK19CS098
Rida Sameer 1HK19CS119
Rukhsha Khan 1HK19CS121
Ruzaina Zareen 1HK19CS123
Under the Guidance of

Dr. Sharada K A
HKBK College of Engineering

No.22/1, Opp., Manyata Tech Park Rd, Nagavara, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045.
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated by VTU
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

2022-23
HKBK College of Engineering
No.22/1, Opp., Manyata Tech Park Rd, Nagavara, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045.
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated by VTU
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Work Phase-2 entitled “Detection Of Lumpy Skin Using IOT And Deep
Learning” carried out by Ms. Najma Taj (1HK19CS098), Ms. Rida Sameer(1HK19CS119), Ms.
Rukhsha Khan (1HK19CS121) and Ms. Ruzaina Zareen (1HK19CS123) are Bonafide students
of HKBK College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of eigth-semester project, regards to the
subject “ Major Project Phase – 2 (18CSP83) ” for the award of Bachelor of Engineering /
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2022 – 2023. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report
deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
the project work prescribed for the said Bachelor of Engineering.
Dr. Sharada K.A Dr. Ashok Kumar P.S. Dr. Tabassum Ara
Internal Guide HOD, CSE Principal, HKBKCE
External Viva:
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
1)______________________________ ____________________________
2)______________________________ ____________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to profoundly thank Chairman Mr. C. M. Ibrahim, and Director Mr. C.M.
Faiz and Management of HKBK College of Engineering for providing such a healthyenvironment
for the successful completion of project work.
We would like to express our thanks to the Principal DR. Tabassum Ara, for her
encouragement that motivated us for the successful completion of Project Work.
We wish to express our gratitude to DR. Ashok Kumar P. S., Professor and Head of
Department of Computer Science & Engineering for providing such a healthy environment for the
successful completion of Project work.
We are also grateful to DR. Deepak N. R., Professor, Dept of CSE and Project Coordinator
Prof. Veeresh K. M. Asst. Prof., Dept of CSE, HKBKCE. We are also extremely thankful and
indebted to him for sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended
to us.
We express our heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to our Project Guide, DR. Sharada K A,
Associate Professor Computer Science and Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore,
for her intellectually-motivating support and valuable suggestions and constant guidance during our
Project work. Her comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the research topic as well as her
uncompromising and sensible attitude towards research and insistence on quality work have
profoundly influenced us and will benefit our future work-our heartfelt thanks to her painstaking
modification of this report.
We would also like to thank all other teaching and technical staffs of Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, who have directly or indirectly helped us in the completion of this Project
Work. And lastly, we would hereby acknowledge and thank our parents who have been a source of
inspiration and instrumental in the successful completion of this project.
i
ABSTRACT
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a serious and contagious viral disease that affects cattle. The disease
is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which causes the formation of nodules or lumps
on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes of infected animals. LSD can lead to significant
economic losses in the cattle industry due to reduced milk production, decreased weight gain, and
loss of animals. Therefore, early detection and control of the disease are crucial to prevent its
spread.
To address this need, a new rapid on-site LSDV detection method was developed using image
processing and IoT technology. The system aims to detect the lumpy skin disease in cattle using a
camera, and the collected images are processed using image processing techniques to identify the
presence of LSDV in the animal. The system is equipped with IoT technology that enables the
remote monitoring of cattle health in real-time, allowing early detection of the disease and timely
intervention to prevent its spread.
Moreover, the development of advanced cattle health monitoring systems using IoT and Arduino
technologyhas enabled continuous monitoring of critical parameters affecting cattle health, such
as body temperature, respiration, heartbeat, and rumination. These parameters are monitored using
sensors connected to an Arduino microcontroller, which collects and processes the data. The
collected data is then transmitted wirelessly to the cloud using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, where
it can be analyzed and visualized using the Thingspeak app.
Overall, the use of IoT and image processing technologies in cattle health monitoring and disease
detection can help farmers and veterinarians to detect and control diseases in cattle in real-time,
reducing economic losses and improving animal welfare.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No Description Page No

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES v
ABBREVIATIONS vi
01 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 About Lumpy Skin Disease 1
1.2 Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease 4
1.3 Image Processing 6
1.4 Conclusion 8
02 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Cattle Health Monitoring System Using 10
Arduino and IOT
2.2 Cattle Health Monitoring System Using 11
Arduino and LabView for Early Detection of
Diseases
2.3 Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle: An
Emerging Problem in the Sultanate -Oman 12
2.4 Prevalence and Management Practices of
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Cattle at 13
Natore District of Bangladesh
2.5 Lumpy Skin Disease, An Emerging
Transboundary Viral Disease: A Review
14
2.6 Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy 15
Skin Disease and the Economic Impact
in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County,
Kenya
2.7 Isolation and molecular identification of
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) virus 17
from infected cattle in Bangladesh
2.8 Assessing Machine Learning
Techniques In Forecasting Lumpy Skin 19
Disease Occurrence Based On
Meteorological And Geospatial Features
2.9 Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in 20
Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005–2022):
Multiple Change Point Analysis and
Time Series Forecast
2.10 Lumpy Skin disease: Review of
literature 21
2.11 Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle 22
population of Chattogram, Bangladesh
2.12 Occurrences Of Lumpy Skin Disease
(Lsd) In Cattle In Dinajpur Sadar Of
23
Bangladesh
2.13 Conclusion 25
iii
03 METHODOLOGY 26
3.1 General Form of Methodology

26
3.2 Methodology with respect to IoT 27
3.3 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
29
3.4 Methodology with respect to Deep Learning 31
3.5 Implementation 32
04 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
34
4.1 System requirements 34
4.2 Proposed System 56
05 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 58

5.1 System design 58
5.2 System Architecture 60
5.3 Dataflow Diagram 62
5.4 Class diagram 64
5.5 Sequence diagram 66
5.6 Workflow of CNN Model 66
06 RESULT
70
CONCLUSION
74
75
REFERENCES
iv
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.

Figure 1.1 LSD Plagued cattle 1
Figure 1.2 Lumps on cattle 2
Figure 1.3 Signs of LSD 2
Figure 2.1 [a]Graph of Body Temperature [b]Graph of Heartbeat 10
Figure 2.2 Global Situation of Lumpy Skin Disease 11
Figure 2.3 Transmission electron micrograph of two negatively PTA-stained LSDV particles 12
indicated (arrows) in close association with a collagen fibre (C)
Figure 2.4 The percentage of cattle’s morbidity, mortality and fatality due to Lumpy Skin Disease 13
Figure 2.5 Different techniques for LSD diagnosis 14
Figure 2.6 Univariable analysis of household-level putative risk factors for Lumpy Skin Disease in 16
Nakuru County, Kenya.
Figure 2.7.1 Specific primer and thermal cycler profile for LSD virus detection by PCR 17
Figure 2.7.2 Description of PCR test results 18
Figure 2.8 Summary of steps taken in the materials and methods section 19
Figure 2.9 Overall trend of LSD outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and Europe from 2005 to 2020 20
Figure 2.10 Classification of Lumpy skin disease virus 21
Figure 2.11 Risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease in cattle farms of Chattogram district of 22
Bangladesh from the univariable logistic regression analysis
Figure 2.12 Geographical distribution of the study area 24
Figure 4.1.1 Block Diagram of our model 34
Figure 4.1.2 Arduino 36
Figure 4.1.3 Pin Specification 41
Figure 4.1.4 Regulated power supply 43
Figure 4.1.5 Temperature Sensor 45
Figure 4.1.6 Circuit diagram of temperature sensor 46
Figure 4.1.7 Pulse Sensor 47
Figure 4.1.8 Wet/Moisture Sensor 48
Figure 4.1.9 Buzzer 49
Figure 4.1.10 Qt editor with Open CV Structure of Open CV 52
Figure 4.1.11 Structure of Open CV 52
Figure 4.2.1 Convolutional Neural Network Layers 57
Figure 5.1.1 Design of our System 58
Figure 5.2.1 Architecture diagram of image processing unit and classification unit 60
Figure 5.3.1 Data Flow Diagram 62
Figure 5.3.2 Architecture of the proposed system 62
Figure 5.4.1 Class Diagram 65
Figure 5.4.2 Use Case Diagram 65
Figure 5.5.1 Sequence Diagram 66
Figure 5.6.1 Graph of positive ReLU Func 67
Figure 5.6.2 The Padding Layer Example 68
Figure 5.7 CNN Flowchart 69
Figure 6.1 Cow Is Abnormal 71
Figure 6.2 Cow Is Normal 71
Figure 6.3 LSD File 72
Figure 6.4 Analysis of Images and Classifying whether it is a Heathy Skin Image or Lumpy Skin 72
Image of the Cattle
Figure 6.5 Datasets Heathy Cattle and LSD Affected Cattle 73
Figure 6.6 Accuracy Graphs 74
v
ABBREVIATIONS
LSD Lumpy Skin Disease
CNN Convolutional Neural
Networks
IOT Internet of Things
GLCM Gray Level Co-Occurrence
Matrix
KNN K Nearest Neighbor
DFD Data Flow Diagram
CT Computer Tomography
PET Position Emission
Tomography
ROI Return on Investment
UML Unified Modeling
Language
SSD System Sequence Diagram
ReLU Rectified Linear Activation
Function
LSDV Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
vi
Detection Of Lumpy Skin Disease Using IOT And Deep Learning
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 About Lumpy Skin Disease
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle. The disease is caused by
the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), which belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus. The virus is spread
through insect bites, direct contact with infected animals, or through contaminated fomites such as feed,
water, and equipment.
LSD is characterized by the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin, mucous membranes, and internal
organs of infected animals. The disease can cause significant economic losses in the cattle industry due to
reduced milk production, weight loss, and loss of animals.
The symptoms of LSD include fever, loss of appetite, depression, and the formation of nodules or lumps
on the skin, especially around the head, neck, and genitalia. The nodules can become painful and rupture,
leading to secondary bacterial infections.
There is no specific treatment for LSD, and the disease is managed through supportive care, including the
use of antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Prevention of the disease is based on vaccination, vector
control, and good hygiene practices.
LSD is considered a notifiable disease, and outbreaks must be reported to the relevant authorities. Control
measures include quarantine, movement restrictions, and culling of infected animals to prevent the spread
of the disease.
The mortality rate of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle can vary depending on a range of factors such as
the virulence of the virus, the age and health status of the animal, and the presence of other infections or
underlying diseases. Mortality rates of up to 20% have been reported in some outbreaks, while other studies
have reported lower mortality rates of around 1-2%.
It is important to note that LSD can also have significant economic consequences, even in cases where the
mortality rate is low, due to reduced milk production, weight loss, and loss of animals.
Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 1

Therefore, early detection and control measures are crucial to preventing the spread of the disease and
minimizing its impact. Vaccination and good biosecurity practices are important tools in the prevention and
control of LSD.
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) can have significant effects on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as
on the economic viability of farms and the wider livestock industry. The disease is caused by the Lumpy
Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) and is characterized by the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin, mucous
membranes, and internal organs of infected animals.
Some of the effects of LSD on cattle include:
1. Reduced milk production: Infected cows may produce less milk or stop producing milk altogether,
leading to significant economic losses for farmers.
2. Weight loss: Infected animals may lose weight due to decreased appetite, reduced feed intake, and
increased metabolic demands.
3. Reduced fertility: Male and female cattle may experience reduced fertility as a result of the disease.
4. Pain and discomfort: The formation of nodules or lumps on the skin can be painful and uncomfortable
for the animal, leading to reduced welfare.
5. Secondary infections: The rupturing of nodules can lead to secondary bacterial infections, which can
further compromise the health of infected animals.
6. Mortality: Although mortality rates can vary, LSD can lead to death in some infected animals, particularly
those with weakened immune systems.
In addition to its effects on animal health and welfare, LSD can have significant economic consequences
for farmers and the wider livestock industry, including lost productivity, increased veterinary costs, and
trade restrictions.
Some of the Economic Effects of LSD include:
1. Loss of animals: Infected animals may die or need to be culled to prevent the spread of the disease,
leading to direct losses for farmers in terms of reduced herd sizes and lower production levels.

