10/21/2022

Railway Engineering

Lecture: 03
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RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Definition:
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design,
construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe
and efficient movements of trains is called Railway
Engineering.

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS

There are many important technical terms concerning to
Railways, but a few terms which are of immediate concern
are only discussed below:-
1. Railway:
A track formed of rails of iron or steel along which trains are
driven is known as railway.
In general, the term railway also includes all lines of rails,
sidings or branches, worked over for the purpose of or in
connection with a railway.

Important Terms
2. Rolling stock:
The locomotives, passenger coaches and goods wagons which roll
or run on railway tracks constitute rolling stock. The different
types of rolling stock are illustrated.
a. Locomotive:
The mechanical device which transfers chemical energy of fuel
into mechanical energy in the form of motion is called locomotive.
The fuel used in the locomotives may be in the form of water and
coal, diesel or electricity.

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Important Terms
b. Wagons :
The goods compartments are called wagons. This term applies
only to good stock.
c. Coaches or vehicles :
The passenger compartments are called coaches or vehicles.
This term applies only to coaching stock.
d. Coaching stock :
All types of vehicles that run in passenger trains are called
coaching stock.
e. Goods stock :
Wagons used for movement of goods, heavy and bulky
commodities are called goods stock.

ROLLING STOCK
Rolling Stock

Coaching
Locomotives Goods Stock
Stock

Steam Passenger Covered Open Top

Vans
Locomotives Vans Coaches Wagons Stock

Diesel High wall

Mail Vans
Locomotives Wagons

Electric Small
Luggage Vans
Locomotives Wagons

Without wall
Parcel Vans
Wagons

Brake Vans Others

Others

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NECESSITY OF RAILWAYS

This system of conveyance helps

Railways act as a special boon
in manufacturing goods by
to pilgrims and travelers who
transporting raw materials from
wish to visit far places of their
far off places to the factories
interest with safety, comfort
and also in transporting the
and economy in time and
finished products to the
money.
marketing centers.

NECESSITY OF RAILWAYS

Railways play its vital role in national defense of a country by

transporting army and ammunition quickly on a country by
transporting army and ammunition quickly on a large-scale
during war days.
Railways form a main source of revenue to a country without
any taxation. Thus, it can be said that Railways act as a symbol
of country ‘s progress.

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NECESSITY OF RAILWAYS
• Railway facility cheap and convenient communication of bulks of
letters, parcels and heavy goods like raw materials, coal, ores, etc.
from mines and manufacturing concerns within a country.
• Railways help in growth of trade and industrial development in a
country.
• The value of land increases due to industrial development because of
Railways, which ultimately results into the increase of national
wealth.
• Railways help in providing efficient distribution of natural resources
and agricultural products all over the country

NECESSITY OF RAILWAYS
• Railways help in price stabilization of commodities due to
mobility of products in all parts of a country.
• Railways help in removing distress of people in famine
affected areas by transporting food and clothing on a large
scale.
• Railways provide employment opportunities to people on a
large scale and thus help in reducing unemployment problem
of the country

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Railway vs. Highway

Railway alignment differs from Highway:
• Operator has no horizontal control
• Higher mass/power ratio – flatter grade required
• Rail 286,000 lbs vs. 80,000 lbs gross truck
• Rail up to 70 ft. truck centers – higher curve resistance
• Extremely long stopping distance
• Faster trains require tighter tolerances in track alignment
• Opposing trains may operate on same track

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Railway History
• Railways or rail Roads are a
development of “Tramways”
and “Plateways”.

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• Age of Steam

• Diesel Engines

• Electric Power

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Railways
• Railway or Permanent-way is the combination of rails,
sleepers, fittings, ballast etc.

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History of Railway
• Goods are carried by head load or carts drawn by men or
animals in the past.

• Efforts were made to replace manual or animal labour with

mechanical labour

• Modern railways are refined form of tramways and plateways

of eighteenth century.

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Development of Railways
• The original tramways consisted of two lines of slabs
of stones or breams made of timber laid flush with an
existing road surface to facilitate the haulage of heavy
loads by horses.

• The timber beams were subsequently covered with

iron straps or plates to reduce wear.

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Development of Railways (cont’d)

• These plates were later replaced by angle irons with one

edge vertical to keep the wheels on the track. These were
known as plateways.

• In 1789, cast iron beams with supports at the ends were

used by William Joseph in England and the present
permanent way or track gradually evolved.

