SMART INCUBATOR

MONITERING SYSTEM

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

UMAMAHESWARI. A 111922CU02002

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

in
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

S.A. ENGINNERING COLLEGE

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION, AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025

JULY 2023

ii
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this mini project report “ SMART INCUBATOR

MONITORING SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of “ UMAMAHESWARI
(111922CU02002)” , who carried out the project work under mysupervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR.B.R.TAPASBAPU,M.E.,Ph.D., Mrs.K.M.DHANALAKSH,M.E(Ph.D)

PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department Of Electronics and Department of Electronics and

Communications system Communications system

S.A. Engineering College S.A. Engineering College

Chennai-600077 Chennai-600077

Submitted for first semester exam held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe a great many thanks to many people who helped and supported us during the

completion of our project. We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep

regards to our Founder (Late) Thiru.D. SUDHARSSANAM, M.L.A our chairman

Thiru.D. DURAISWAMY, our humble Secretary Thiru. D.DASARATHAN and our

correspondent Shri.S.AMARNAATH,M.Com.,our Director Shri. D. SABARINATH for

their exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of

the thesis.

We are extremely thankful to our Principal Dr. S.RAMACHANDRAN, M.E., Ph.D.,

who has given us an opportunity to serve the purpose of our education.We are indebted to

Dr.B.R.TAPAS BAPU, M.E., Ph.D., Head of Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering, for his valuable guidance and useful suggestions during the course of the main

project.

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to our supervisor

Mrs.K.M.Dhanalakshmi,ME.(PhD), Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering, for his helpful guidance and valuable support given to us

throughout the main project. Further we thank our most beloved Parents whose continuous

support and encouragement all the way through the course has led us to confidentially complete

the main project. A project of magnitude and nature requires kind cooperation and support

from many, for successful completion. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who

were involved in the completion of this project.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Annually, about 20 million preterm and low-birth-weight babies are delivered in emerging

Economies, with 4million of them dying during the first month. Conventional incubators are

Unavailable or unreliable, resulting in these fatalities. Furthermore, while telehealth is beneficial

In remote regions, a lack of healthcare practitioners has rendered it unreachable in both primary

And secondary care. Telemedicine communication and consultation are so lacking in typical

Preterm infant and reduced weight incubators and therapy approaches.

Several preterm new-bornshave lately died because of improper incubator supervision, which

Has resulted in catastrophes. A new-born incubator is a piece of sealed system that enables a

Preterm new-born to be monitored and cared for in a hygienic and controlled setting. To assure

The security of the new-born and to reduce fatality rates, biological indicators are examined.

Sensors and probes that are supposed to be kept in touch with the baby and may be exhibited in

The monitor are required for constantly checking vital signs for premature new-born in the

Hospital. The security system will signal any abnormalities in the statistic.