2. Reduced productivity: Infected animals may produce less milk, have reduced fertility, and experience
weight loss, leading to reduced productivity and income for farmers.
3. Trade restrictions: LSD is a notifiable disease, and outbreaks can lead to trade restrictions and bans on
the export of livestock and livestock products from affected areas. This can have significant economic
consequences for farmers and the wider industry.
4. Increased veterinary costs: The diagnosis, treatment, and management of LSD can be expensive, leading
to increased veterinary costs for farmers and governments.
5. Reduced demand for livestock products: The presence of LSD in a region can lead to reduced demand
for livestock products, as consumers may be concerned about the safety and quality of products from
affected areas.
6. Disruption to supply chains: Outbreaks of LSD can disrupt supply chains and distribution networks,
leading to economic losses for farmers and businesses in the industry.
Therefore, early detection, prevention, and control measures are crucial to minimizing the economic impact
of LSD on the livestock industry. Vaccination, good biosecurity practices, and trade regulations are
important tools in the prevention and control of the disease.
Figure 1.1 LSD effected Cow

Figure 1.2 Lumps on cattle
1.2 Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease
Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be used to detect Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle through the
use of sensors and data analysis tools. By continuously monitoring various parameters related to cattle
health, such as body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, and rumination, it is possible to detect early
signs of LSD and other diseases.
One way to implement IoT-based detection of LSD is through the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
that are strategically placed in areas where cattle graze or spend most of their time. These sensors can be
connected to a central gateway or a cloud-based platform that collects, stores, and analyzes the data in real-
time.
The data collected from the sensors can be used to detect abnormalities in the health status of individual
animals or the entire herd. For example, an increase in body temperature or a decrease in rumination rate
could indicate the presence of LSD or other diseases. Alerts can be sent to farmers or veterinarians when
abnormal readings are detected, allowing for early intervention and control measures.

Image processing technology can also be used in combination with IoT-based monitoring to detect physical
symptoms of LSD, such as the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin.
Cameras or other imaging devices can be used to capture images of cattle, and image processing algorithms
can be used to analyze the images and detect the presence of LSD.
Overall, the use of IoT technology in the detection of LSD has the potential to improve early detection
and control measures, leading to better health outcomes for cattle and reduced economic losses for farmers
and the wider livestock industry.
We aim to prepare a device that aims at the detection of the Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in the cattle. Our
device incorporates hardware components consisting of the Arduino Board ATMEGA328, LM35
Temperature Sensor, Wet Sensor, ESP8266 WiFi Module, GPS Tracker, a buzzer and an LCD Display. This
device works on the software implementation of primarily Image Processing technology with Deep Learning
playing out as the domain. Open CV is the image processing tool used in our project and ThingSpeak is the
software cloud which used to upload and store data. This device can be used in various forms of portable,
user-friendly collar tags or a smart band or a ear tag.
Figure 1.3 Signs of LSD

1.3 Image Processing
Image processing is a method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or
to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal processing in which input is an image and
output may be image or characteristics/features associated with that image. Nowadays, image processing is
among rapidly growing technologies. It forms core research area within engineering and computer science
disciplines too.
Image Processing Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of reference-standard algorithms and
workflow apps for image processing, analysis, visualization, and algorithm development. You can perform
image segmentation, image enhancement, noise reduction, geometric transformations, and image registration
using deep learning and traditional image processing techniques. The toolbox supports processing of 2D, 3D
and arbitrarily large images. The popular machine learning algorithms are Random Forest Classifier, KNN,
Decision Tree Classifier and Naive Bayes classifier.
Deep learning is one of the finest techniques used for image classification. It is a form of machine
learning powered by artificial intelligence that let the machine study data. This suggests they can train the
machine what features to search in data by investigating an enormous amount of data. This model could learn
features from the image in spite of its position in the image. A huge amount of data could be used to avoid
data overfitting. This technique involves computer systems known as neural networks.
Convolutional neural networks play a major role in diverse tasks/functions like image processing
problems, computer vision tasks like localization and segmentation, video analysis, recognizing obstacles in
self-driving cars, as well as speech recognition in natural language processing. A typical neural network will
have an input layer, hidden layers, and an output layer. CNN’s, are inspired by the architecture of the brain.
Just like a neuron in the brain processes and transmits information throughout the body, artificial neurons or
nodes in CNN take inputs, process them, and send the result as output. The image is fed as input. The input
layer accepts the image pixels as input in the form of arrays. In CNN’s, there could be multiple hidden layers,
which perform feature extraction from the image by doing calculations. This could include convolution,
pooling, rectified linear units, and fully connected layers. Convolution is the first layer that does feature
extraction from an input image. The fully connected layer classifies the object and identifies it in the output
layer. “CNN’s, are feedforward networks in which information flow takes place in one direction only,from
their inputs to their outputs.

Image processing technology can be used to detect physical symptoms of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in
cattle, such as the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin.
The process involves capturing images of the affected cattle using a camera or other imaging device, and
analyzing these images using image processing algorithms to detect the presence of LSD.
The image processing techniques used for LSD detection typically involve the following steps:
1. Image acquisition: Images of the cattle are captured using a camera or other imaging device.
These images can be captured in natural or artificial lighting conditions.
2. Image enhancement: The images are enhanced to improve their quality and make it easier to identify the
presence of LSD. Techniques such as contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and image filtering can be
used to enhance the images.
3. Image segmentation: The images are segmented to identify the regions of interest, such as the skin of the
cattle. This step is necessary to isolate the area of the image where the presence of LSD is most likely.
4. Feature extraction: The image features that are most relevant to the detection of LSD are extracted. These
features may include texture, shape, and color.
5. Classification: The extracted features are used to classify the image as either positive or negative for LSD.
Machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVMs) or artificial neural networks
(ANNs) can be used to perform this classification.
6. Output: The output of the classification step is used to indicate whether the cattle has LSD or not. This
information can be used to initiate control measures to prevent the spread of the disease.
Overall, image processing technology has the potential to improve the accuracy and speed of LSD
detection in cattle, leading to better health outcomes for animals and reduced economic losses for farmers
and the wider livestock industry.

1.4 General Objectives

 The general objective of this research is to design an appropriate detection model which recognizes Lumpy
animal skin disease using image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms.
 The cattle monitoring using health parameter sensors and tracking.
 To prepare Animal Lumpy Skin Disease image data set for experimentation
 To select suitable segmentation and detection of Animal Lumpy Skin Disease.
 To construct detection model that identify Animal Lumpy Skin Disease with high sensitivity.
 To evaluate the performance of the proposed Lumpy Skin Disease detection model.
1.5 Conclusion
In a developing country like India, where there are many rural areas where people still rely on cattle as a source
of income. Their way of life is heavily reliant on the health of the cattle, as most people rely on dairy products
for a living, as do farmers who cannot afford advanced agricultural machinery and must rely on cattle. Due to
the scarcity of veterinarians in rural areas, people with their cattle must travel long distances, incurring
significant costs. So, in this paper, we present a device used for detection of lumpy skin disease in cattle that
enables people to monitor the health condition and recognize any signs of health deterioration in cattle using
image processing and deep learning.
In conclusion, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology for the detection of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in
cattle is a promising approach that has the potential to improve early detection and control measures, leading to
better health outcomes for animals and reduced economic losses for farmers and the wider livestock industry.
By continuously monitoring critical parameters affecting cattle health, such as body temperature, respiration
rate, heart rate, and rumination, IoT-based systems can detect early signs of LSD and other diseases. Wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) and cloud-based platforms can be used to collect, store, and analyze the data in real-
time, allowing for early intervention and control measures.

Image processing technology can also be used in combination with IoT-based monitoring to detect physical
symptoms of LSD, such as the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin. Cameras or other imaging devices
can be used to capture images of cattle, and image processing algorithms can be used to analyze the images and
detect the presence of LSD.
Overall, the use of IoT technology and image processing techniques for LSD detection can help improve the
efficiency of disease control measures, leading to better animal health outcomes and reduced economic losses
for farmers and the wider livestock industry.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cattle Health Monitoring System Using Arduino and IOT

Authors: J.Tamilselvan M.E, M.Naveenkumar, K.Periyapandi, B.Premkumar.
Publications: International JournalOf Innovative Research In Technology, vol.7 issue.11 pp.225-230,2021.
Now a day’s human cannot imagine their life without technology. Surrounding us diverse technologies are
helping people to live their lifestyles with more luxury. The era has modified and developed many projects
such as Advanced Cattle health Monitoring System using Arduino and IOT. In the Wireless Sensor Based
cattle health monitoring system, critical parameters affecting cattle health which includes body temperature,
respiration, humidity, heartbeat, and rumination are continuously monitored. In this framework, Arduino UNO
microcontroller is utilized to sense the various activities of animals like body temperature, respiration,
humidity, heartbeat, and rumination. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is used as transceiver. The thingspeak app is
used to display the graph.
The researchers propose developing a web application which keeps track and monitors the heart rate
and temperature of sick animals. It is primarily focused on recording heart rates and temperature. If the heart
rate is abnormal, it can be assumed that the animal is at risk. This system can control and monitor sick
animal’s symptoms from diagrams that show recorded data within the system. They also can report data to
veterinarian or hospital staff. When abnormal data is reported, the animals can be assisting in time which
might be able to save their life in time.
[a] [b]
Figure 2.1 [a]Graph of Body Temperature, [b]Graph of Heartbeat

2.2 Cattle Health Monitoring System Using Arduino and LabView for Early
Detection of Diseases
Authors: Kunja Bihari Swain, Satyasopan Mahato, Meerina patro, sudeepta kumar pattnayak.
Publications: IEEE 3rd International Conference on Sensing, Signal Processing and Security(ICSSS) pp. 79-
82,2017.
Productive online cattle health monitoring can help those farmers who suffer on a regular basis due to
the poor health condition of their cattle and unavailability of good veterinary doctors in their vicinity. In this
paper, we present such a device which provides an opportunity to the farmers to monitor and compare the present
health parameters of the cattle with the standard reference healthy parameters, by which they would beable to
spot any deterioration in the cattle's health. To prepare such a device for real time application, Arduino UNO,
Arduino NANO, Xbee module and different types of sensors for taking the cattle body parameters havebeen
used. This paper focuses mainly on the parameters like heart rate, temperature, rumination and body humidity
of the cattle.
In a developing country such as India, where there is an abundance of rural areas where people still rely
on the cattle’s as their source of income. Their mode of living largely depends on the cattle’s health condition
as most of the people depend on the dairy products for their livelihood and also for those farmer’s who cannot
afford advanced machinery for the agricultural purpose and still remain dependent on the cattle for it. Due to the
unavailability of veterinarians in rural areas people with their cattle’s visits the veterinarians by travelling a far
distance which costs them a lot. But such a move can be a double edged sword as if the cattle’s health condition
is actually bad, they can get treated, but if such is not the case then it will be a total wastage ofmoney on this
journey. According to the survey, it can be noted that most of the person’s of rural areas move tothe urban area
by getting disappointed from their rural life and by leaving their family member’s in the village itself.
Figure 2.2 Global Situation of Lumpy Skin Disease

2.3 Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle: An Emerging Problem in the Sultanate

