Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Halil Ceylan, and Nii O. Attoh-Okine (Eds.

)
Intelligent and Soft Computing in Infrastructure Systems Engineering
Studies in Computational Intelligence, Volume 259
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Janusz Kacprzyk
Systems Research Institute
Polish Academy of Sciences
ul. Newelska 6
01-447 Warsaw
Poland
E-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl

Further volumes of this series can be found on our Vol. 248. Chee Peng Lim, Lakhmi C. Jain, and
homepage: springer.com Satchidananda Dehuri (Eds.)
Innovations in Swarm Intelligence, 2009
Vol. 237. George A. Papadopoulos and Costin Badica (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-642-04224-9
Intelligent Distributed Computing III, 2009 Vol. 249. Wesam Ashour Barbakh, Ying Wu, and Colin Fyfe
ISBN 978-3-642-03213-4 Non-Standard Parameter Adaptation for Exploratory Data
Vol. 238. Li Niu, Jie Lu, and Guangquan Zhang Analysis, 2009
Cognition-Driven Decision Support for Business Intelligence, ISBN 978-3-642-04004-7
2009 Vol. 250. Raymond Chiong and Sandeep Dhakal (Eds.)
ISBN 978-3-642-03207-3 Natural Intelligence for Scheduling, Planning and Packing
Vol. 239. Zong Woo Geem (Ed.) Problems, 2009
Harmony Search Algorithms for Structural Design ISBN 978-3-642-04038-2
Optimization, 2009 Vol. 251. Zbigniew W. Ras and William Ribarsky (Eds.)
ISBN 978-3-642-03449-7 Advances in Information and Intelligent Systems, 2009
Vol. 240. Dimitri Plemenos and Georgios Miaoulis (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-642-04140-2
Intelligent Computer Graphics 2009, 2009 Vol. 252. Ngoc Thanh Nguyen and Edward Szczerbicki (Eds.)
ISBN 978-3-642-03451-0 Intelligent Systems for Knowledge Management, 2009
Vol. 241. János Fodor and Janusz Kacprzyk (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-642-04169-3
Aspects of Soft Computing, Intelligent Robotics and Control, Vol. 253. Roger Lee and Naohiro Ishii (Eds.)
2009 Software Engineering Research, Management and
ISBN 978-3-642-03632-3 Applications 2009, 2009
Vol. 242. Carlos Artemio Coello Coello, ISBN 978-3-642-05440-2
Satchidananda Dehuri, and Susmita Ghosh (Eds.) Vol. 254. Kyandoghere Kyamakya, Wolfgang A. Halang,
Swarm Intelligence for Multi-objective Problems in Data Herwig Unger, Jean Chamberlain Chedjou,
Mining, 2009 Nikolai F. Rulkov, and Zhong Li (Eds.)
ISBN 978-3-642-03624-8 Recent Advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and
Vol. 243. Imre J. Rudas, János Fodor, and Synchronization, 2009
Janusz Kacprzyk (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-642-04226-3
Towards Intelligent Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 255. Catarina Silva and Bernardete Ribeiro
2009 Inductive Inference for Large Scale Text Classification, 2009
ISBN 978-3-642-03736-8 ISBN 978-3-642-04532-5
Vol. 244. Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Rados law Piotr Katarzyniak, Vol. 256. Patricia Melin, Janusz Kacprzyk, and
and Adam Janiak (Eds.) Witold Pedrycz (Eds.)
New Challenges in Computational Collective Intelligence, Bio-inspired Hybrid Intelligent Systems for Image Analysis
2009 and Pattern Recognition, 2009
ISBN 978-3-642-03957-7 ISBN 978-3-642-04515-8
Vol. 245. Oleg Okun and Giorgio Valentini (Eds.) Vol. 257. Oscar Castillo, Witold Pedrycz, and
Applications of Supervised and Unsupervised Ensemble Janusz Kacprzyk (Eds.)
Methods, 2009 Evolutionary Design of Intelligent Systems in Modeling,
ISBN 978-3-642-03998-0 Simulation and Control, 2009
Vol. 246. Thanasis Daradoumis, Santi Caballé, ISBN 978-3-642-04513-4
Joan Manuel Marquès, and Fatos Xhafa (Eds.) Vol. 258. Leonardo Franco, David A. Elizondo, and
Intelligent Collaborative e-Learning Systems and José M. Jerez (Eds.)
Applications, 2009 Constructive Neural Networks, 2009
ISBN 978-3-642-04000-9 ISBN 978-3-642-04511-0
Vol. 247. Monica Bianchini, Marco Maggini, Franco Scarselli, Vol. 259. Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Halil Ceylan, and
and Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.) Nii O. Attoh-Okine (Eds.)
Innovations in Neural Information Paradigms and Intelligent and Soft Computing in Infrastructure Systems
Applications, 2009 Engineering, 2009
ISBN 978-3-642-04002-3 ISBN 978-3-642-04585-1
Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Halil Ceylan,
and Nii O. Attoh-Okine (Eds.)

Intelligent and Soft Computing

in Infrastructure Systems
Engineering
Recent Advances

123
Prof. Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Dr. Nii O. Attoh-Okine
354 Town Engineering Bldg. 343B DuPont Hall
Dept. of Civil, Constr. & Env. Engg. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Iowa State University University of Delaware
Ames, IA 50011-3232 Newark, DE 19716
USA USA
E-mail: rangan@iastate.edu

Prof. Halil Ceylan

482B Town Engineering Bldg.
Dept. of Civil, Constr. & Env. Engg.
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50011-3232
USA

ISBN 978-3-642-04585-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04586-8

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04586-8

Studies in Computational Intelligence ISSN 1860-949X

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937151


c 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other
way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is
permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,
1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.

Typeset & Cover Design: Scientific Publishing Services Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India.