v
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv

LISTOF FIGURES vi

LISTOF ABBRIVATION vii

1. INTRODUCTION 8

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 14

2.1 LITERATUREREVIEW

3. ARCHITECTURE OF

PROPOSEDWORK

3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 18

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 19

3.3HARDWAREREQUIREMENT 22

3.4 SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT 24

4. ARDUINO:

4.1ARDUINO UNO 27

4.2 POWER SUPPLY 30

5. APPLICATION
6. RESULT AND CONCLUSION 40

vi
 LISTOF FIGURES

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 19

3.2 POWER 21

3.3 MEMORY 22

3.4 CIRCUITDIAGRAM 26

3.5 SENSOR 29

3.6 IOT SYSTEM 37

3.7 ESP8266 NODE MCU 40

3.8 BUTTONS 42
3.9
EMBEDDED C
44

vii
 INTRODUCTION

Premature birth occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation.[1] Preterm birth was
recognized asthe second-leading cause of mortality for infants who did not finish their fifth year
and the top one lethal condition in the first month after delivery by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 2015. A specific facility designated as the Prenatal Intensive Treatment
Unit is established for preterm new-born’ healthcare provision.
to reduce the death rate. This section, which houses several sorts of monitoring and technology
used in multiple methods to attain this aim, keeps track of the child's wellbeing. The person's
primary concern is his or her health.
Premature new-born may not have the same potential as regular new-born to moderate their
internal temperature on their own. The healthcare profession is experiencing exponential growth
these days as science.
progresses. The mortality rates of preterm new-born infants have been reduced because of these
developments. Baby incubators are critical in preserving the lives of preterm new-born. Preterm
baby care is a critical, delegated, and sensitive subject in the medical and biological realm. Due
to their stage of pregnancy and prematurity, certain new-born are at a greater danger of death
and suffering. These babies are referred to as high-risk neonates. To deal with the exterior
environment, a preterm new-born needs a comparable milieu to `that of the womb. The
incubator can provide this atmosphere to some degree. A baby incubator maintains a consistent
warmth, humidity levels, and light intensity, allowing premature babies to experience conditions
like those seen in the womb. As a preterm infant requirement, the temperature of the air, dew
point, and light conditions must be sustained. This variable may be measured, and the hazard
condition can be communicated to the guardians via a burglar alarm and GSM technology. The
major objective of this work is to develop and install feedback control that modulates
thermostat, dew point, and illuminance in a new-born incubator using LEDs to prevent jaundice.
The circuitry was implemented using Arduino and PWM.

8
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in
capability or programmable, designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system.
Industrial machines, agricultural and process industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment,
cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices,
are possible locations for an embedded system.

Embedded systems are computing systems, but they can range from having no user interface
(UI) -- for example, on devices in which the system is designed to perform a single task -- to
complex graphical user interfaces (GUIs), such as in mobile devices. User interfaces can include
buttons, LEDs, touchscreen sensing and more. Some systems use remote user interfaces as well.

Embedded system hardware (microprocessor-based, microcontroller-based)

Embedded system hardware can be microprocessor- or microcontroller-based. In either case, an

integrated circuit is at the heart of the product that is generally designed to carry out
computation for real-time operations. Microprocessors are visually indistinguishable from
microcontrollers, but while the microprocessor only implements a central processing unit (CPU)
and, thus, requires the addition of other components such as memory chips, microcontrollers are
designed as self-contained systems.

Microcontrollers include not only a CPU, but also memory and peripherals such as flash
memory, RAM or serial communication ports. Because microcontrollers tend to implement full
(if relatively low computer power) systems, they are frequently put to use on more complex
tasks. For example, microcontrollers are used in the operations of vehicles, robots, medical
devices and home appliances, among others. At the higher end of microcontroller capability, the
term system on a chip (SoC) is often used, although there's no exact delineation in terms of
RAM, clock speed and so on.

9
The embedded market was estimated to be in excess of $140 billion in 2013, with many analysts
projecting a market larger than $20 billion by 2020. Manufacturers of chips for embedded
systems include many mainstays of the computer world, such as Apple, IBM, Intel and Texas
Instruments, as well as numerous other companies less familiar to those outside the field. Arm
has been a highly influential vendor in this space. The company began as an outgrowth of
Acorn, a U.K. maker of early PCs. Arm chips, produced under license by other companies, are
based on the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture and are often used in mobile
phones; they remain the most widely deployed SoC in the embedded world, with billions of
units fielded.

10
Embedded system software

A typical industrial microcontroller is unsophisticated compared to the typical enterprise

desktop computer and generally depends on a simpler, less-memory-intensive program
environment. The simplest devices run on bare metal and are programmed directly using the
chip CPU's machine code language.

Often, embedded systems use operating systems or language platforms tailored to embedded
use, particularly where real-time operating environments must be served. At higher levels of
chip capability, such as those found in SoCs, designers have increasingly decided the systems
are generally fast enough and the tasks tolerant of slight variations in reaction time that near-
real-time approaches are suitable. In these instances, stripped-down versions of the Linux
operating system are commonly deployed, although other operating systems have been pared
down to run on embedded systems, including Embedded Javaand Windows IoT
(formerly Windows Embedded).

11
Generally, storage of programs and operating systems on embedded devices make use of either
flash or rewritable flash memory.

