Infectious and Inflammatory

Disorders
PNEUMONIA
 DESCRIPTION
• An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both
lungs.
• The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent
material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever,
chills, and difficulty breathing.
• A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and
fungi, can cause pneumonia.
• Can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening.
It is most serious for infants and young children, people
older than age 65, and people with health problems or
weakened immune systems.
PNEUMONIA
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Chest pain on breathe or cough
• Mental status changes - Confusion or changes in
mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)
• Cough, which may produce phlegm
• Rhonchi and wheezes
• Fatigue
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
• Use of accessory muscles for breathing
• Shortness of breath
 CAUSES
• Community-acquired Pneumonia is the most
common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside
of hospitals or other health care facilities. It
may be caused by:
• Bacteria
• Bacteria-like organisms
• Fungi
• Viruses, including COVID-19
 CAUSES
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
– People who are on breathing machines (ventilators),
often used in intensive care units, are at higher risk
• Health care-acquired pneumonia
– A bacterial infection that occurs in people who live in
long-term care facilities or who receive care in
outpatient clinics
• Aspiration pneumonia
– Occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva
into your lungs. Aspiration is more likely if something
disturbs your normal gag reflex, such as a brain injury
or swallowing problem, or excessive use of alcohol or
drugs.
 RISK FACTORS
• Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two
age groups at highest risk are:
– Children who are 2 years old or younger
– People who are age 65 or older
• Other risk factors include:
– Being hospitalized.
– Chronic disease.
– Smoking.
– Weakened or suppressed immune system.
 COMPLICATIONS
• Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia)
• Difficulty breathing
• Fluid accumulation around the lungs (pleural
effusion)
• Empyema or Lung abscess
 PREVENTION
• Get vaccinated
• Practice good hygiene
• Don't smoke
• Keep your immune system strong
 DIAGNOSIS
• Blood tests
• Chest X-ray
• Pulse oximetry
• Sputum test
• Older than age 65
– CT scan
– Pleural fluid culture
 TREATMENT
• Antibiotics
• Cough medicine
• Fever reducers/pain relievers
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Primary Nsg Diagnosis: Ineffective airway
clearance related to increased production of
secretions and increased viscosity
• Nursing Interventions
• 1. Administer oxygen as prescribed.
• 2. Monitor respiratory status.
• 3. Monitor for labored respirations, cyanosis, and
cold and clammy skin.
• 4. Encourage coughing and deep breathing and
use of incentive spirometer.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• 5. Position client in semi-Fowler position to
facilitate breathing and lung expansion.
• 6. Change client’s position frequently and
ambulate as tolerated to mobilize secretions
• 7. Provide CPT
• 8. Perform nasotracheal suctioning if the client is
unable to clear secreations.
• 9. Monitor pulse oximetry.
• 10. Monitor and record color, consistency, and
amount of sputum.
• 11. Provide a high-calorie, high protein diet with
small frequent meals.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• 12. Encourage fluids up to 3 L a day to thin secretions
unless contraindicated.
• 13. Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing
activity gradually.
• 14. Administer antibiotics as prescribed.
• 15. Administer antipyretics, bronchodilators, mucolytic
agents, and expectorants as prescribed.
• 16. Prevent the spread of infection by hand washing
and the proper disposal of secretions.
• DRUG THERAPY:
– Erythromycin, Penicillin
 DOCUMENTATION
• 1. Physical findings of chest assessment:
Respiratory rate and depth, auscultation findings,
chest tightness or pain, vital signs
• 2. Assessment of degree of hypoxemia: Lips and
mucous membrane color, oxygen saturation by
pulse oximetry
• 3. Response to deep-breathing and coughing
exercises, color and amount of sputum
• 4. Response to medications: Body temperature,
clearing of secretions
Infectious and Inflammatory
Disorders
TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
 DESCRIPTION
• A chronic infectious disease caused by an
organism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
through droplet transmission, like coughing,
sneezing, or if the person inhales the infected