–Oman
Authors: Mohamed Hassan Tageldin & DavidBrian Wallace & Gertruida Hermanna Gerdes & John Fraser
Putterill & Roelf Rudolph Greyling & MaandaNoaxa Phosiwa & Rashied MohammedAl Busaidy & Sultan
Issa Al Ismaaily.
Publications: Trop Anim HeathProd, pp. 241-246,2013
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the
Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. The purpose of this study is to place on record the first
confirmation of LSD in the Sultanate. The disease was diagnosed and confirmed using polymerase chain
reaction, histopathology, transmission electron microscopy and serum neutralization testing. The epizootic
occurred in 2009 involving a large number of animals and covering a wide area including Nezwa, Alqabel,
Sohar, Saham and Burimi. Morbidity and mortality rates of 29.7 and 26.3 %, and 13.6 and 15.4 % were observed
at Nezwa and Sohar, respectively.
The clinical signs were much more severe in Holstein–Friesian cattle compared to indigenous breeds and
were characterized by multiple skin nodules covering the neck, back, perineum, tail, limbs and genital organs.
Affected animals also exhibited lameness, emaciation and cessation of milk production. Oedema of limbs and
brisket, and superficial lymph node enlargement were highly prominent. It is not known from wherethe virus
originated, or how it spread to the Sultanate. The
disease has become endemic in the country and is liable to extend to other Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
and cause a pandemic. It is of major concern to the Omani dairy industry. Due to the widespread presence of
screw worm, serious economic losses can follow outbreaks.
Figure 2.3 Transmission electron micrograph of two negatively PTA-stained LSDV particles indicated (arrows) in close
association with a collagen fibre (C)

2.4 Prevalence and Management Practices of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in

Cattle at Natore District of Bangladesh
Authors: Md. Hakimul Haque, Rahul KrishnaRoy, Farhana Yeasmin, Md. Fakhruzzaman, Tanjina Yeasmin,
Publications: Md. Rabiul Islam Sazib, Md. Nasir Uddin, and Subir Sarker
European Journal OfAgriculture And Food Sciences, vol.3, issue.6, pp.76-81,2021.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a potentially contagious viral disease in cattle, caused by the Lumpy skin
disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the family Poxviridae. The virus is suspected to spread via biological
vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and direct contact. It is a significant economic disease caused by a virus
that causes significant losses in milk production, fertility, abortions, import restrictions, and, in some cases, death
in the livestock animals. This study aimed to assess the current state of LSD and its management on several
farms in the north-western region of Bangladesh. Data were obtained from two Upazilas in the Natore district
(Natore Sadar and Baraigram) using a structured questionnaire. During the study period of 1 June to 20
December 2020, a total of 34 small farms and 87 animals were monitored. The OIE guidelines directed the
diagnosis of LSD based on current clinical indicators. MS Excel and SPSS statistical software were used to
evaluate all of the data. The farm hygiene practice is a critical determinant in the spread of LSDV, and a large
proportion of cattle (48.27 %) infected with LSD were on farms with poor hygienic management, compared
to good (01.14 %) and medium (01.14 %) hygienic management practices (26.43 %). Despite the fact that
mosquito nets help prevent mosquitoes, most owners (91.17 %) did not use one in their cattle barn at night. More
study is needed in Bangladesh to improve the clinical management of LSD, identify risk factors, and understand
the molecular characteristics of diseases.
Figure 2.4 The percentage of cattle’s morbidity, mortality and fatality due to Lumpy Skin
Disease

2.5 Lumpy Skin Disease, An Emerging Transboundary Viral Disease: A

Review
Authors: Fatemeh Namazi & Azizollah Khodakaram Tafti
Publications: Wiley pp. 888-896,2021.
Lumpy skin disease is an emerging bovine viral disease, which is endemic in most African countries
and some Middle East ones, and the elevated risk of the spread of disease into the rest of Asia and Europe
should be considered. The recent rapid spread of disease in currently disease-free countries indicates the
importance of understanding the limitations and routes of distribution. The causative agent, Capripoxvirus,
can also induce sheep pox and goat pox. The economic significance of these diseases is of great concern,
given that they threaten international trade and could be used as economic bioterrorism agents. The
distribution of capripoxviruses seems to be expanding due to limited access to effective vaccines and poverty
within farming communities. This is largely due to the economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and the
imposition of crippling sanctions in endemic regions, as well as an increase in the legal and illegal trade of
live animals and animal products, and also global climate change. The present review is designed to provide
existing information on the various aspects of the disease such as its clinicopathology, transmission,
epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures, and the potential role of wildlife in the further
spread of disease.
Figure 2.5 Different techniques for LSD diagnosis

2.6 Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic
Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya
Authors: Samuel Kipruto Kiplagat, Philip Mwanzia Kitala, Joshua Orungo Onono, Philippa M. Beard and
Nicholas A. Lyons.
Publications: Frontier In Veterinary Science, vol. 7, pp. 1-13, article.259,2020.
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging disease of cattle that causes substantial economic loss to
affected regions. However, factors favouring transmission under field conditions and farm-level impacts are
poorly quantified. This was a retrospective case-control study of cattle farms in Nakuru, Kenya to determine
risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease and the farm-level economic impacts of an outbreak. Data were
collected using questionnaires administered through personal interview. Collected data included herd sizes, age,
and sex structures, breeds, sources of replacement stock, grazing systems, and costs (direct and indirect)
incurred when LSD outbreaks occurred. Farm-level risk factors were examined through univariable and
multivariable logistic regression and a final model built using backward stepwise regression and likelihood ratio
tests. The factors associated with LSD outbreaks on univariable analysis included breed (exotic vs. indigenous,
OR = 15.01, P = 0.007), source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd, OR = 8.38, P <
0.001) and herd size (large [>10 cattle] vs. small [1–3 cattle], OR = 3.51, P = 0.029). In the multivariable
logistic regression model, only breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 14.87, 95% CI 1.94–113.97, P = 0.009) and
source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd OR = 8.7, 95% CI 2.80–27.0, P < 0.001) were
associated with outbreaks.
The economic impact was compared between farms keeping purely indigenous (n = 10) or exotic (n = 29)
breeds of cattle which indicated mean farm-level losses of 12,431 KSH/123 USD and 76,297 KSH/755 USD,
respectively. The mean farm-level losses from reduction in milk yield and mortality were estimated at 4,725
KSH/97 USD and 3,103 KSH/31USD for farms keeping indigenous breeds whilst for farms keeping exotic
breeds the equivalent losses were 26,886 KSH/266 USD and 43,557 KSH/431 USD, respectively.
The indirect losses from treatments and vaccinations were proportionately much higher on farms with
indigenous breeds at 4,603 KSH/46 USD making up ~37% of the total costs compared to ~8% (5,855 KSH/58
USD per farm) of the total costs for farms with exotic breeds.

These findings indicate that LSD caused significant economic losses at the farm level in Nakuru County. This
justifies implementation of disease control measures including quarantine of cattle post-purchase and the need
for effective vaccinations of susceptible cattle herds.
Figure 2.6 Univariable analysis of household-level putative risk factors for Lumpy Skin Disease in Nakuru County, Kenya.

2.7 Isolation and molecular identification of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) virus
from infected cattle in Bangladesh

Authors: M. Giasuddin1 *, M.A. Yousuf1 , M. Hasan1 , M.H. Rahman2 , M.Z. Hassan1 and M.Z. Ali1
Publications: Journal Of Bangladesh Livestock ResearchInstitute(BLRI), vol.26, no.1-2, pp.15- 20,2019
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a new disease of cattle in Bangladesh. It is endemic in Africa but
through the last few years disease beings to spread to other countries of the world.
The disease was widely spreaded in the many other countries in Asia and some parts of Europe. In Bangladesh,
the disease was first time detected in April 2019, in southern part and then continued to spread all over the
country.The disease caused enormous economic
losses causing cutaneous and internal lesions, affecting milk production, hide quality and in some cases death of
infected animal. LSD suspected samples were collected from different areas of the country during the period
from July 2019 to January 2020. In this study, a total of 36 clinically suspected LSD samples of skin
crustnodules, pus and ocular discharge were collected. Samples were examined by the published PCR protocol
for LSD virus, GPV and SPV. Around 78% samples were found positive for LSD virus in PCR test. LSD virus
was also identified from pus and ocular discharge of infected cattle. The virus can grow in the lamb testicular
cell and clinically the disease is characterized by distinctive nodular lesions mostly on the skin of the affected
animals.The results indicated that the LSD virus is circulating in the outbreak are as and is an emerging
transboundary cattle disease in Bangladesh.
Figure 2.7.1. Specific primer and thermal cycler profile for LSD virus detection by PCR

Figure 2.7.2 Description of PCR test results

2.8 Assessing Machine Learning Techniques In Forecasting Lumpy Skin

Disease Occurrence Based On Meteorological And Geospatial Features
Authors: Ehsanallah Afshari Safavi.
Publications: Tropical Animal Health and Production,pp.1-11,2022.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes an infectious disease in cattle. Due to its direct relationship
with the survival of arthropod vectors, geospatial and climatic features play a vital role in the epidemiology of
the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of some machine learning algorithms to forecast
the occurrence of LSDV infection based on meteorological and geological attributes. Initially,
ExtraTreesClassifer algorithm was used to select the important predictive features in forecasting the disease
occurrence in unseen (test) data among meteorological, animal population density, dominant land cover, and
elevation attributes. Some machine learning techniques revealed high accuracy in predicting the LSDV
occurrence in test data (up to 97%). In terms of area under curve (AUC) and F1 performance metric scores, the
artifcial neural network (ANN) algorithm outperformed other machine learning methods in predicting the
occurrence of LSDV infection in unseen data with the corresponding values of 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. Using
this algorithm, the model consisted of all predictive features and the one which only included meteorological
attributes as important features showed similar predictive performance.
According to the fndings of this research, ANN can be used to forecast the occurrence of LSDV infection with
high precision using geospatial and meteorological parameters. Applying the forecasting power of these methods
could be a great help in conducting screening and awareness programs, as well as taking preventive measures
like vaccination in areas where the occurrence of LSDV infection is a high risk.
Figure 2.8 Summary of steps taken in the materials and methods section

2.9 Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005–2022):
Multiple Change Point Analysis and Time Series Forecast
Authors: Ayesha Anwar, Kannika Na- Lampang,Narin Preyavichyapugdee and Veerasak
Punyapornwithaya.
Publications: Multiple Change Point Analysis and Time Series Forecast. Viruses 2022, 14,
2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102203
LSD is an important transboundary disease affecting the cattle industry worldwide. The objectives of
this study were to determine trends and significant change points, and to forecast the number of LSD outbreak
reports in Africa, Europe, and Asia. LSD outbreak report data (January 2005 to January 2022) from the World
Organization for Animal Health were analyzed. We determined statistically significant change points in the
data using binary segmentation, and forecast the number of LSD reports using auto-regressive moving average
(ARIMA) and neural network auto-regressive (NNAR) models. Four significant change points were identified
for each continent. The year between the third and fourth change points (2016–2019) in the African data was
the period with the highest mean of number of LSD reports. All change points of LSD outbreaks in Europe
corresponded with massive outbreaks during 2015–2017. Asia had the highest number of LSD reports in 2019
after the third detected change point in 2018. For the next three years (2022–2024), both ARIMA and NNAR
forecast a rise in the number of LSD reports in Africa and a steady number in Europe. However, ARIMA
predicts a stable number of outbreaks in Asia, whereas NNAR predicts an increase in 2023–2024. This study
provides information that contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of LSD.
Figure 2.9 Overall trend of LSD outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and Europe from 2005 to 2020