Embedded systems vs. VLSI

Very-large-scale integration, or VLSI, is a term that describes the complexity of an integrated

circuit. VLSI is the process of embedding hundreds of thousands of transistors into a chip,
whereas LSI (large-scale integration) microchips contain thousands of transistors, MSI
(medium-scale integration) contain hundreds of transistors, and SSI (small-scale integration)
contain tens of transistors. ULSI, or ultra-large-scale integration, refers to placing millions of
transistors on a chip.

VLSI circuits are common features of embedded systems. Many ICs in embedded systems are
VLSI, and the use of the VLSI acronym has largely fallen out of favor.

Debugging embedded systems

One area where embedded systems part ways with the operating systems and development
environments of other, larger-scale computers is in the area of debugging. While programmers
working with desktop computer environments have systems that can run both the code being
developed and separate debugger applications that monitor the actions of the development code
as it is executed, embedded system programmers generally cannot.

Some programming languages run on microcontrollers with enough efficiency that rudimentary
interactive debugging is available directly on the chip. Additionally, processors often have CPU
debuggers that can be controlled -- and, thus, control program execution -- via a JTAG or similar
debugging port.

In many instances, however, programmers of embedded systems need tools that attach a
separate debugging system to the target system via a serial or other port. In this scenario, the
programmer can see the source code on the screen of a conventional personal computer just as
would be the case in the debugging of software on a desktop computer. A separate, frequently
used approach is to run software on a PC that emulates the physical chip in software, thus
making it possible to debug the performance of the software as if it were running on an actual,
physical chip.

12
Broadly speaking, embedded systems have received more attention to testing and debugging

because a great number of devices using embedded controls are designed for use in situations

where safety and reliability are top priorities.

The internet of things builds on an embedded systems base

While some embedded systems can be relatively simple, a growing number either supplant

human decision-making or offer capabilities beyond what a human could provide. For instance,

some aviation systems, including those used in drones, are able to integrate sensor data and act

upon that information faster than a human could, permitting new kinds of operating features.

human decision-making or offer capabilities beyond what a human could provide. For instance,

some aviation systems, including those used in drones, are able to integrate sensor data and act

upon that information faster than a human could, permitting new kinds of operating

featureshuman decision-making or offer capabilities beyond what a human could provide. For

instance, some aviation systems, including those used in drones, are able to integrate sensor

data and act upon that information faster than a human could, permitting new kinds of operating

features

13
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATUREREVIEW

[1] Design of an IoT-based smart incubator

that listens to the baby.

Author: F Fahmi, W Shalannanda, Zakia,E

Sutanto

Year of Publication:2018

New-borns were fed in incubators by using ambient mode or body temperature servo
regulation in 1985. A computer-linked surveillance device captures data in real time.
Water absorption rate of the new-born’s epidermis is a key aspect in maintaining a balanced
water and heatequilibrium, according to a 1998 study. Body tempresture to maintain to very
The body temperature of young neonates is maintained using radiative.
heaters and incubators. Incubators offer a warm atmosphere to prevent thermal loss through
the skin.
The head is produced by pressured air movement preheated by an electrical heater that is
manually regulated. A dynamic
moisture control technology is presented in this work to manage atmospheric dampness in an
incubator.

[2] IoT based Baby Monitoring System in

Incubator.

Author:Divya, Bannari, Snek Sudha

[3] Year of Publication: 2018

14
In recent times,baby care has come more important and challenging for

workingmaters.Indeed,athome, working maters won't have enoughtime to cover their babies

continuously.They give theirresponsibility of their baby toeither baby

caretakerortheyshootthebabytotheirgrandparent’s house.Inthe proposed

w o r k ,as m a t ch a b l e i t ha ndsa u t o m a t e db a bym on i t o r i n gs y s t e mwa sde v e l o pe d.Int h eb

a b y coveringsystem,thenecessaryparametersofthe childliketemperature,Twinkle

rate,gasmotes, c a p t u r et h es t i ra n dp o s i t i o no ft h eb a b yw e r e measuredandcovered.

TheS.ODI boardisusedfor uniting the detectors and selectors.

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[4] “SMART INFANT INCUBATOR USING IOT”

Author:APARNA.S1, SIVAPRIYA.C 2, SUCHITHA JENNET.J3, Mr.L.ASHOKK UMAR4

Publication/Year: 2018

Nearly twenty million premature and Low Birth Weight infants square measure born every
year in developing countries, four million die inside their first month.