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Development of Railways (cont’d)

• The steam engine was developed after the introduction of

tramways.
• Nicolas Cugnot in France and William Murdock in Britian
carried out experiments with steam carriages since 1771.
• The first steam locomotive was developed by Richard
Trevithick and was used for traction on roads.
• George Stephenson in 1814 produced first locomotive to be
used for traction in railways.

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Development of Railways (cont’d)

• The first railways in England was the Stockton and

Darlington in 1825
• In America, the Mohawk and Hudson in 1833
• In subcontinent (Indo- Pak) in 1853

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History of Pakistan Railways

• The idea of first rail network was though in 1847 with Karachi
being the sea port.
• Sin Henry Edward Frere sought permission from Lord
Dalhousie to begin survey for Karachi seaport and a railway
line in 1858.
– The proposed railway line was to connect Karachi (city) to
Kotri.
– Stream boat service on the Indus and Chenab river to
connect Kotri to Multan
– From Multan another railway line would be laid to Lahore
and beyond.

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History of Pakistan Railways

• In January 1886, North Western State Railways later on
named as (NWR) was formed which eventually became
Pakistan Railway in 1947 by merging four companies.
• The company names are
–Scinde (Sindh) Railway
–Indian Flotilla Company
–Punjab Railway
–Delhi Railway
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History of Pakistan Railways

• May 13, 1861 first railway line was opened to public between
Karachi city and kotri (105 miles long/ 169 km)
• June 16, 1889 railway line between Karachi city and Kemari
was opened
• 1897, line from Kemeari to Kotri was doubled.
• 1898, Peshawar to Karachi railway line was proposed.
• During early 20 century, railway line was laid between
Peshawar & Rawalpindi and Rawalpindi & Lahore.

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History of Pakistan Railways

• In 1947,3133 km of North-western Railway were
transferred to India leaving 8122 km to Pakistan.
• In 1961, Pakistani portion of NWR was renamed
as Pakistan Railways

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History of Pakistan Railways

• In 1954, railway line was extended to mardan
and Charshadda
• In 1956, Jacobabad- Kashmore 2 ft 6 in (762 mm)
was converted into Broad Gauge.
• Kot Addu- Kashmore line was constructed between
1969 to 1973.

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Pakistan Railways
• The Total length of the rail track in Pakistan is
about 9000 km.
• Major Routes (Domestic)
–Peshawar-Karachi
–Peshawar-Quetta
–Lahore- Sialkot
–Lahore- Faisalabad
–Faisalabad- Khanewal
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Pakistan Railways
• Proposed
–Karachi – Gawadar
–Quetta – Gwadar
–Bostan – Zhob
–Rawalpindi - Sost

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Railway Network of
Pakistan

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International Routes
• Iran
– A broad gauge (BG) railway track runs from
Zahedan to Quetta.
–There is a break -of- gauge between Islamic
Republic of Iran Railways (SG) and Pakistan
Railways (BG).

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International Routes
• India
–Thar Express to Karachi
–Samjhauta Express (Lahore to Amritsar (Attari)
and Delhi, India
• China
–There is no rail link with China
–Feasibility study for rail line between Havelian via
Khunjerab Pass to Kashgar has been awarded
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International Routes
• Afghanistan
–Afghanistan has three railway lines in the north of the
country.
–However, Pakistan has extended his help to built Afghan
Rail network in three phases
–Chaman to Spin Boldak
–Extend this line to Khandar
–Finally, to Herat
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International Routes

• Turkey
– Istanbul – Tehran – Islamabad rail service was
proposed recently.
• Turkmenistan via Afghanistan is also proposed.

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Track Doubling
• Lodhran – Multan – Khanewal line (121 km )
was dual tracked. (2003 – 2007)
• Khanewal – Raiwind line is currently in
progress.

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Track Doubling Proposed

• Shahdrabagh – Lalamusa (126 km)

• Shahdrabagh – Faisalabad (135 km)
• Lalamusa – Chaklala (152 km)
• Golra Sharif – Peshawar Cantt (160 km )

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• Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of

the two parallel rails that make up a single railway
line.

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Dominant gauges ft' in" mm

5' 6" 1676

5' 5.85" 1668

5' 3" 1600

5' 1524

4' 11.85" 1520

4' 8.5" 1435

4' 6" 1372

3' 6" 1067

3' 5.35" 1050

3' 3.37" 1000

3' 4.1" 950

3' 914

2' 6" 762

2' 5.55" 750

2' 610

1' 11.6" 600

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Dominant gauges
Gauge Name Usage

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Indian gauge India, Pakistan, Argentina, Chile

Iberian gauge
1,668 mm (5 ft 5⅔ in) Portugal, Spain

Irish gauge
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Ireland and important minor gauge in Australia

1,524 mm (5 ft) Finland, Estonia

Russian gauge

1,520 mm (4 ft 11⅞ in) CIS states, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia

Standard gauge Europe, North America, China, Korea, Australia, Middle East, North
Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay (60% of
1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in) the world's railways) Also high-speed lines in Japan and Spain.