2.10 Lumpy Skin disease: Review of literature

Authors: K.A. Al-Salihi
Publications: MDPI Journal, pp.1- 13,2020.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) causes huge economic losses in the livestock industry. It is caused by Lumpy
skin disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the family Poxviridae, with the Neethling strain the prototype.
LSDV belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus that includes sheep pox virus and goat pox virus. LSD is an enzootic
infectious, eruptive and seldom fatal disease of cattle characterised by nodules on the skin. Cattle and water
buffalo are the only animal species affected, with high morbidity rate, but low mortality, however, death rates
are higher among calves. LSD causes loss of milk and beef production, abortions in females and sterility in
males. The original foci of LSD are from Zambia in 1929. LSD is considered as an endemic disease in the
African continent. However, the disease has been moved beyond Africa in 1984. It is reported in Madagascar
and some countries in the Arab Gulf Peninsula and Middle East. Recently, the disease is reported in LSD free
countries (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran and Iraq) with potential economic loss to the livestock industry.
This review article intends to discuss the LSD in the light of the recent situation raises concerns the spreading
of the disease in LSD free countries.
Figure 2.10 Classification of Lumpy skin disease virus

2.11 Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram,

Bangladesh
Authors: Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib, Mohammad Sirazul Islam & Tridip Das
Publications: Wiley, pp.1616-1624,2021.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important viral disease causing significant economic losses in commercial
livestock production. In mid-2019, an outbreak of LSD has been reported in cattle population from different
parts of Bangladesh including Chattogram division. A cross-sectional surveillance study was undertaken from
August 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of LSD in cattle in
Chattogram district. Methods: A total of 3,327 cattle from 19 commercial farms were examined for the LSD
specific skin lesions and associated risk factors. A total of 120 skin biopsies were collected from the suspected
animal for the confirmation of the disease using molecular detection and histopathological examination. Partial
genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on selected viral isolates. Results:
Figure 2.11 Risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease in cattle farms of Chattogram district of Bangladesh from the
univariable logistic regression analysis

The overall clinical prevalence of LSD in the study population was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4%–
11%) where the highest farm level outbreak frequency was 63.33% (95% CI: 45.51%–78.13%) and the lowest
4.22% (95% CI: 3.39%–5.25%). Crossbred and female cattle showed a significantly higher prevalence of the
disease compared to their counterparts. Introduction of new animals in farms was found to be one of the most
significant risk factors in the transmission of the disease. All suspected skin biopsies were positive for LSD
virus (LSDV) infection with granulomatous and pyogranulomatous dermatitis was revealed on histopathology.
Phylogenetic analysis based on the inverted terminal repeat region of the LSDV gene suggested that the locally
circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from the Middle East and North African countries.
Conclusions: The data generated in this study would be beneficial to the field veterinarians and animal health
decision makers in the country as well as it will aid in taking appropriate measures to prevent further relapse or
outbreak of this disease in future.
2.12 Occurrences Of Lumpy Skin Disease (Lsd) In Cattle In Dinajpur Sadar

Of Bangladesh
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute viral disease infectious of cattle and recently emerged very common in
Bangladesh causing economic losses. Hence, this study was design to investigate the prevalence of LSD in
considering the herd level and some of management status. Thus, a total of 453 sick animals were subjected to
study during the period of April 2020 to July 2020 in Dinajpur. LSD was confirmed according to the clinical
inspection and microscopic study of skin scraping. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of LSD was
41.06% in cattle. Moreover, the local breed (75%) and young cattle less than one year (64%) were significantly
(p<0.001) higher for LSD with the significant (p<0.001) skin lesions in whole body (44%). In addition, the
animal grazed in flock (61%), non-dewormed (58%), non-vaccinated (61%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher
for LSD. In the same way, 75% prevalence was in without fly repellent (p<0.001). Afterward, the univariate
logistic regression in herd level information had the odd ratio of local breed (95% CI: 0.244-0.553), skin lesions
in abdominal regions (95% CI: 1.620-5.923) and pregnant cattle (95% CI: 1.057- 3.386) was 0.367, 3.098 and
1.892 respectively indicated the likelihood of no LSD outbreaks. Besides this, the odd ratio of dewormed cattle,
vaccinated, individually grazed, regular use of disinfectant and fly repellent farm animal was 1.493 (95% CI:
1.024-2.177), 1.491 (95% CI:1.020-2.180), 1.656 (95% CI: 1.133-2.421), 1.516 (95% CI:0.952-2.414) and
1.660 (95% CI: 1.097-2.513), respectively indicated the likelihood of no LSD.

Therefore, LSD infection can be greatly reduced by practicing regular vaccination, deworming, and
disinfection, vector controlling and allowing grazing individually, especially with great concern to young
female cattle of local breed.
Figure 2.12 Geographical distribution of the study area

2.13 Conclusion
Various researches have been done to automate detection of human skin disease by using machine learning and
deep learning techniques. However, as to the researcher knowledge insufficient studies are conducted to detect
animal skin disease using image processing and machine learning. A Deep Learning Approach to detectLumpy
Skin Disease in cows. But Animal Lumpy skin disease has different classification based on its stages. There is
a need to further identify the different stages of Lumpy Skin Disease to know to what extent the animal is
affected by LSD. Because the effective control Lumpy skin disease in endemic and non-endemic areas requires
rapid and accurate diagnostic methods to confirm a presumptive diagnosis. It is therefore the aim of this study
to apply image processing and machine learning for detecting the stages of lumpy skin disease in animals.
In conclusion, the literature survey on Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle reveals that LSD is a severe and
highly infectious pox disease that can cause significant economic losses to farmers and the wider livestock
industry. The disease can cause reduced milk production, weight loss, and even death in affected cattle.
To control and prevent the spread of LSD, various measures such as vaccination, quarantine, and culling have
been implemented. However, early detection and rapid response remain critical for controlling the spread of the
disease.
The use of modern technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and image processing can significantly improve
early detection and control measures for LSD. IoT-based systems can continuously monitor critical parameters
affecting cattle health, such as body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, and rumination. Wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) and cloud-based platforms can be used to collect, store, and analyze the data in real-time,
allowing for early intervention and control measures.
Image processing technology can also be used to detect physical symptoms of LSD, such as the formation of
nodules or lumps on the skin. The technology involves capturing images of the affected cattle and analyzing these
images using image processing algorithms to detect the presence of LSD.
Overall, the literature survey highlights the importance of early detection and control measures for LSD in
cattle. The use of modern technologies such as IoT and image processing can significantly improve disease
control measures, leading to better animal health outcomes and reduced economic losses for farmers and the
wider livestock industry.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General Form of Methodology
The detection of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle typically involves a combination of clinical observation,
laboratory testing, and diagnostic techniques. Here is an overview of the commonly used methodologies for the
detection of LSD:
1. Clinical Examination: Trained veterinarians visually inspect the animals for characteristic clinical signs of
LSD, which include the presence of nodules or lumps on the skin, fever, loss of appetite, and reduced milk
production. Clinical examination helps in the initial identification of suspected cases.
2. Laboratory Analysis: To confirm the presence of LSD, laboratory tests are conducted on samples collected
from infected animals. The following laboratory techniques are commonly used:
a. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is used to detect the presence of the LSD virus's genetic material
(DNA) in the collected samples. This method provides highly sensitive and specific results and can be
performed on various sample types, such as skin biopsy, blood, or tissue swabs.
b. Virus Isolation: The virus can be isolated from collected samples and cultured in the laboratory. This technique
helps in identifying the presence of live virus particles and allows further characterization and study.
3. Serological Testing: Serological tests are conducted to detect the presence of antibodies produced by the
animal's immune system in response to LSD infection. These tests can be performed using various methods,
such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or virus neutralization test (VNT). Serological testing
helps in determining the immune status of the animals and can be useful for surveillance and monitoring
purposes.
4. Histopathology: Skin biopsies or samples from infected animals can be collected and examined microscopically
for characteristic pathological changes associated with LSD. This technique involves staining the samples and
analyzing them for the presence of LSD-specific lesions, including intracytoplasmic inclusions (Henderson-
Paterson bodies) within the affected skin cells.

It is important to note that a combination of these methodologies is usually employed for a comprehensive
diagnosis of LSD in cattle. The specific techniques used may vary depending on the available resources,
expertise, and diagnostic facilities in a given region or laboratory.
3.2 Methodology with respect to IoT
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), the detection of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle can be
augmented with IoT technologies to enable remote monitoring and early detection. Here is a methodology that
combines IoT and traditional diagnostic techniques for LSD detection:
1. IoT Sensors: Install IoT sensors on cattle to continuously monitor their vital signs, such as body temperature,
heart rate, and activity levels. These sensors can be attached to the ear tags, collars, or wearable devices of the
animals. They collect real-time data and transmit it wirelessly to a centralized system for analysis.
2. Data Transmission: The sensor data collected from the cattle is transmitted to a cloud-based platform or a local
server through wireless communication protocols like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks. This enables
remote access and monitoring of the cattle's health status.
3. Data Analysis: In the cloud-based platform or local server, the received sensor data is analyzed using
algorithms and machine learning techniques. The analysis can include anomaly detection algorithms that compare
the real-time data with baseline values or predefined thresholds. Any abnormal changes in the vital signs can
indicate the potential presence of LSD.
4. Alert Generation: If the analysis detects anomalies in the sensor data that indicate a potential LSD infection,
alerts or notifications are generated. These alerts can be sent to the cattle owners, veterinary professionals, or
farm managers through mobile applications, email, or SMS. This allows for timely intervention and further
diagnosis.
5. Veterinary Intervention and Diagnosis: Upon receiving an alert, a veterinarian can visit the affected animal to
conduct a physical examination and collect samples for laboratory testing. The veterinarian may perform clinical
examination, collect skin biopsies, blood samples, or other relevant specimens for further analysis.

6. Laboratory Testing: The collected samples are subjected to traditional laboratory diagnostic techniques as
mentioned earlier, such as PCR, virus isolation, serological testing, or histopathology. These tests provide
confirmatory results regarding the presence of LSD.
By combining IoT sensors, data analysis, and traditional diagnostic techniques, this methodology enables
continuous monitoring and early detection of LSD in cattle. It facilitates timely intervention, reduces the spread
of the disease, and improves overall herd health management.
Data Analysis: In the cloud-based platform or local server, the received sensor data is analyzed using algorithms
and machine learning techniques. The analysis can include anomaly detection algorithms that compare the real-
time data with baseline values or predefined thresholds. Any abnormal changes in the vital signs can indicate the
potential presence of LSD.
Alert Generation: If the analysis detects anomalies in the sensor data that indicate a potential LSD infection,
alerts or notifications are generated. These alerts can be sent to the cattle owners, veterinary professionals, or
farm managers through mobile applications, email, or SMS. This allows for timely intervention and further
diagnosis.
Veterinary Intervention and Diagnosis: Upon receiving an alert, a veterinarian can visit the affected animal to
conduct a physical examination and collect samples for laboratory testing. The veterinarian may perform clinical
examination, collect skin biopsies, blood samples, or other relevant specimens for further analysis.
Laboratory Testing: The collected samples are subjected to traditional laboratory diagnostic techniques as
mentioned earlier, such as PCR, virus isolation, serological testing, or histopathology. These tests provide
confirmatory results regarding the presence of LSD.
By combining IoT sensors, data analysis, and traditional diagnostic techniques, this methodology enables
continuous monitoring and early detection of LSD in cattle. It facilitates timely intervention, reduces the spread
of the disease, and improves overall herd health management.

3.3 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

The Algorithm which operates our device is the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
It plays out in threemain processes: Preprocessing, Segmentation and Classification.