These deaths occur thanks to the inaccessibility or undependableness of ancient incubators.

Moreover, though Telemedicine is useful in rural areas, the shortage of care suppliers has
created it inaccessible in each basic care.

Thereby, ancient premier and low-birth weight incubators and therapeutic techniques lack
Telemedicine communication and feedback.

[5] Smart Incubator for Premature Baby In An Iot Applications

Author:Dr. P Karuppasamy, S AthimoolamYear Publication/Year:2018

The new-born baby incubator is Vital mechanism which provides a closed and controlled
environment for the nourishment of premature babies. Even though recent days, Many preterm
new-borns have died as a result of improper incubator monitoring, which leads to accidents.
The focus of this paper was on an innovative design of an incubator with an embedded device
that monitors various factors such as thebaby's pulse rate, temperature, and air quality inside the
incubator. In order to maintain the atmosphere in an inside the incubator and ensure safety to the
infant’s life the specifics are uploaded on the android app or web page of the hospital through
IoT based upon that appropriate activities can be taken in an advance.

16
 CHAPTER 3

ARCHITECTUREOFPROPOSEDWORK

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:

The proposed system consists of an Arduino UNO microcontroller, which is

to be connected directly to the incubator and several sensors are used to sense
the biological signals inside the incubator and in the body of the premature
infant. The various sensors used in the proposed model of neonatal incubator
for real-time monitoring and control includes, the Temperature and Humidity
sensor (DHT11) for sensing the temperature and the humidity in the
surroundings of the neonate, the Pulse rate sensor to record the heart rate of
the infant, the Gas Sensor to sense the additional gas leakage and the Light
sensor to capture the extra light penetration.

• Additionally, the IoT Module (ESP8266) is used to for transmitting the recorded or
sensed data wirelessly which are to be uploaded in the Think Speak platform, which is
an open source IoT and Application Programming Interface that is used for the
purpose of storing and retrieving the data from sensors

• Which are then transferred to the receiver’s device and an LCD is also connected to the
microcontroller to display the recorded signals near the incubator for monitoring

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3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

➢ We are using dht11 sensor to be monitoring the incubator temperature.

➢ When incubator temperature is high, immediately it will be uploaded in the Internet
using ESP8266, pulse sensor monitors the baby’s pulse rate.
➢ Finally, it stores the data to server through internet.

HARDWAREREQUIREMENT

➢ ARDUINO UNO
➢ PULSE SENSOR
➢ ESP8266
➢ DHT 11 SENSOR

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT

➢ EMBEDDED C
➢ ARDUINO IDE

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4.1 ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground,
making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

• 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided
from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR,
which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a
not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

• Stronger RESET circuit.

•Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming
release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of
Arduino boards.

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POWER:

➢ VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.

• 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the
5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't
advise it.

• 3V 3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current

draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

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Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library). Input and
Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode
(), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide
or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kilo Ohms.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt () function for
details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5,
each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By default, they
measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range
using the AREF pin and the analog Reference () function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:

• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().

• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board. See also the mapping between Arduino pins and
ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical. Communication
The Arduino Uno has several facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or
other microcontrollers.
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PIN CONFIGURATION:

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow
the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8
is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the other pins

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4.2POWER SUPPLY:

DEFINITION:

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or

system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The
term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and
rarely to others.

Block diagram of a basic power supply

The transformer steps up or steps down the input line voltage and isolates the power
supply from the power line. The rectifier section converts the alternating current input signal to a
pulsating direct current. However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc
is not desirable. For this reason, a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more
desirable form of dc voltage.