droplet.
• It can be considered as primary or secondary
infection depending on recovery of the client
from the communicable infection. It is a
reportable communicable disease and a repeated
exposure to it causes a person to acquire it.
 STAGES
• Latent Tuberculosis
– Exposed to the causative agent but does not manifest
signs and symptoms of the disease and do not have
the capacity to infect other people. The nuclei just
persist in the system in its necrotic form which could
stay for a long time, not until that immunosuppression
or a certain factor triggers it to become its virulent
form.
• Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
– It is usually asymptomatic and only identified through
significant diagnostic examinations. Only the presence
of lymphadenopathy is something that is indicative for
its infection.
 STAGES
• Primary Progressive Tuberculosis
– It is the stage of the disease process when it is already
considered as active. Clinical manifestations are
evident and the client may reveal positive in sputum
examination for presence of the organism.
• Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
– It is when tuberculosis extends its infection to other
parts of the aside from the pulmonary cavity. The
most fatal location is the central nervous system and
its infection to the bloodstream. Other locations may
include the lymphatic system, the bones and joints
and at times the genitourinary system.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Easy fatigability
• Anorexia or loss of appetite
• Weight loss and body wasting
• Persistent, long term low- grade fever
• Chills and night sweats
• Persistent, progressive cough which may be non-
productive at first but may produce purulent
sputum in the long term (2 weeks or more)
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Non-resolving bronchopneumonia
• Dull or pleuritic chest pains
• Dyspnea
• Hemoptysis
• Anemia in some
 RISK FACTORS
• Inadequate primary defenses, decreased ciliary
action/stasis of secretions
• Tissue destruction/extension of infection
• Lowered resistance/suppressed inflammatory
process
• Malnutrition
• Environmental exposure
• Insufficient knowledge to avoid exposure to
pathogens
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Identify others at risk like household members,
close associates and friends.
• Instruct patient to cough or sneeze and
expectorate into tissue and to refrain from
spitting. Review proper disposal of tissue and
good hand washing techniques. Encourage return
demonstration.
• Review necessity of infection control measures.
Put in temporary respiratory isolation if indicated.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Monitor temperature as indicated
• Identify individual risk factors for reactivation of
tuberculosis: lowered resistance associated with
alcoholism, malnutrition, intestinal bypass
surgery, use of immunosuppressive drugs,
corticosteroids, presence of diabetes mellitus,
cancer, postpartum.
• Stress importance of uninterrupted drug therapy.
Evaluate patient’s potential for cooperation.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Review importance of follow-up and periodic reculturing of
sputum (acid fast staining) for the duration of therapy.
• Encourage selection and ingestion of well-balanced meals.
Provide frequent small “snacks” in place of large meals as
appropriate.
• Liver function studies: AST/ALT.
• Notify local health department.
• Administer anti-infective agents as indicated:
• Primary drugs: isoniazid (INH), ethambutol (Myambutol),
rifampin (RMP/Rifadin), rifampin with isoniazid (Rifamate),
pyrazinamide (PZA), streptomycin, rifapentine (Priftin)
– Limit alcohol intake for INH and Rifampin treatment
 OTHER NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Nutrition: imbalanced, less than body
requirements
• Airway Clearance, ineffective
• Gas Exchange, risk for impaired
• Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need]
regarding condition, treatment, prevention,
self-care, and discharge needs
Infectious and Inflammatory
Disorders
HEPATITIS
 DESCRIPTION
• Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It is
commonly the result of a viral infection, but there are other
possible causes of hepatitis.
• These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs
as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and
alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when
your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
• The five main viral classifications of hepatitis are hepatitis A, B,
C, D, and E. A different virus is responsible for each type of
viral hepatitis.
 TYPES
• Hepatitis A no medication - (supportive care)