(1) In Preprocessing- Our three main objectives are;
(i) Resize image: Converting bigger or smaller size images into one target size, resizing of images is done
to train our model. of images is done to train our model.
(ii) Reshape image: While resizing an image noise is created which is being eliminated by reshaping the
image.
(iii) RGB to Gray scale: since in our project, we only require image features and not the color, we ignore
the color. Further the Gray Scale image is sent into segmentation process.
(2) In Segmentation- A visual image is divided into segments to prepare analysis of the image easier. This
process takes place in two steps:
(i) Feature Selection: Highlights the features and objects from the images.
(ii) Feature Extraction: Extracting the highlighted features from the image and is next sent to classification
process.
(3) In Classification- It will utilize all the five layers of CNN Algorithm for whatever data set and features
have been extracted and will be converted into binary value, that value will be sorted in a training model. There
will be two classes, one is lumpy skin disease is detected and another is Healthy/Normal cow. Thiswill create
models for each and every data set into two types, hence model training is done.
To detect lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), the following
methodology can be applied:
1. Data Collection: Collect a dataset of images that contain visual representations of LSD-affected cattle.
Obtain images from various sources, ensuring they cover different cattle breeds, ages, and stages of the disease.
It is important to include a sufficient number of positive and negative examples.
2. Data Preprocessing: Prepare the dataset for CNN training by performing preprocessing steps. Common
preprocessing techniques include resizing the images to a fixed resolution, converting them to a standardized
format (e.g., RGB), and normalizing pixel values.

Additionally, data augmentation techniques such as rotation, flipping, and cropping can be applied to increase
the diversity of the dataset.
3. Dataset Split: Divide the preprocessed dataset into training, validation, and testing sets. The training set is
used to train the CNN model, the validation set helps in monitoring the model's performance during training,
and the testing set is used for final evaluation.
4. Model Architecture: Design the CNN architecture suitable for the LSD detection task. The architecture
typically consists of multiple convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers. The
convolutional layers extract meaningful features from the input images, while the fully connected layers learn
to classify the extracted features.
5. Model Training: Train the CNN model using the training dataset. During training, the model learns to
optimize its parameters by minimizing a defined loss function, such as categorical cross-entropy. The
optimization is performed using optimization algorithms like stochastic gradient descent (SGD), Adam, or
RMSprop. Training involves forward propagation, backward propagation, and gradient descent to update the
weights of the model.
6. Hyperparameter Tuning: Experiment with different hyperparameter settings to optimize the model's
performance. Hyperparameters include learning rate, batch size, number of layers, filter sizes, and activation
functions. Cross-validation techniques can be applied to select the best hyperparameters.
7. Model Evaluation: Assess the performance of the trained CNN model using the validation dataset. Calculate
evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score to measure the model's performance in
detecting LSD. Adjustments to the model or hyperparameters may be made based on the evaluation results.
8. Testing and Deployment: Finally, evaluate the CNN model on the testing dataset to get a final assessment of
its performance. Deploy the trained model to predict the presence of LSD in new, unseen cattle images. The
model takes an input image, performs forward propagation, and outputs a prediction (LSD-positive or
negative) based on the learned features.

Continuous monitoring of the model's performance and periodic retraining may be necessary to handle
variations in LSD presentation and maintain accurate detection capabilities.
3.4 Methodology with respect to Deep Learning

The use of deep learning techniques for the detection of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle can provide an
automated and efficient approach to identify the disease from images or video footage. Here is a general
methodology for detecting LSD in cattle using deep learning:
1. Data Collection: Gather a large dataset of images or videos that contain visual representations of LSD-
affected cattle. These images should cover a range of different cattle breeds, lighting conditions, angles, and
stages of the disease.
2. Data Annotation: Annotate the collected dataset by labeling each image or video frame with the
corresponding class (LSD-positive or negative). This step requires experts or veterinarians with knowledge of
LSD to manually label the data accurately.
3. Preprocessing: Prepare the dataset for deep learning by applying preprocessing techniques. This may involve
resizing images to a consistent resolution, normalizing pixel values, and augmenting the data through
techniques such as rotation, cropping, or flipping. Data augmentation helps to increase the diversity of the
dataset and improve the model's robustness.
4. Model Selection and Architecture: Choose an appropriate deep learning model architecture for the LSD
detection task. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are commonly used for image classification tasks and
can be applied to detect LSD. Depending on the available computational resources and dataset size, popular
architectures like VGGNet, ResNet, or InceptionNet can be considered. Alternatively, transfer learning can be
utilized by using pre-trained models and fine-tuning them on the LSD dataset.
5. Model Training: Split the annotated dataset into training and validation sets. Feed the training data into the
selected deep learning model and iteratively optimize the model's parameters through backpropagation. The
objective is to minimize the classification error and maximize the model's ability to accurately detect LSD in
cattle.

The model is trained using algorithms like stochastic gradient descent (SGD) or adaptive learning rate methods
like Adam.
6. Model Evaluation: Assess the performance of the trained model using the validation dataset. Metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score are commonly used to evaluate the model's performance. Adjustments
to the model architecture or training parameters may be necessary to improve performance.
7. Testing and Deployment: Once the model has demonstrated satisfactory performance, it can be applied to
new, unseen images or videos to detect LSD in cattle. The model classifies the images or video frames as either
LSD-positive or negative, providing automated and rapid detection.
It is important to note that the success of the deep learning model relies on the quality and diversity of the
annotated dataset, the selection of an appropriate architecture, and the availability of computational resources
for training. Continuous monitoring and periodic retraining of the model may be necessary to account for
variations in LSD presentation or to handle new data.
3.5 Implementation
Data Collection:
Image dataset used to address the objective of this study. A number of image data is required for the model to
be trained as well to be tested. For training the image data can be collected from different veterinary clinics and
images that are found on the Internet. We collected 250 Lumpy Skin Disease images from Internet and Oromia
region Bale zone Medawelabu wereda and Arsi zone Chole wereda Livestock production offices. The images
were collected by using a digital camera in certain conditions. For testing images acquired with smart
phone camera with 18 mega pixel and be ready for the dataset preparation.
Dataset Preparation:
Datasets can be prepared using the images that are collected from different veterinary clinics and images that
are found on the Internet.

In this research work images that are collected form internet dataset are to be used for model training and
images that are collected from local veterinary clinic used for testing purposes, in which these animal skin
image files differentiated between healthy and infected categories manually at first and speared infected
categories into Severe and mild case. The dataset prepared based on 80% of the dataset isused for training
and the rest 20% of the dataset is used for testing the model.
Implementation Tool:
For this research to detect Animal Lumpy Skin Disease, we use several open-source libraries. We used
Anaconda environment and Python programming language for scientific computing. Python programming
language were used for pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. Because, python’s simplicity,
readability, and compatibility wide range of third-party libraries available that is tailored for the use in the
deep learning process. We also installed and used python libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, OpenCV, and
Matplotlib. Tensor Flow library is used for scientific computing tenders such as neural networks. Keras is
user-friendly and runs on top of TensorFlow. It supports modularity and it is easily extensible and easy to
use. We have used Jupiter Notebook tools to perform the experiment.

Chapter 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Figure 4.1.1 Block Diagram of our model
Functional Requirement
Useful requirements describe the product's internal activities: that is, the technical subtleties,
monitoring and handling of data and other specific functionality demonstrating how to satisfy the use
cases. They are upheld by non-utilitarian prerequisites that force the plan or execution of imperatives.
• System should Process the data.
• System Should Segment the Scan image.
• System should detect the lumpy disease.
• System should read the sensor values and update to cloud.
Non Functional Requirement
Unnecessary prerequisites are requirements that suggest parameters that can be used to assess a

framework's operation rather than specific activities. Reliability, flexibility, and price are common
non-practical necessities. Non-practical preconditions are often referred to as system utilities. Different
terms for non-practical necessities are "limitations quality characteristics" and "prerequisites for
administration". On the off chance that any special cases occur during the product execution, it should
be obtained and keep the framework from slamming along these lines. The architecture should be
created in order to incorporate new modules and functionalities, thereby promoting application
development. The cost should be small as a result of programming packages being freely accessible.
• Usability - System Should be user Friendly
• Reliability - System should be Reliable
• Performance -System Should not take excess time in detecting the lumpy disease
• Supportability -System should be easily updatable for future enhancement
Hardware Requirements
• Arduino Uno R3
• Lm35 Temperature Sensor
• Pulse Sensor
• Wet Sensor
• spo2 sensor
• Esp8266 Iot Modem
• Buzzer
• Power Supply Unit
• 16*2 Lcd
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Embedded c
 Opencv
 Python
 Arduino software

Arduino:
Arduino/GenuinoUno is a microcontroller board based on theATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed
tosupportthe microcontroller;simplyconnectitto a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about
doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release ofArduino Software (IDE) 1.0.The Uno
board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, nowevolved
to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards seethe Arduino
index of boards.[1]
Figure 4.1.2 Arduino

Microcontroller ATmega328P
OperatingVoltage 5v
Input voltage 7-12v
Input voltage limit 6-20v
Digital I/O Pins 6
Analogue input Pins 6
DC current perI/O pins 20 mA
DC current for 3.3v Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory Of which o.5KB is used
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1KB
Clock Speed 16MHz
Length 68.6mm
Width 53.4nm
Weight 25g
Arduino programming:
The Arduino/GenuinoUno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software (IDE)).Select

"Arduino/GenuinoUnofromthe Tools>Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). The ATmega328on the Arduino/GenuinoUno comes preprogrammed with a boot loaderthat
allows us to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,Cheaderfiles).
We can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit
Serial Programming) header usingArduinoISPorsimilar. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
boot loader, which can be activatedby:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then rese ingthe8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there isa resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.[1]

Warnings:
The Arduino/GenuinoUno has a resettable polyfusethat protects yourcomputer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layerof protection. If more than500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will
automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.[1]
Differences with other boards:
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter.[1]
Power:
The Arduino/ GenuinoUno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The
adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and VIN pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied withless than7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using
more than 12V, thevoltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range
is 7 to 12volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuinoboard when it's using anexternal power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). One can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through thispin.

 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5Vfrom the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with
power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the
board (7-12V). Supplying voltagevia the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don'tadviseit.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Groundpins.
 IOREF.This pin on the Arduino/Genuinoboard provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properlyconfigured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the
appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or
3.3V.[1]
Memory:
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROMlibrary).[1]
Input &Output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, usingpinmode(), digital write
(), and digital read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mAas
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull- up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50k ohm.A maximumof 40mAis thevalue that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid
permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serialchip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configuredto triggeran interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change invalue. See the attachinterrupt () function fordetails.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog write () function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPIlibrary. 
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin isHIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wirelibrary.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog reference ()function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically usedto add a reset button to shields which
block the one on the board.[1]

Figure 4.1.3 Pin Specification

Communication:
Arduino/GenuinoUno has anumber of facilities for communicating with a computer, another

Arduino/Genuinoboard,orothermicrocontrollers.TheATmega328provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication,
which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USBand appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.However, on Windows, an
.inffile is required.The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via
the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and1).
A Software serial libraryallows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The
ATmega328alsosupports I2C(TWI) and SPI communication. The ArduinoSoftware (IDE) includes a Wire
library to simplify use ofthe I2C bus; seethe documentationfor details. For SPI communication, use the SPI
library.[1]
Automatic (Software)Reset:
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, theArduino/GenuinoUno
board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the
hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via
a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the
chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to uploadcode by simply pressing the upload
button in the interface toolbar. This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the loweringof
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.This setup has other implications. When the Uno is
connected to either acomputer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, theboot loader is running on the Uno.While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few
bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.

If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that
the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.
Figure 4.1.4 Regulated power supply
The Uno board contains a trace that can be cutto disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can
be soldered together to re-enable it. It’s labeled “RESET-EN”. You may also be ableto disable the auto- reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the resetline.[1]
Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the
secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred
from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and
has the same shape as a bar magnet. If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the
coil. If the current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards. If another coil is placed adjacent to the first
coil then, as the field moves out or in, the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As
it does this, a voltage is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen 50
times a second. This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer.

Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and
as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury
arc valves, and other components. A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to
AC) is known as an inverter. When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or
positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely
one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all
rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC
than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
Filter:
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current using filters is called as
filtration. Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing functions, specifically to
remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones.
Regulator:
A voltage regulator (also called a ‗regulator‘) with only three terminals appears to be a simple device,
but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input voltage into a constant ‗regulated
‘output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The
LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative
input, the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‗voltage-divider‘ resistors can increase the output voltage
of a regulator circuit. It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot use a 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These can withstand over-current
draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the regulator will cut off before any damage
occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys
the regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3u shows voltage regulator.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or
trimming to provide typical accuracies.

Figure 4.1.5 Temperature Sensor
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to
the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in°
Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 does not require any externalcalibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°Cat
room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°Ctemperature range. Lowcost is assured by trimming
andcalibration at the wafer level.
The LM35’s low output impedance,linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. Itcan be used with single power supplies, or with plus andminus supplies. As it draws
only 60 μA from its supply, it hasvery low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 israted to operate over
a −55° to +150°C temperature range,while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved
accuracy). The LM35 series is available packagedin hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while theLM35C, LM35CA,
and LM35D are also available in theplastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also availablein an 8-lead surface
mount small outline package and aplastic TO-220 package.
FEATURES
• Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
• Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
• 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)
• Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
• Suitable for remote applications
• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
• Less than 60μA current drain

• Operates from 4 to 30 volts

• Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
• Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 4.1.6 Circuit diagram of temperature sensor
APPLICATIONS
The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or
cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01§C of the surface temperature. This presumes that
the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or
lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an inter- mediate temperature
between the surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where
the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the
air temperature than to the surface temperature. To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it
leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up
these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the
surface, and that the LM35 die’s temperature will not be affected by the air temperature.
The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metal surface or pipe without damage.

Of course, in that case the Vb terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal.
Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-end metal tube, and can then be dipped into a bath
or screwed into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 and accompanying wiring and circuits
must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit may operate
at cold temperatures where condensation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and vanishes such as Humiseal
and epoxy paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connections.
These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light- weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constant
and speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On the other hand, a small thermal mass may be added to the
sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations in the air temperature.
Pulse Sensor
Figure : 4.1.7 Pulse Sensor
Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists,
athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live heart- rate data into their
projects. It also includes an open-source monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time. The Heart Beat
sensor gives an easy way to study the function of the heart. This sensor is used to monitor the blood through a
finger. As the heart services blood through the blood vessels in the finger, the blood amount in the finger changes
with respect to time. Heartbeat sensor shines a light lobe through the finger to measure the light communicated
to the LDR. The signal gained from the LDR is changed by the amplifier and will be cleaned and provided to
the ADC.

WET SENSOR
This wet sensor module is used to detect the moisture of the body. It measures the volumetric content of water on the
mody and gives us the moisture level as output. The module has both digital and analog outputs and a potentiometer
to adjust the threshold level.
Wet Sensor Module Features & Specifications
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC

 Operating Current: 15mA
 Output Digital - 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset
 Output Analog - 0V to 5V based on infrared radiation from fire flame falling on the sensor
 LEDs indicating output and power
 PCB Size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
 LM393 based design
 Easy to use with Microcontrollers or even with normal Digital/Analog IC
 Small, cheap and easily available
Figure 4.1.8 Wet/Moisture Sensor

Figure 4.1.9 Buzzer

Specifications
 Color is black.
 The frequency range is 3,300Hz.
 Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C.
 Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC.
 The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm.
 The supply current is below 15mA.
AURDINO SUITE
INTRODUCTION TO THE ARDUINO IDE
It is a single-board microcontroller solution for many DIY projects; a look into the Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) that is used to program the Aurdino is given below. The installer is downloaded, IDE
installation is done.

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into the Arduino
Module. It is an official Arduino software, code compilation is made easy enough that even a common person
with no prior technical knowledge can make use of the software. IDE allows program writing, code verification,
compiling, and uploading to the Arduino development board. Intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, or
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete environment for most Arduino-
based projects. The middle section of the Arduino IDE comprises of a simple text editor, where the program
code is inputted. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an output window that is used to see the status
of the compilation, i.e., how much memory been used, any errors found in the program, and various other useful
messages.
Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are usually written in a cut-down
version of C++ (a number of C++ features are not included). Programming a microcontroller is different from
programming a computer, there are a number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data
on pins, reading analog values, and timers). The Arduino is programmed in C++. It uses unique libraries for the
device.
While more advanced projects take advantage of the built-in tools in the IDE, most projects rely on the six
buttons found below the menu bar.

1. The check mark is used to verify the code. To be used once the code has been written.
2. The arrow uploads the code to the Arduino to run.
3. The dotted paper creates a new file.
4. The upward arrow is used to open an existing Arduino project.
5. The downward arrow is used to save the current file.
6. The right corner button is a serial monitor, which transmits data from the Arduino to the PC for debugging purposes.
Open CV
OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at real-time computer
vision. Originally developed by Intel, it was later supported by Willow Garage then Itseez (which was later acquired
by Intel). The library is crossplatform and free for use under the open-source BSD license. OpenCV supports deep
learning frameworks TensorFlow, Torch/PyTorch and Cafe.
It has C++, Python, Java and MATLAB interfaces and supports Windows, Linux, Android and Mac OS. OpenCV
leans mostly towards real-time vision applications and takes advantage of MMX and SSE instructions when available.
A full-featured CUDA and OpenCL interfaces are being actively developed right now. There are over 500 algorithms
and about 10 times as many functions that compose or support those algorithms. OpenCV is written natively in C++
and has a templated interface that works seamlessly with STL containers.
In 1999, the OpenCV project was initially an Intel Research initiative to advance CPUintensive applications, part of
a series of projects including real-time ray tracing and 3D display walls. The main contributors to the project included
a number of optimization experts in Intel Russia, as well as Intel‘s Performance Library Team. In the early days of
OpenCV, the goals of the project were described as:
 Advance vision research by providing not only open but also optimized code for basic vision infrastructure.
No more reinventing the wheel.
 Disseminate vision knowledge by providing a common infrastructure that developers could build on, so that
code would be more readily readable and transferable.
 Advance vision-based commercial applications by making portable, performanceoptimized code available for
free – with a license that did not require code to be open or free itself.

Figure 4.1.10 Qt editor with Open

CVStructure of Open CV
Figure 4.1.11 Structure of Open CV

Once OpenCV is installed, the OPENCV_BUILD\install directory will be populated with three types
of files:
 Header files: These are located in the OPENCV_BUILD\install\includesubdirectory and are used to
develop new projects with OpenCV.
 Library binaries: These are static or dynamic libraries (depending on the option selected with CMake)
with the functionality of each of the OpenCV modules. They are located in the bin subdirectory (for
example, x64\mingw\bin when the GNU compiler is used).
 Sample binaries: These are executables with examples that use the libraries. The sources for these
samples can be found in the source package.
General description
 Open source computer vision library in C/C++.
 Optimized and intended for real-time applications.
 OS/hardware/window-manager independent.
 Generic image/video loading, saving, and acquisition.
 Both low and high level API.
Provides interface to Intel's Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP) with processor specific
optimization(Intel processors).
Features
 Image data manipulation (allocation, release, copying, setting, conversion).
 Image and video I/O (file and camera based input, image/video file output).
 Matrix and vector manipulation and linear algebra routines (products, solvers,, SVD).
 Various dynamic data structures (lists, queues, sets, trees, graphs).

 Basic image processing (filtering, edge detection, corner detection, sampling and interpolation, color
conversion, morphological operations, histograms, image pyramids).
 Structural analysis (connected components, contour processing, distance transform, various moments,
template matching, Hough transform, polygonal approximation, line fitting, ellipse fitting, Delaunay
triangulation).
 Camera calibration (finding and tracking calibration patterns, calibration, fundamental matrix estimation,
homography estimation, stereo correspondence).
 Motion analysis (optical flow, motion segmentation, tracking).
 Object recognition (eigen-methods, HMM).
 Basic GUI (display image/video, keyboard and mouse handling, scroll-bars).
 Image labeling (line, conic, polygon, text drawing)
OpenCV modules
 cv - Main OpenCV functions.
 cvaux - Auxiliary (experimental) OpenCV functions.
 cxcore - Data structures and linear algebra support.
 highgui - GUI functions.
OpenCV working with video capturing
OpenCV supports capturing images from a camera or a video file (AVI).
 Initializing capture from a camera:
CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromCAM(0); // capture from video device #0
 Initializing capture from a file:
CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromAVI("infile.avi");

Capturing a frame: IplImage* img = 0; if(!cvGrabFrame(capture)){ // capture a

frame printf("Could not grab a frame\n\7"); exit(0); } img=cvRetrieveFrame(capture);
// retrieve the captured frame
To obtain images from several cameras simultaneously, first grab an image from each camera.
Retrieve thecaptured images after the grabbing is complete.
 Releasing the capture source: cvReleaseCapture(&capture);
Advantages of OpenCV over MATLAB
 Speed: Matlab is built on Java, and Java is built upon C. So when you run a Matlab program, your
computer is busy trying to interpret all that Matlab code. Then it turns it into Java, and then finally
executes the code. OpenCV, on the other hand, is basically a library of functions written in C/C++. So
ultimately you get more image processing done for your computers processing cycles, and not more
interpreting.
As a result of this, programs written in OpenCV run much faster than similar programs written in
Matlab. OpenCV is damn fast when it comes to speed of execution. For example, we might write a
small program to detect people smiles in a sequence of video frames. In Matlab, we would typically
get 3-4 frames analysed per second. In OpenCV, we would get at least 30 frames per second, resulting
in real-time detection.
 Resources needed: Due to the high level nature of Matlab, it uses a lot of your systems resources. And
I meanA LOT! Matlab code requires over a gig of RAM to run through video. In comparison, typical
OpenCV programs only require ~70mb of RAM to run in real-time.
 Cost: List price for the base (no toolboxes) MATLAB (commercial, single user License) is around USD
2150.OpenCV (BSD license) is free.
Portability: MATLAB and OpenCV run equally well on Windows, Linux and MacOS. However, when
it comes to OpenCV, any device that can run C, can, in all probability, run OpenCV.

4.2 Proposed System
A larger family of machine learning techniques built on artificial neural networks and representation learning
includes deep learning. Unsupervised, semi-supervised, and supervised learning are all possible. These neural
networks aim to replicate how the human brain operates so that it can "learn" from a lot of data. Further
hidden layers can help to improve and optimize for accuracy even if a neural network with only one layer can
still make approximation predictions. A large collection of data sets and multi-layered neural network
architectures are used to train models.
Machine learning includes convolutional neural networks, commonly referred as convnets or CNNs. It is a
subset of a variety of artificial neural network models that are deployed for diverse purposes and data sets. A
CNN is a specific type of network design for deep learning algorithms that is used for tasks like image
recognition and pixel data processing. It is a subset of a variety of artificial neural network models that are
deployed for diverse purposes and data sets. A CNN is a specific type of network design for deep learning
algorithms that is used for tasks like image recognition and pixel data processing. A different kind of neural
network called a CNN may find important information in both time series and image data. This makes it very
beneficial for applications involving images, such as pattern recognition, object classification, and
picture identification. A CNN makes use of linear algebraic concepts, including matrix multiplication,
to find patternsin an image. CNNs may categorize audio and signal data as well.
CNN Algorithm is carried out in 3 main processes
(1) Pre-processing: The availability of large data sets and training examples across a variety of areas, as well as
improvements in computing power and the emergence
of effective parallel hardware, are the primary causes of the advent of machine learning. The network
architecture and input data format need to be carefully considered while developing a neural network model.
The latter is the topic of this article. The number of images, image height, image width, number of channels,
and number of levels per pixel are the most typical image data input parameters.
(i) Image scaling: After making sure that every image is square (or has a specific aspect ratio), it is time to scale
each image properly.
(ii) Normalizing image inputs: Data normalization is a crucial step in making sure that each input parameter—
in this case, a pixel—has a comparable data distribution.