The final section, the regulator, does just what the name implies. It maintains the output
of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line
voltages. Now that you know what each section does, let's trace an AC signal through the power
supply. At this point you need to see how this signal is altered within each section of the power
supply. Later on, in the chapter you will see how these changes take place. In view B of figure
4-1, an input signal of 115 volts AC is applied to the primary of the transformer. The
transformer is a step-up transformer with a turn’s ratio of 1:3. We can calculate the output for
this transformer by multiplying the input voltage by the ratio of turns in the primary to the ratio
of turns in the secondary; therefore, 115 volts AC´ 3 = 345 volts ac (peak-to- peak) at the output.
Because each diode in the rectifier section conducts for 180 degrees of the 360-degree input, the
output of the rectifier will be one-half, or approximately 173 volts of pulsating DC. The filter
section, a network of resistors, capacitors, or inductors, controls the rise and fall time of the
varying signal. Consequently, the signal remains at a more constant DC level. We will see the
filter process more clearly in the discussion of the actual filter circuits. The output of the filter is
a signal of 110 volts dc, with ac ripple riding on the dc. The reason for the lower voltage
(average voltage) will be explained. The regulator maintains its output at a constant 110-volt dc
level, which is used by the electronic equipment (more commonly called the load).

Simple 5v supply for digital circuits.

• Brief description of operation: Gives out well-regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA.
• Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot.
• Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build.
• Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation.
• Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components.
• Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply.
• Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply.
• Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA.

Circuit description

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with
digital electronics. Those transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage regulation is
very poor, which makes then not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better
regulation can be achieved in some way.

This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A
when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and terminal
protection.
Circuit diagram of the power supply:

Circuit diagram

The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage
feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build into a piece of Vero board.

Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

➢ Unregulated voltage in
➢ Ground
➢ Regulated voltage out.
COMPONENT LIST

• 7805 regulator IC.

• 100 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating.
• 10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating.
• 100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor.

MORE OUTPUT CURRENT

If we need more than 150 mA of output current, we can update the output current up to
1A doing the following modifications:

• Change the transformer from where we take the power to the circuit to a model which
can give as much current as we need from output
• Put a heat sink to the 7805 regulators (so big that it does not overheat because of the
extra losses in the regulator)

MORE OUTPUT CURRENT:

OTHER OUTPUT VOLTAGES

If we need other voltages than +5V, we can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The
last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. The input voltage must be at least 3V
greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not work well.
Dht11 SENSOR
DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be
easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure
humidity and temperature instantaneously.

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The
difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11
is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and a
capacitive humidity sensor.

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing
temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding
substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value occurs with the change
in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed resistance values and change them into
digital form.

For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor,
which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger
resistance value even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of
semiconductor ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy.
Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this
sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11 is small in size with operating
voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while measuring is 2.5mA.

DHT11 Sensor
DHT11 sensor has four pins- VCC, GND, Data Pin and a not connected pin. A pull-up resistor
of 5k to 10k ohms is provided for communication between sensor and micro-controller.
 Applications

This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and temperature values
in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations also use these sensors to
predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes
where people are affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use
this sensor for measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.

It’s compact size and sampling rate made this sensor popular among hobbyists. Some of the
sensors which can be used as an alternative to DHT11 sensor are DHT22, AM2302, SHT71.

PULSESENSOR:

The Heartbeat rate information knowing is very useful while doing exercise, studying, etc. But,
the heartbeat rate canbe complicated to calculate. To overcome this problem, the pulse sensor or
heartbeat sensor is used.

This is a plug & play sensor mainly designed for Arduino board which can be used by makers,
students, developers, artists who can utilize the heartbeat information into their projects. This
sensor uses an easy optical pulse sensor along with amplification & cancellation of noise to
make a circuit. By using this circuit, we can get fast and reliable heartbeat readings.

This circuit can be operated with 4mA current and 5V voltage to use in mobile applications
TheHeartbeat rate information knowing is very useful while doing exercise, studying, etc. But,
the heartbeat rate can be complicated to calculate. To overcome this problem, the pulse sensor or
heartbeat sensor is used.

This is a plug & play sensor mainly designed for Arduino board which can be used by makers,
students, developers, artists who can utilize the heartbeat information into their projects.

This sensor uses an easy optical pulse sensor along with amplification & cancellation of noise to
make a circuit. By using this circuit, we can get fast and reliable heartbeat readings. This circuit
can be operated with 4mA current and 5V voltage to use in mobile applications.