Cape gauge Southern and Central Africa, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines,
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) New Zealand, Australia

Meter gauge
1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) India, Brazil, Bolivia, northern Chile, Kenya, Uganda

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INDO-PAK policy for Gauge

• The total cost of construction railway directly depends on
gauges, wider the gauge higher will be the cost.
• At the time of construction of railway, the policy was adopted
that the gauge will depend on the intensity of traffic.

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INDO-PAK policy for Gauge

Commonly used gauges in INDO-PAK are

• Broad Gauge

• Meter Gauge

• Narrow Gauge

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Broad Gauge
• Broad gauge refers to any gauge wider than standard gauge or
1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
• Broad gauge is used to provide better stability and provide the
easy transfer of rolling stock.
• It is used for main cities and routes of heavy intensities

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Meter Gauge
• Standard gauge is referred the gauge having a length equal to
1.00-m

• It is used in undeveloped area having comparatively Less

intensity.

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Narrow Gauge
• In hilly areas and very thinly populated areas
where it uneconomical to use Meter gauge,
narrow gauge is used.

• 2’-00” and 2’-6” Narrow gauges are generally

used.

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Common gauges in INDO-PAK

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Difficulties Due to Change in Gauge

• At every change of gauge, the passenger have to change the train
which cause much inconvenience to the passengers.
• At the junction the goods are to be unloaded from the train and
loaded into another which requires extra labor and goods likely
to be damaged.
• The owner will have to pay extra charges for the labors causing
increase in the price.
• Surplus wagons and engine of the one gauge can not be utilize on
the other.

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Difficulties Due to Change in Gauge

• During war times change in gauge causes extremes difficulties
to the army and checks their quick movement.
• If the intensity of the traffic become more and requires wider
gauge it will be impossible to change it because the change in
gauge mean changing of each and everything i.e. rails,
locomotives, bridges, tunnels etc.

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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS

1. Surface railways
2. Elevated railways
3. Under ground railways
4. Tube railways

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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS

2. Elevated railways:
The railways provided at higher or elevated portion, above the ground
surface are called “high level” or “elevated railways”.
This system is very costly because buildings like stations, waiting
halls, offices are to be constructed at high levels requiring staircases,
escalators etc. but elevated railways cause little obstruction due to
piers, columns supporting the track.
Suitability :- Elevated railways are suitable in the heavily congested
urban areas where the under-ground railways cannot be constructed.

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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS
3. Under ground railways:
The railways provided just below ground level are called “low
level or underground railways”.
In this system of Railways, tunnels are constructed for carrying
tracks through them and a over - bridge is necessary at every
road crossing to carry the road traffic over the railway traffic.
Due to ventilation problems in tunnels, electricity is the only
source of power for traction in under ground railways.

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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS

4)Tube railways: The railway provided underground at a greater depth

of about 18 m or more (up to 52 m) are called tube railways.
This system of railways is so called as the section of the underground
tunnels, carrying the track, is to avoid the interference of the tracks
with water and gas pipes, sewerage systems and oil or drainage pipes
etc.

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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS
Some important features of the tube railways are given below :-
i. The railways stations must be of cylindrical form.
ii. Escalators or moving staircases are to be constructed to reach
the tube railways.
iii. Only electric traction to be used to avoid the smoke and
ventilation problems.
iv. Automatic signaling system is to be used.

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Type of Railway System- According to Speed

Urban Railway Transit:

Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various
types of local rail systems providing passenger service within
and around urban or older suburban areas.
Tram : Trams are systems that run mainly or completely along
streets, with low capacity and frequent stops. Passengers usually
board at street- or curb-level
Light Rail : Light rail is a relatively new term, as an outgrowth
of trams/streetcars. Speeds are usually higher, and articulated
vehicles may be used to increase capacity.

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Type of Railway System

Rapid Transit: A rapid transit, underground, subway, tube,
elevated, or metropolitan system is a railway—usually in an urban
area—with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade
separation from other traffic.
Monorail: Monorail is a metro or railroad with a track consisting
of a single rail (actually a beam), as opposed to the traditional track
with two parallel rails. Monorail vehicles are wider than the beam
they run on. (suspended rail)
Maglevs differ from other monorails in that they do not (normally)
physically contact the beam.

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