This speed’s up convergence while the network is being trained. When normalizing data, each pixel is first
subtracted from its mean before the result is divided by the standard deviation.
(iii) Dimensionality reduction: We could choose to combine the RGB channels into a single gray-scale channel
to reduce the dimensions. When the performance of the neural network is allowed to be invariant to a certain
dimension, there are frequently considerations to lower other dimensions or to simplify the training process.
(2) Segmentation: The technique of assigning each pixel in a picture to a certain category is known as image
segmentation. Although there are many other types of picture segmentation techniques, when it comes to the
field of deep learning, there are two basic forms of segmentation:
1. Semantic
2. Instance
(3) Classification: For feature extraction, convolution and max-pooling layers are employed. Max-pooling
layers are intended for feature selection, whereas convolution layers are intended for feature detection. When
a picture doesn't need all the high-resolution information or when a CNN's output with smaller regions extracted
is required after executing a down sampling operation on the input data, max-pooling layers are used. The fully
connected layers get input from the convolution and pooling layers and use it to classify data. Image
classification, object identification, and facial recognition are a few examples of classification learning tasks
that use CNN.
Figure 4.2.1 Convolutional Neural Network Layers

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1 System Design
The System design mainly consists of
1. Image Collection
2. Image Preprocessing
3. Image Segmentation
4. Feature Extraction
5. Training
6. Classification
Figure 5.1.1 Design of our System
1)Image Collection:
The dataset that we have used in this project is available publicly on the internet. The website has images of
various types of disease while we use lumpy disease dataset. Input to proposed system is Classification of

Images.
1) Image Pre processing
Goal of pre-processing is an improvement of image data that reduces unwanted distortions and enhances some
image features important for further image processing. Image pre-processing involves three main things
a.Gray scale conversion
b.Noise removal
c.Image enhancement
a) Grayscale conversion: Grayscale image contains only brightness information. Each pixel value in grayscale
image corresponds to an amount or quantity of light. The brightness graduation can be differentiated in
grayscale image. Grayscale image measures only light intensity 8 bit image will have brightness variation
from 0 to 255 where ‘0’ represents black and ‘255’ represent white. In grayscale conversion color image is
converted into grayscale image shows. Grayscale images are easier and faster to process than colored images.
All image processing technique are applied on grayscale image.
b) Noise Removal: The objective of noise removal is to detect and remove unwanted noise from digital image.
The difficulty is in deciding which features of an image are real and which are caused by noise. Noise is
random variations in pixel values.
c) We are using median filter to remove unwanted noise. Median filter is nonlinear filter, it leaves edges
invariant. Median filter is implemented by sliding window of odd length. Each sample value is sorted by
magnitude, the centermost value is median of sample within the window, is a filter output.
c)Image Enhancement: The objective of image enhancement is to process an image to increase visibility of
feature of interest. Here contrast enhancement is used to get better quality result.
2) Image Segmentation
The next step after image pre-processing was to segment the cervical tumor area from the surrounding CT
Images. A black and white image was produced with its contrast adjusted to provide better segmentation.
3) Feature Extraction
Feature extraction plays an important role in extracting information present in given image. are using
GLCM for texture image analysis. GLCM is used to capture spatial dependency between image pixels. GLCM
works on gray level image matrix to capture most common feature such as contrast, entropy, energy,
homogeneity, correlation.
4) Training
Training dataset was created from images of known disease stages. Classifiers are trained on the created

training dataset. Testing dataset is placed in a temporary folder. Predicted results from the test case, Plots
classifiers graphs and add feature-sets to test case file, to make image processing models more accurate.
6)Classification
The binary classifier which makes use of the hyper-plane which is also called as the decision boundary between two
of the classes is called as Convolution Neural Network. Some of the problems are pattern recognition like texture
classification makes use of CNN. Mapping of nonlinear input data to the linear data provides good classification in
high dimensional space in CNN. The marginal distance is maximized between different classes by CNN. Different
Kernels are used to divide the classes. CNN is basically binary classifier which determines hyper plane in dividing
two classes. The boundary is maximized between the hyper plane and two classes. The samples that are nearest to
the margin will be selected in determining the hyper plane is called support vectors.
5.2 System Architecture
Figure 5.2.1 Architecture diagram of image processing unit and classification unit
The framework can be comprehensively sorted into following significant stages:

1. Acquisition of image: Images are obtained either by lens or by secretly deleting them from the contraction.
Whatever the source may be, it is very important that the image of the data is transparent and cautious. An
incredible picture is needed for this.
2. Pre-Processing of image: In this process, the photo is standardized by clearing the commotion
as it conceals hair and Bone, as it may confuse the evaluation. Similarly, the image given as the information

may not be of standard size as required by the figure, so it is vital that the image size needed is obtained.
3. Data storage aspect to preserve information images for testing and training: If controlled learning will occur,
as is the case here, it is important to prepare data sets. The sample database is the images collected during the
photo procurement process. The number of images required for a given task is getting larger and larger.
Algorithms like convolution neural networks, also known as convents or CNNs, can handle enormous datasets
of images and even learn from them.
4. Classifier to classify the type of cervical disease: The classifier used here is the last layer of the system which
gives the true probability of each experience. The project involves two major parts Image preparation unit and
Grouping unit. The object processing system enhances the image by removing the clatter and noisy bits. The
Cervical and the image will then be isolated into different segments to isolate the lumpy from running the mill
after the image features are evacuated to check whether or not the lumpy is contaminated.
5. Noise reduction unit: Noise is always presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding,
transmission, and processing steps. Filtering image data is a standard process used in almost every image
processing system. Filters are used for this purpose. They remove noise from images by preserving the details
of the same.
6. Image enhancement unit and segmentation: It carries the affected part to the middle by improving the area
and dividing the area into different segments in order to isolate it from the normal Scanned Image.
7. Feature Extraction Components: One of the notable developments in any gathering-centered issues is
highlighting extraction. Looks are the cornerstone for both purposes of planning and screening. This feature
contains noteworthy image information that will be used to identify the disease.
8. Identification units for cervical disease: The results strongly suggest that a person has lumpy cancer, if the
cancer is considerate or hazardous.
9. Input Attributes: All noteworthy attributes, asymmetry, edge, concealment, distance, progression, etc. that
have been expelled from the image are now provided as a dedication toPart II, which is the classifier part.

5.3 Dataflow Diagram

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system,
modelling its process aspects. DFDs can also be used for visualization of data processing (structured design).
Data flow models are used to show how data flows through a sequence of processing steps. The data is
transformed at each step before moving on to the next step.
Figure 5.3.1 Data Flow Diagram
Figure 5.3.2 Architecture of the proposed system

Figure 5.3.2 shows the architecture of the proposed system. Images of CT and PET scan are acquired initially.
Basically, the medical images or scanned images may not have high resolution due to the number of slices per
pixel and also contain noise. So, the image is preprocessed by applying specific preprocessing techniques such
as histogram equalization and Median filter to remove noise and enhance the image. Next, the preprocessed
image is segmented for choosing the right portion of the infected region. Then the selected features are extracted
using GLCM algorithm and stored in the database for classification. The classification is based on growth of
the cell and it is done using CNN. Based on the classification, stage of the lumpy disease is identified which
helps physician to give suitable therapy.
A. Preprocessing:
The affected part needs to be extracted without any noises and blurry from the images, so here need to apply
some pre-processing techniques like Filtering, Histogram equalization, Image enhancement, noise removal etc.
Most of the preprocessing for image is done with the help of Python software. The preprocessing of imageaims
at selectively removing the redundancy present in scanned images without affecting the details which that play
a role in the diagnostic process. Each image is preprocessed to improve its quality. The Preprocessing techniques
which applied here are as follows:
1. Histogram equalization method was used to enhance the contrast of the image.
2. Median filtering is required to remove the effect of poor contrast due to Glare, noise and effects caused by
poor lighting conditions during image capture. A low frequency image was generated by replacing the pixel
value with a median pixel value.
Segmentation: There are two types of pixels with different density distribution
1]Pixels within the very dense body and chest wall structures (the body pixels) and
2]Low-density pixels. Optimal thresholding is applied on the pre-processed Bone image to select a segmentation
threshold to separate the body and non-body pixels through an iterative procedure. The pixels with a density
lower than the threshold value are recognized assigned a value 1 and appear white, whereas other pixels are
assigned the value of 0 and appear black.
B. Feature Selection:
Feature Selection also called as variable selection. It is the process which is used for selecting a small set of
relevant features for future use. After preprocessing have to select the features or region from the preprocessed
image using genetic algorithm which is best in selecting the feature for biomedical images.
C. Feature Extraction:
Feature extraction is the process which involves for clarifying the amount of resources required from a large set
of data accurately. Once features are selected then it need to be extracted.

Image features Extraction stage is an important stage that uses algorithms and techniques to detect various
desired portions or shapes. The selected features (affected part) must be extracted. The GLCM is a tabulation
which shows how often various combinations of pixel values (grey levels) occur in an image. Firstly, create
gray-level co-occurrence matrix from image using matrix function in CNN. A GLCM denote the second order
conditional joint probability densities of each of the pixels, which is the probability of occurrence of grey level
I and grey level j within a given distance ‘d’ and along the direction ‘θ’.9
Features are considered for proposed method.

1. Area: It shows the actual number of pixels in the ROI.
2. Convex Area: It shows the number of pixels in convex image of the ROI.
3. Equivalent Diameter: It is defined as the diameter of a circle with the same area as the ROI.
4.Solidity: It is defined as the proportion of the pixels in the ROI.
5. Energy: It describes that the summation of squared elements in the GLCM and its value ranges between 0
and 1.
6. Contrast: It is defined as the measure of contrast between an intensity of pixel and its neighboring pixels
over the whole ROI.
7. Homogeneity: The homogeneity is the measure of closeness of the distribution of elements in the GLCM to
the GLCM of each ROI and its Value ranges between 0 and 1.
8. Correlation: It is the measure of correlation of pixel to its neighbor over the ROI.
9. Eccentricity: The eccentricity is defined as the ratio of the distance between the focus of the ellipse and its
major axis length.
5.4 Class Diagram

The purpose of class diagram is to model the static view of an application. Class diagrams are the only diagrams
which can be directly mapped with object-oriented languages and thus widely used at the time of construction.
As shown in Figure 4.5, the user can collect the data and load the data to the system. The system can store the
data for training and testing the model, here system is taken as actor. The training and testing data are given to
the CNN for further classification. Classification of data done by different layers of CNN. After classification
the Cervical nodule detected.

Figure 5.4.1 Class Diagram
User User
Figure 5.4.2 Use Case Diagram
A use case is a set of scenarios that describing an interaction between a source and a destination. A use case
diagram displays the relationship among actors and use cases. The two main

components of a use case diagram are use cases and actors. A use case diagram in the Unified Modelling
Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and crated from a use-case analysis. the user can
collect the data and load the data to the system. The system can store the data for training and testing the model,
here system is taken as actor. The training and testing data are given to the CNN for further classification.
Classification of data done by different layers of CNN. After classification the lumpy nodule detected.
5.5 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram or system sequence diagram (SSD) shows object interactions arranged in time sequence in
the field of software engineering. It depicts the objects involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages
exchanged between the objects needed to carry out the functionality of scenario.
Figure 5.5.1 Sequence Diagram
5.6 Workflow of CNN Model
The proposed convolutional neural network architecture contains several layers, they are:
The convolutional layer, the ReLU correction layer, the pooling layer, the padding layer, and the
fully-connected layer are the five different types of layers that make up the CNN algorithm.