WHATISTHEPULSESENSOR:

An alternate name of this sensor is heartbeat sensor or heart rate sensor. The working of this
sensor can be done by connecting it from the fingertip or human ear to Arduino board. So that
heart rate can be easily calculated. The pulse sensor includes a 24 inches color code cable, ear
clip, Velcro Dots-2, transparent stickers-3, etc.
• A color code cable is connected to header connectors. So this sensor is easily connected to
an Arduino into the project without soldering.

• An ear clip size is the same as a heart rate sensor and it can be connected using hot glue at
the backside of the sensor to wear on the earlobe.
• Two Velcro dots are completely sized toward the sensor at the hook side. These are
extremely useful while making a Velcro strap to cover approximately a fingertip.
This is used to cover the Sensor around the finger.

• Transparent strikers are protection layers used to protect the sensor from sweaty
earlobes and fingers. This sensor includes three holes in the region of the external edge so
that one can easily connect anything to it.

PULSESENSORSPECIFICATIONS:

he main specifications of this sensor mainly include the following.

➢ This is a hear beat detecting and biometric pulse rate sensor.

➢ Its diameter is 0.625
➢ Its thickness is 0.125
➢ The operating voltage is ranges +5V otherwise +3.3V •
➢ This is a plug and play type sensor
➢ The current utilization is 4mA
➢ Includes the circuits like Amplification & Noise cancellation.
➢ This pulse sensor is not approved by the FDA or medical. So it is used in student-
level projects, not for the commercial purpose in health issues applications.

PIN CONFIGURATION

➢ Pin-1 (GND): Black Color Wire – It is connected to the GND terminal of the system.

➢ Pin-2 (VCC): Red Color Wire – It is connected to the supply

voltage ( +5V otherwise +3.3V) of the system. Pin-3 (Signal):
Purple Color Wire – It is connected to the pulsating o/p
signal.
HOW TO USE PULSE SENSOR ARDUINO?

This sensor used in straight forward, however connecting it in the correct way matters. Because
all types of electronic components are directly exposed to the sensor. So, it is mandatory to
envelop this sensor by using hot glue, vinyl strip otherwise other types of non-conductive
materials.

These sensors cannot be operated with wet hands. The sensor’s smooth side must be located on
the pinnacle of the vein & press it. Generally, Velcro tapes or clips are utilized to get this force
This sensor can be used by connecting it to the Arduino board.

Once it is connected, then give the power supply with the help of VCC pin and GND pins. The
operating voltage of this sensor is +5V or 3.3V.

Once the sensor is connected to the development board such as Arduino, then we can use the
readily accessible Arduino code to make things easier. Please refer to Arduino site for
interfacing of Arduino with pulse sensor and its coding.
HOW TO USE PULSE SENSOR ARDUINO?
APPLICATIONS OF PULSE SENSOR

The applications of pulse rate sensor include the following.

➢ This sensor is used for Sleep Tracking

➢ This sensor is used for Anxiety monitoring.
➢ This sensor is used in remote patient monitoring or alarm system • This sensor is used in
Health bands.
➢ This sensor is used in complex gaming consoles.
➢ Thus, this is all about Pulse Sensor (Heartbeat / Heartrate Sensor). it is open-source and
plug-and-play hardware.Thissensor can easily include live heartbeat information into
their projects. This sensor includes two circuits like an optical amplifying & a noise
eliminating. The connection of this sensor on earlobe otherwise fingertip can be done
using a Clip, and connect it to Arduino board. So that heart rate can be easily measured.
These sensors are used by developers, students, makers, athletes, artists, etc.
➢ Enabling Technologies: The concept of combining computers, sensors, and networks to
monitor and control devices has existed for decades. The recent confluence of several
technology market trends, however, is bringing the Internet of Things closer to
widespread reality. These include Ubiquitous Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IP-
based Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data.
➢ hardware components are used to implement the interface with the physical world, and to
perform tasks which are more computationally complex. Microcontrollers are used to
execute software that interprets inputs and controls the system. This module discusses
the roles of both the hardware and software components in the system.
INTERNET OF THINGS:

• The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network connectivity and
computing capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday items not normally
considered computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume data
with minimal human intervention. There is, however, no single, universal definition.