Printed in acid-free paper

987654321

springer.com
Preface

The term “soft computing” applies to variants of and combinations under the four
broad categories of evolutionary computing, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and
Bayesian statistics. Although each one has its separate strengths, the complemen-
tary nature of these techniques when used in combination (hybrid) makes them a
powerful alternative for solving complex problems where conventional mathe-
matical methods fail.
The use of intelligent and soft computing techniques in the field of geome-
chanical and pavement engineering has steadily increased over the past decade
owing to their ability to admit approximate reasoning, imprecision, uncertainty
and partial truth. Since real-life infrastructure engineering decisions are made in
ambiguous environments that require human expertise, the application of soft
computing techniques has been an attractive option in pavement and geomechani-
cal modeling.
The objective of this carefully edited book is to highlight key recent advances
made in the application of soft computing techniques in pavement and geome-
chanical systems. Soft computing techniques discussed in this book include, but
are not limited to: neural networks, evolutionary computing, swarm intelligence,
probabilistic modeling, kernel machines, knowledge discovery and data mining,
neuro-fuzzy systems and hybrid approaches. Highlighted application areas include
infrastructure materials modeling, pavement analysis and design, rapid interpreta-
tion of nondestructive testing results, porous asphalt concrete distress modeling,
model parameter identification, pavement engineering inversion problems, sub-
grade soils characterization, and backcalculation of pavement layer thickness and
moduli.
This book belongs to the “Studies in Computational Intelligence (SCI)” series
published by Springer Verlag. Each chapter contained in this book has been peer-
reviewed by at least two anonymous referees to assure the highest quality. The
valuable contributions of the following individuals in assisting with the review
process are greatly appreciated: Sunghwan Kim (Iowa State University), Roger W.
Meier (The University of Memphis), Fwa Tien Fang (National University of Sin-
gapore), P. Chris Marshall (Golder Associates Inc.), Abhisek Mudgal (Iowa State
University), and Amit Pande (Iowa State University).
VI Preface

Researchers and practitioners engaged in developing and applying soft comput-

ing and intelligent systems principles to solving real-world infrastructure engi-
neering problems will find this book very useful. This book will also serve as an
excellent state-of-the-art reference material for graduate and postgraduate students
in transportation infrastructure engineering.

August 13, 2009 Kasthurirangan (Rangan) Gopalakrishnan

Ames, Iowa
About This Book

The use of intelligent and soft computing techniques in the field of geomechanical
and pavement engineering has steadily increased over the past decade owing to
their ability to admit approximate reasoning, imprecision, uncertainty and partial
truth. Since real-life infrastructure engineering decisions are made in ambiguous
environments that require human expertise, the application of soft computing
techniques has been an attractive option in pavement and geomechanical model-
ing. The objective of this carefully edited book is to highlight key recent advances
made in the application of soft computing techniques in pavement and geome-
chanical systems. Soft computing techniques discussed in this book include, but
are not limited to: neural networks, evolutionary computing, swarm intelligence,
probabilistic modeling, kernel machines, knowledge discovery and data mining,
neuro-fuzzy systems and hybrid approaches. Highlighted application areas include
infrastructure materials modeling, pavement analysis and design, rapid interpreta-
tion of nondestructive testing results, porous asphalt concrete distress modeling,
model parameter identification, pavement engineering inversion problems, sub-
grade soils characterization, and backcalculation of pavement layer thickness and
moduli. Researchers and practitioners engaged in developing and applying soft
computing and intelligent systems principles to solving real-world infrastructure
engineering problems will find this book very useful. This book will also serve as
an excellent state-of-the-art reference material for graduate and postgraduate stu-
dents in transportation infrastructure engineering.

Written for

Researchers and practitioners engaged in developing and applying soft computing

and intelligent systems principles to solving real-world geomechanical and pave-
ment engineering problems.

Keywords

Pavement engineering; artificial intelligence; artificial neural networks; evolution-

ary computing; genetic algorithms; particle swarm optimization; shuffled complex
evolution; support vector machines; data mining; rough set; neuro-fuzzy; decision
trees; genetic polynomial; relief ranking filter; extended Kalman filter.
Contents

Rapid Interpretation of Nondestructive Testing Results Using

Neural Networks
Imad N. Abdallah, Soheil Nazarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Probabilistic Inversion: A New Approach to Inversion
Problems in Pavement and Geomechanical Engineering
Rambod Hadidi, Nenad Gucunski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Neural Networks Application in Pavement Infrastructure
Materials
Sunghwan Kim, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Halil Ceylan . . . . . . . . . . 47
Backcalculation of Flexible Pavements Using Soft Computing
A. Hilmi Lav, A. Burak Goktepe, M. Aysen Lav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Using Artificial
Intelligence to Unravel Porous Asphalt Concrete in the
Netherlands
Maryam Miradi, Andre A.A. Molenaar, Martin F.C. van de Ven . . . . . . . . 107
Backcalculation of Pavement Layer Thickness and Moduli
Using Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System
Mehmet Saltan, Serdal Terzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Case Studies of Asphalt Pavement Analysis/Design with
Application of the Genetic Algorithm
Bor-Wen Tsai, John T. Harvey, Carl L. Monismith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Extended Kalman Filter and Its Application in Pavement
Engineering
Rongzong Wu, Jae Woong Choi, John T. Harvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
X Contents

Hybrid Stochastic Global Optimization Scheme for Rapid

Pavement Backcalculation
Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Regression and Artificial Neural Network Modeling of
Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils for Pavement Design
Applications
Pranshoo Solanki, Musharraf Zaman, Ali Ebrahimi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Application of Soft Computing Techniques to Expansive Soil
Characterization
Pijush Samui, Sarat Kumar Das, T.G. Sitharam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325