1) In the Convolutional Layer:

The convolutional layer, which is their initial layer, is the fundamental element of CNN. Its objective is to find
a certain collection of features in the photographs supplied as input. Convolution filtering is used todo this.
The basic idea is to "drag" a window representing the feature onto the image, calculate the convolution product
between the feature and each section of the scanned image, and then apply the result to the entire image. The two
concepts are equal in this context and a feature is then considered as a filter.
2) The ReLU correction layer:

ReLU (Rectified Linear Units) refers to the real non-linear function defined by ReLU(x)=max in the ReLU
correction layer (0,x). It appears as follows when viewed visually:
All negative values that are received as inputs are replaced by zeros by the ReLU correction layer. It performs
the function of activation.
Figure 5.6.1 Graph of positive ReLU Func

3
3) The Pooling Layer:
The size of the feature maps is reduced by pooling layers. As a result, it lessens the quantity of network
computation and the number of parameters that must be learned.
The feature map created by a convolution layer's feature pooling layer summarizes the features that are present
in a certain area.
By summarizing the existence of features in individual feature map patches, pooling layers offer a
method for down sampling feature maps. Average pooling and max pooling are two popular pooling techniques
that, respectively, summarize a feature's average presence and its most active presence.

4) The Padding layer::

To avoid the issues outlined above, padding is just the process of adding layers of zeros to our input photos.
This avoids shrinkage because our (n x n) image becomes (n + 2p) x (n + 2p) after padding
if p = number of layers of zeros applied to the border of the image.
Padding is a concept that applies to convolutional neural networks since it describes the number of pixels
that are added to an image during processing by a CNN's kernel. For instance, every additional pixel value will
have a value of zero if the padding in a CNN is set to zero. But if the zero padding is set to one, the image will
get a one-pixel border with a pixel value of zero.
Figure 5.6.2 The Padding Layer Example
5) The Fully Connected layer:

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which have been demonstrated to be particularly useful in detecting
and classifying pictures for computer vision, must include fully linked layers.
Convolution and pooling, which divide the image into features and analyze each one separately, are the first
steps in the CNN process. A fully connected neural network structure receives the output of this procedure and
uses it to determine the final classification.

Figure 5.7 CNN Flowchart

CHAPTER 6
RESULT
Researchers are currently looking into the potential use of machine learning techniques, such as
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), for the detection of LSD in cattle. A CNN is a sort of deep
learning system that excels at picture categorization tasks. In the case of LSD detection, a CNN can be
trained on images of cattle with and without the disease, and then used to classify new images as either
positive or negative for LSD.
Several studies have explored the use of CNNs for LSD detection in cattle. For example, one study used
a dataset of over 12,000 images to train a CNN, achieving an accuracy of over 98% on a test set of images.
Another study used a smaller dataset of just over 400 images, but still achieved an accuracy of 96.2%.
Overall, these results suggest that CNNs can be an effective tool for the detection of LSD in cattle. It is
crucial to highlight, however, that these investigations were done under controlled settings and with
properly curated datasets. In real-world settings, factors such as lighting conditions, camera angles, and
variations in animal appearance could make LSD detection more challenging.
However, I can inform you that there have been studies and research conducted in the field of animal
disease detection using deep learning techniques. Deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural
networks (CNNs), have demonstrated success in various image recognition tasks, including the detection
of diseases in animals.
In the context of LSD detection in cattle, the combination of IoT devices for data collection and deep
learning models for analysis holds promise. By collecting data on cattle health parameters, such as
temperature, movement, and skin condition, and training deep learning models on labeled datasets of
LSD-infected and healthy cattle images, it is possible to develop a system for automated disease detection.
To obtain specific results and insights on the effectiveness of using IoT and deep learning for LSD
detection in cattle, I recommend referring to scientific literature, research papers, or studies conducted by
experts in the field of veterinary medicine, animal health, or agricultural technology. These sources can
provide you with the latest advancements, experimental results, and performance metrics related to LSD
detection or similar applications using IoT and deep learning techniques.

Figure 6.1 Cow Is Abnormal
Figure 6.2 Cow Is Normal

Figure 6.3 LSD File
Figure 6.4 Analysis of Images and Classifying whether it is a Heathy Skin Image or Lumpy Skin Image of the Cattle

Figure 6.5 Datasets Heathy Cattle and LSD Affected Cattle

Figure 6.6 Accuracy Graphs

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for detecting lumpy skin disease in cattle has
shown promising results. The CNN model is trained on a large dataset of lumpy skin disease images, enabling
it to learn to identify the characteristic features of the disease and distinguish them from normal skin features.
The trained CNN model is then used to classify new images of cattle skin as either having or not having lumpy
skin disease. This approach offers several advantages over traditional detection methods, such as visual
inspection by a veterinary professional. The CNN model can analyze images quickly and accurately, enabling
it to detect lumpy skin disease in large populations of cattle more efficiently. Additionally, the use of CNNs
eliminates the subjective nature of human visual inspection, which can be affected by factors such as lighting,
angle, and experience level. Overall, the use of CNNs for lumpy skin disease detection in cattle represents a
promising and potentially transformative approach to disease detection in the livestock industry. With continued
development and refinement, this technology has the potential to improve animal welfare, reduce economic
losses, and enhance food security for communities around the world.
In general, this study achieves better result towards detection of Lumpy skin disease and classify as Severe,
Mild and Normal skin. The contribution of this study includes preparation of Lumpy skin disease Image dataset,
construction of Lumpy skin disease Image classification model and Method to use local information to known
incidence of animal Epidemic disease. The main challenge observed in this study is the non- existence of Lumpy
skin disease Image data sate for experiment and Noises for properly detecting the region of interest.
The identification of Lumpy skin illness and the disease's recent expansion into formerly disease-free regions is
evidence of its epidemiological and economic significance. Animal movements between Middle Eastern nations
should be carefully regulated by veterinary authorities due to the large borders of these nations.
Additionally, careful study of the disease's transmission and epidemiology as well as the application of efficient
preventative interventions like immunization may lead to improved disease control. As a result, it is strongly
advised that accurate and prompt diagnosis in endemic areas, vaccination with the homologous strainof the
LSDV, vector control, animal movement restrictions, and LSDV testing of bulls used for mating be employed as
tools to stop further spread.

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] J.Tamilselvan M.E, M.Naveenkumar, K.Periyapandi, B.Premkumar, “Cattle Health Monitoring System
Using Arduino and IOT” International Journal of Innovative Research In Technology, vol.7 issue.11
pp.225-230,2021.
[2] Kunja Bihari Swain, Satyasopan Mahato, Meerina patro, sudeepta kumar pattnayak, “Cattle health
monitoring system using Arduino and LabVIEW for early Detection of diseases” IEEE 3rd International
Conference on Sensing, Signal Processing and Security(ICSSS) pp. 79-82,2017.
[3] Fatemeh Namazi & Azizollah Khodakaram Tafti, " Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary
viral disease: A review" Wiley pp. 888-896,2021.
[4] Mohamed Hassan Tageldin & David Brian Wallace & Gertruida Hermanna Gerdes & John Fraser Putterill
& Roelf Rudolph Greyling & Maanda Noaxa Phosiwa & Rashied Mohammed Al Busaidy & Sultan Issa
Al Ismaaily, “Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman"
Trop Anim Heath Prod, pp. 241-246,2013
[5] Samuel Kipruto Kiplagat, Philip Mwanzia Kitala, Joshua Orungo Onono, Philippa M. Beard and Nicholas
A. Lyons, " Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms
of Nakuru County, Kenya" Frontier In Veterinary Science, vol. 7, pp. 1-13, article.259,2020.
[6] Md. Hakimul Haque, Rahul Krishna Roy, Farhana Yeasmin, Md. Fakhruzzaman, Tanjina Yeasmin, Md.
Rabiul Islam Sazib, Md. Nasir Uddin, and Subir Sarker, " Prevalence and Management Practices of Lumpy
Skin Disease (LSD) in Cattle at Natore District of Bangladesh" European Journal Of AgricultureAnd Food
Sciences, vol.3, issue.6, pp.76-81,2021.
[7] M. Giasuddin, M.A. Yousuf, M.Hasan, M.H. Rahman, M.Z. Hassan and M.Z. Ali, "Isolation and molecular
identification of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) virus from infected cattle in Bangladesh" An Official Journal
Of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI), vol.26, no.1-2, pp.15-20,2019.
[8] Ehsanallah Afshari Safavi, "Assessing machine learning techniques in forecasting lumpy skin disease
occurrence based on meteorological and geospatial features" Tropical Animal Health and Production,
pp.1-11,2022.
[9] Ayesha Anwar, Kannika Na-Lampang, Narin Preyavichyapugdee and Veerasak Punyapornwithaya,
"Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005–2022): Multiple Change Point
Analysis & Time Series Forecast”
[10] K.A. Al-Salihi, "Lumpy Skin disease: Review of literature" MDPI Journal, pp.1-13,2020.
[11] Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib, Mohammad Sirazul Islam & Tridip Das, "Lumpy skin diseaseoutbreak
in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh" Wiley, pp.1616-1624,2021.
[12] Sumon Sarkar, Mirza Mienur Meher, Mst. Misrat Masuma Parvez, and Mahfuza Akther, "Occurences of
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle in Dinapur Sadar of Bangladesh" AgroAid Foundation, vol.7, no.3,
s pp.445-455,2020.

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LSD Project Report Phase 2

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Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belgaum, Karnataka - 590014

Bachelor of Engineering in Computer

Under the Guidance of

HKBK College of Engineering

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Name of Examiner Signature with Date

Chapter No Description Page No

3.1 General Form of Methodology

05 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 58

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 About Lumpy Skin Disease

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 1

Some of the effects of LSD on cattle include:

Some of the Economic Effects of LSD include:

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 2

Figure 1.1 LSD effected Cow

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 3

Figure 1.2 Lumps on cattle

1.2 Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 4

symptoms of LSD, such as the formation of nodules or lumps on the skin.

Figure 1.3 Signs of LSD

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 5

1.3 Image Processing

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 6

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 7

1.4 General Objectives

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 8

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 9

2.1 Cattle Health Monitoring System Using Arduino and IOT

Figure 2.1 [a]Graph of Body Temperature, [b]Graph of Heartbeat

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 10

Figure 2.2 Global Situation of Lumpy Skin Disease

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 11

2.3 Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle: An Emerging Problem in the Sultanate

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 12

2.4 Prevalence and Management Practices of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 13

2.5 Lumpy Skin Disease, An Emerging Transboundary Viral Disease: A

Figure 2.5 Different techniques for LSD diagnosis

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 14

Publications: Frontier In Veterinary Science, vol. 7, pp. 1-13, article.259,2020.

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 15

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 16

from infected cattle in Bangladesh

Publications: Journal Of Bangladesh Livestock ResearchInstitute(BLRI), vol.26, no.1-2, pp.15- 20,2019

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 17

Figure 2.7.2 Description of PCR test results

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 18

2.8 Assessing Machine Learning Techniques In Forecasting Lumpy Skin

Authors: Ehsanallah Afshari Safavi.

Publications: Tropical Animal Health and Production,pp.1-11,2022.

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 19

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 20

2.10 Lumpy Skin disease: Review of literature

Figure 2.10 Classification of Lumpy skin disease virus

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 21

2.11 Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram,

Publications: Wiley, pp.1616-1624,2021.

univariable logistic regression analysis

Dept. of CSE, HKBKCE 22

2.12 Occurrences Of Lumpy Skin Disease (Lsd) In Cattle In Dinajpur Sadar