• Enabling Technologies: The concept of combining computers, sensors, and networks to

monitor and control devices has existed for decades. The recent confluence of several
technology market trends, however, is bringing the Internet of Things closer to
widespread reality. These include Ubiquitous Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IP-
based Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data.
• Connectivity Models: IoT implementations use different technical communications
models, each with its own characteristics. Four common communications models
described by the Internet Architecture Board include: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud,
Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing. These models highlight the flexibility in
the ways that IoT devices can connect and provide value to the user.
IoT devices are implemented using both hardware and software components. Dedicated
hardware components are used to implement the interface with the physical world, and to
perform tasks which are more computationally complex. Microcontrollers are used to execute
software that interprets inputs and controls the system. This module discusses the roles of both
the hardware and software components in the system. The functions of common hardware
components are described and the interface between the software and hardware through the
microcontroller is explained. IoT devices often use an operating system to support the
interaction between the software and the microcontroller. We will define.
the role of an operating system in an IoT device and how an IoT operating system differs from a
standard one.
How IoT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors
and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway
or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information
they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to
an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on
the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give
them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled
devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
Benefits of IoT

The internet of things offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:

• monitor their overall business processes;

• improve the customer experience;

• save time and money;

• enhance employee productivity;

• integrate and adapt business models;

• make better business decisions; and

• generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses, industries
and markets and gives them the tools to improve their business strategies.
Consumer and enterprise IoT applications:

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from consumer IoT
and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IoT). IoT applications span numerous
verticals, including automotive, telco, energy and more.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats,
smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be controlled
remotely via computers, smartphones or other mobile devices.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending messages
to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more
comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example, improving first
responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by
tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.
IOTESP8266

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can
give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting
an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

ESP8266SPECIFICATION

➢ Type: 32-bit microcontroller

➢ CPU: Ten silica Diamond Standard 106Micro (aka. L106) @ 80 MHz (default) or 160
MHz

➢ Memory: 32 KiB instruction, 80 KiB user data.

 CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1 ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete environment for
most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has the standard options, including “File”
(new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and
programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle section
of the IDE is a simple text editor that where you can enter the program code. The bottom
section of the IDE is dedicated to an output window that is used to see the stat us of the
compilation, how much memory has been used, any errors that were found in the program,
and various other useful messages.

Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are usually written in
a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are not included). Because
programming a microcontroller is somewhat different from programming a computer, there
are a number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins,
reading analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think Arduino is
programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is, in fact, programmed in
C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.
The 6 Buttons

While more advanced projects will take advantage of the built-in tools in the IDE, most
projects will rely on the six buttons found below the menu bar.

The button bar

1. The check mark is used to verify your code. Click this once you have written your
code.
2. The arrow uploads your code to the Arduino to run.
3. The dotted paper will create a new file.
4. The upward arrow is used to open an existing Arduino project.
5. The downward arrow is used to save the current file.
6. The far right button is a serial monitor, which is useful for sending data from the
Arduino to the PC for debugging purposes.
The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The
Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures.

User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main
program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.[5] The
Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware

Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are usually written in
a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are not included). Because
programming a microcontroller is somewhat different from programming a computer, there
are a number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins,
reading analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think Arduino is
programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is, in fact, programmed in
C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included
with the IDE distribution.
The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

5.2 EMBEDDED C:

Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning inside each and
every embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as mobile phone, washing
machine, and digital camera.
Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is the
embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C language is
most frequently used to program the microcontroller.

Earlier, many embedded applications were developed using assembly level programming.
However, they did not provide portability. This disadvantage was overcome by the advent of
various high-level languages like C, Pascal, and COBOL. However, it was the C language that
got extensive acceptance for embedded systems, and it continues to do so. The C code written is
more reliable, scalable, and portable; and in fact, much easier to understand.

