BIOLOGY

REPORTFILE
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Drug
Addiction

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INDEX
S. No Title Pgno
1 Certificate 5
2 Acknowledgement 6
3 Introduction 7
4 Drugs 8
5 Classification of 9
drugs
6 Some harmful drugs 11
7 How Drug Addiction 12
Begins?
8 Social Disease 14
9 Harmful effects of
drug
10 Tobacco
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11 Effect of Nicotine

12 Components of
Tobacco smoke
13 Alcohol
14 Impact of drinking
Alcohol
15 Case study

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Acknowledgemen
t
In accomplishment of this project successfully ,many people
have best owed upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support , this time I am utilizing to Thank all the
people who have been concerned with project Primarily I
would thank god for being able to complete this project with
success . Then I would like to thank my principal Mr.
Venugopal and Biology teacher Mr.Gurumoorthy , whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success her suggestions
and instruction has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates

who helped me a lot.

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Introduction
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse,
is a disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern of
using a substance that leads to significant problems or
distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription
drug abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to
relieve severe pain), and stimulant medications, which treat
conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcoleps.

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Drugs
Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment
of a disease is called a drug. Drug is also known
as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied
to any stimulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive.
A drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in
many ways; hard or soft, uppers or downers,
addictive or non-addictive, most harmful or
least harmful, legal or illegal.

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Classification of
Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which
people become dependent. These are classifies
into four major groups: sedatives and
tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.

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Type of Drug Effect Examples

Depress CNS activity give Barbiturates,Benzodiazepines.

1. Sedatives and
feeling of Calmness,
Tranquillizers
relaxation, drowsiness.

Opium, Morphine, Codeine,

Suppress brain activity Heroin.
2. Opiate Narcotics
and relaxed pain

Make a person more Amphetamines,Caffeine,

wakeful, alert and active, Cocaine.
3. Stimulants
cause excitement.

Make a person more LSQ,Mescaline,psilocybin,

wakeful, perceptions. Ganja, chares, Hashish.
4. Hallucinogens

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SOME HARMFUL DRUGS

1.Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless, bitter
crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of
morphine which is extracted from latex of poppy plant
Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and
injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body
function.

2.Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the
inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The
flower tops, leaves and the resin of the plant are
used in various combinations to produce
marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally
taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are
known for their effects on cardiovascular system
of the body.

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3.Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca,
native to South America. It interferes with the
transport of the neuro- transmitter dopamine.
Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is
usually snorted. It has the potent stimulating
action on central nervous system, producing sense
of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive
dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations

How drug addiction Begin?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

Curiosity:
Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity
for having a personal experience of the drugs.
Friend’s pressure:
Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends allures
others to start the use of drugs.
Frustration and Depression:
Some people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration
and depression.

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Desire for More Work:

Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake the whole
night to prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it may
cause mental breakdown.
Looking for a Different World:
A wrong notion that the drugs open up a new world tempts
some young pupils to start taking- drugs.
Relief from Pain:
A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with physician’s advice
at times leads to addiction.

Family History:
Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the family.
Excitement and Adventure:
The young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement
and adventure.

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Social Disease-
Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly
are social diseases. Young people take to these habits for fun,
show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or
as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves
indulge in these activities but check the youngsters. Temporary
escape from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase people’s interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to leave.
The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with time.

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Harmful Effect of Drugs:

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
● Loss of appetite

● Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

● Contracted blood vessels

● Increased rate of breathing

● Dilated pupils

● Disturbed sleep patterns

● Nausea

● Hyperstimulation

● Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior

● Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability

● Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs

burrowing under the skin

● Intense euphoria

● Anxiety and paranoia

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● Depression

● Intense drug craving

● Panic and psychosis

● Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses

(even one time)

LONG-TERM EFFECTS
● Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and
brain, high blood pressure, leading to heart
attacks, strokes and death
● Liver, kidney and lung damage

● Respiratory failure
● Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected

● Malnutrition, weight loss

● Auditory and tactile hallucinations

● Sexual problems, reproductive damage and

infertility (for both men and women)
● Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion

● Irritability and mood disturbances

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● Increased frequency of risky behavior

● Delirium or psychosis
● Severe depression
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● Tolerance and addiction (even after just

one use)

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TOBACCO

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Sources:

Tobacco
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started
smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It
has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of
tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of
the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to
8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes,
biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a
roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper.
Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is
drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble.
Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves
but in the long run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The
quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if
injected intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of
the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and
then they cannot give up smoking.

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Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of
heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cell

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Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

Other Effects:
Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and
fires.

Smoking mars personality:

Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath
becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look
odd.
(i) Smoking is annoying to others:
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove
even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking.
When in the company of non smokers. A smoker makes the
nearby people passive smokers through inhaling smoke released
by him.

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Tobacco use in INDIA:

(All values in laks)

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ALCOHOLISM

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Alcohol
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol,
commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry
the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant effect.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the
same harmful effects as other kinds of
alcohol, depending on the quantity consumed.

Reasons for drinking:

• Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self –
esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get rid of
problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to
gain courage.

• Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of

alcohol in the market, party culture, family environment
(Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up
social norms and to show their masculinity.

• Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history

of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get sleep.

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Impact of drinking alcohol:

Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When
one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the
body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed to
carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets
converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the
body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of
alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to health,
occupation, family and social relationships.

Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.

Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines):

Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis,
and cancer

Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to

cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.

Pancreas: Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas

and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.

Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent

damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances, other
nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.

Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased

tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.

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Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus

causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and body aches.

Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead

to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually high in
calories.

Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your

immune system weak, thus making your body more susceptible
to infections.

Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts

you at a higher risk of developing cancer

Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may

cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical abnormalities,
growth retardation and developmental delay).

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Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a
penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of
the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with
the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the
in toxicating principle of wines.

Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy,
whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

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News Clippings about Drug Abuse:

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Addiction to the youth:

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Ideal village penalizes drugs:

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Conclusion
Because substance abuse and delinquency are inextricably interrelated, identifying
substance-abusing youth in the juvenile justice system is an important first step for
intervening in both their substance abuse and their delinquent behavior. Drug
identification strategies, followed by effective interventions, help prevent further illicit
drug use and delinquency. Drug testing can be a constructive means of helping youth
overcome denial of their substance abuse. As a part of intervention, drug testing can be
used to help youth achieve and maintain recovery and curtail other deviant behaviors.
Over time, effective drug identification will help juvenile justice agencies achieve the
goals of a balanced approach including community protection, youth accountability, and
competency development.
Five sites engaged primarily in juvenile probation and three juvenile detention centers
implemented the drug identification programs reported in this Summary. Each received
assistance from the APPA or the ACA/IBH to establish a drug-testing and intervention
program meeting standards based on national research on drug-testing programs. Across
the eight demonstration sites, the percentage of positive drug test results obtained from
youth ranged from 10 percent in one site to 37 percent in another, a finding that
corresponds to other data that show a significant amount of illicit drug use among youth in
the juvenile justice system. The most frequent positive results in all sites were for
marijuana. In most of the sites, the next highest rate of positive results was for cocaine.
However, in all but one site, the percentage of positive results for cocaine was
dramatically lower than the percentage of positive results for marijuana. Two sites had
several positive tests for PCP. Several sites also reported positive results for other,
unspecified drugs. Across the eight sites, positive test results for opiates, barbiturates,
amphetamines, and benzodiazepines were minimal. However, one detention site reported
that although youth were admitting use of amphetamines at higher rates, cost factors
prohibited routine testing for these drugs. These results point out that patterns of illicit
drug use by youth may be quite diverse in different localities. Drug testing can help those
who work with juveniles determine usage patterns.
Most programs found staff to be supportive of drug-testing programs, especially if they
were involved in the initial planning of the programs. Problems related to youth
cooperation with the programs also were reported to be minimal, and several examples of
parental support for the programs were provided. By-and-large, community stakeholders
encouraged and supported the programs; however, there were a few incidents of specific
individuals or groups who created initial barriers.
A key ingredient of a drug identification program is the intervention that occurs after the
determination of test results. Drug testing is a vital tool for case planning and ongoing
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monitoring of substance-abusing youth. Critical to intervention is the ability of juvenile

justice practitioners to apply immediate rewards or consequences to substance-abusing
youth and to find appropriate education and treatment programs in the community for
them.

Recommendations
Following are several recommendations for effective drug identification programs distilled
from the experiences of the APPA and ACA/IBH projects.
● Program planning, development, and implementation should include all potentially
affected persons, including agency administrators, line personnel, key juvenile
justice stakeholders (e.g., judges, court administrators, prosecuting and defense
attorneys), and important community representatives (e.g., substance abuse, mental
health, and medical treatment providers).
● The program purpose should complement the agency's mission statement.
● There should be a clearly defined rationale and procedure for identifying youth to be
included in the program. For detention programs, all youth entering a center should
be screened. For probation programs, all youth may be screened, but it is usually cost
effective to limit ongoing tests to those found to have a substance abuse problem.
● The program must have written policies and procedures that all staff read and
understand. This document should detail areas such as the agency's authority to
perform drug testing (i.e., State statutes, court orders, or agency policy), procedures
for observed specimen collection, chain of custody, cutoff levels, confirmation
procedures, use of results, and confidentiality for youth in the program. Youth
identified as having alcohol and other drug use problems often need multiple
services from a variety of community agencies. Juvenile justice agencies and the
youth they serve will benefit from interagency partnerships to provide these services.
Clearly articulated interagency agreements, including referral processes and
procedures for sharing information between agencies, should be included in program
policy documents.
● Drug testing in probation agencies should be used with sufficient frequency and
randomness to identify and deter continued substance abuse.
● Every use of drug identification measures should be followed by an intervention.
○ Positive indicators of chemical use should be followed by enhanced
supervision, more frequent testing, and/or treatment responses.
○ Negative indicators of substance use should be followed by praise, rewards,
and encouragement.
● Interventions should be appropriate for the developmental stage of the youth and
tailored to individual case plans.

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● Staff involved in the program should receive ongoing training.

● Ongoing evaluation of the program should be undertaken, and the information

obtained from the evaluation should be the basis for decisions about the future
direction of the program.
Although drug testing is an additional expense for juvenile justice agencies, it
often can save money over time by helping staff manage cases more
appropriately, thereby preventing further substance abuse and delinquency that
return youth to detention or confinement and probation or other juvenile justice
agencies. However, the most important reason for implementing drug testing is
its benefits for individual youth, their families, and communities. When lives
can be reclaimed from patterns of substance abuse and delinquency, the
personal and social advantages are immense.

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