C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1969. It is a collection of one or more functions,
and every function is a collection of statements performing a specific task.
C language is a middle-level language as it supports high-level applications and low-level
applications. Before going into the details of embedded C programming, we should know about
RAM memory organization.
 Salient features of the language

• C language is a software designed with different keywords, data types, variables, constants,
etc.
• Embedded C is a generic term given to a programming language written in C, which is
associated with a particular hardware architecture.
• Embedded C is an extension to the C language with some additional header files. These
header files may change from controller to controller.
• The microcontroller 8051 #include<reg51.h> is used.
The embedded system designers must know about the hardware architecture to write programs.
These programs play prominent role in monitoring and controlling external devices. They also
directly operate and use the internal architecture of the microcontroller, such as interrupt
handling, timers, serial communication and other available features.

The basic additional features of the embedded software

Data types
The data type refers to an extensive system for declaring variables of different types like integer,
character, float, etc. The embedded C software uses four data types that are used to store data in
the memory.
The ‘char’ is used to store any single character; ‘int’ is used to store integer value, and ‘float’ is
used to store any precision floating point value.
The size and range of different data types on a 32-bit machine is given in the following table.
The size and range may vary on machines with different word sizes.
Keywords
There are certain words that are reserved for doing specific tasks. These words are known as
keywords. They are standard and predefined in the Embedded C.
Keywords are always written in lowercase. These keywords must be defined before writing the
main program. The basic keywords of an embedded software are given below:

Keywords
sbit: This data type is used in case of accessing a single bit of SFR register.
• Syntax: sbit variable name = SFR bit ;
• Ex: sbit a=P2^1;
• Explanation: If we assign p2.1 as ‘a’ variable, then we can use ‘a’ instead of p2.1 anywhere
in the program, which reduces the complexity of the program.
Bit: This data type is used for accessing the bit addressable memory of RAM (20h-2fh).
• Syntax: bit variable name;
• Ex: bit c;
• Explanation: It is a bit sequence setting in a small data area that is used by a program to
remember something.
SFR: This data type is used for accessing a SFR register by another name. All the SFR registers
must be declared with capital letters.
• Syntax: SFR variable name = SFR address of SFR register;
• Ex: SFR port0=0x80;
• Explanation: If we assign 0x80 as ‘port0’, then we can use 0x80 instead of port0 anywhere in
the program, which reduces the complexity of the program.
SFR Register: The SFR stands for ‘Special Function Register’. Microcontroller 8051 has 256
bytes of RAM memory. This RAM is divided into two parts: the first part of 128 bytes is used
for data storage, and the other of 128 bytes is used for SFR registers. All peripheral devices like
I/O ports, timers and counters are stored in the SFR register, and each element has a unique
address.

The Structure of an Embedded C Program

• comments
• preprocessor directives
• global variables
• main() function
{

• local variables
• statements
• …………..
• …………..
}

• fun(1)
{

• local variables
• statements
• …………..
• …………..
REFERENCES

•Saikat Sahoo, BiswajeetChampaty, Kunal Pal, Sirsendu S Ray “Wireless

transmission of alarm signals from baby incubators to neonatal
nursing station”, 10.1190/ACES.2014.6808003, May2014. 2126
•[2] Simbruner, G., E. M. Ruttner, A. Schulz, and K. Perzlmaier.
“Premature infants are less capable of maintaining thermal balance of
head and body with increases of thermal environment than with
decreases”. Am. J. Perinatol. 22:25–33, 2005.
•[3] AlexandruArchip, Nicolae Botezatu, Elena Serban, Paul
CorneliuHerghelegiu and Andrei Zala, “An IoT based system for
remote patient monitoring”, 10.1109/CarpathianCC.2016.7501056,
Jun2016.
•[4] Shin, D.I., Huh, S.J., Lee, T.S., Kim, I.Y., “Web-based remote
monitoring of infant incubators in the ICU”, International
Journal of Medical Informatics vol. 71 issue 2-3 September,
2003. pp. 151-156.
•[5] Freddy Jiménez and Romina Torres,
“Building an IoT-aware healthcare
monitoring system”
V.10.1109/SCCC.2015.7416592,
Nov2015.
•[6] L. Nachabe, M. Girod-Genet, B.ElHassan, and J.Jammas, “M-health
application for neonatal incubator signals monitoring through a
CoAP-based multi-agent system”, 10.1109/ICABME.2015.7323279,
Nov2015.