– exposure to HAV in food or water

• Hepatitis B highly contagious thru saliva

risky – contact with HBV in body fluids, such as blood, vaginal

secretions, or semen
• Hepatitis C
– contact with HCV in body fluids, such as blood, vaginal
secretions, or semen
• Hepatitis D
– contact with blood containing HDV
• Hepatitis E
– exposure to HEV in food or water
 CAUSES OF NONINFECTIOUS HEPATITIS

• Alcohol and other toxins not contagious

– Excess alcohol consumption can cause liver

damage and inflammation. This may also be
referred to as alcoholic hepatitis.
• Autoimmune system response not contagious

– In some cases, the immune system mistakes the

liver as harmful and attacks it. This causes ongoing
inflammation that can range from mild to severe,
often hindering liver function. It’s three times
more common in women than in men.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Chronic form of hepatitis, like hepatitis B and C, you
may not show symptoms until the damage affects liver
function. By contrast, people with acute hepatitis may
present with symptoms shortly after contracting a
hepatitis virus.
• Common symptoms of infectious hepatitis include:
– fatigue
– flu-like symptoms
– dark urine product of red blood cell destruction
– pale stool
– abdominal pain
– loss of appetite
– unexplained weight loss
– yellow skin and eyes, which may be signs of jaundice
 DIAGNOSIS
• History and physical exam
• Liver function tests
• Other blood tests
• Liver biopsy
• Ultrasound
– It can reveal:
• fluid in your abdomen
• liver damage or enlargement
• liver tumors
• abnormalities of your gallbladder
 TREATMENT
• Treatment options will vary by the type of
hepatitis you have and whether the infection is
acute or chronic.
• Hepatitis A is a short-term illness and may not
require treatment. However, if symptoms cause a
great deal of discomfort, bed rest may be
necessary. In addition, if vomiting or diarrhea is
experienced, doctor may recommend a dietary
program to maintain your hydration and
nutrition.
 TREATMENT
• There is no specific treatment program for acute
hepatitis B.
• Chronic hepatitis B requires antiviral medications.
This form of treatment can be costly, for it needs
to be continued for several months or years.
• Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also requires
regular medical evaluations and monitoring to
determine if the virus is responding to treatment.
 TREATMENT
• Vaccines
• A vaccine for hepatitis A is available and can
help prevent the contraction of HAV. The
hepatitis A vaccine is a series of two doses and
most children begin vaccination at age 12 to
23 months. This is also available for adults and
can also include the hepatitis B vaccine.
 TREATMENT
• Autoimmune Hepatitis monitor for possible infection if using
corticsteriod since it afects ur immune system
– Corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide,
are extremely important in the early treatment of
autoimmune hepatitis. They’re effective in about
80 percent of people with this condition.
– Azathioprine (Imuran), a drug that suppresses the
immune system, may also be a part of treatment
programs. People may use this with or without
steroids.
 TREATMENT
• Antiviral medications can treat both acute and
chronic forms of hepatitis C.
• Typically, people who develop chronic hepatitis C
will use a combination of antiviral drug therapies.
They may also need further testing to determine
the best form of treatment.
• People who develop cirrhosis or liver disease due
to chronic hepatitis C may be candidates for a
liver transplant.
 TREATMENT
• The lists pegylated interferon alpha as a
treatment for Hepatitis D. However, this
medication can have severe side effects. As a
result, it’s not recommended for people with
cirrhosis liver damage, those with psychiatric hepatotoxic
taken in
conditions, and people with autoimmune psychiatric
patient that's
diseases. why pegylated
its not given to
• Currently, no specific medical therapies are them
available to treat hepatitis E because the
infection is often acute, it typically resolves on its
own.
 COMPLICATIONS
• Chronic hepatitis B or C can lead to more
severe health problems. Because the virus
affects the liver, people with chronic hepatitis
B or C are at risk of:
– chronic liver disease
– cirrhosis
– liver cancer
IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
Acute Glomerulonephritis (GN)
 DESCRIPTION
Patient's manifestation - descending
• Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) comprises a specific set
of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism
triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular
tissue that can result in damage to the basement
membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium.
• Acute GN is defined as the sudden onset of hematuria,
proteinuria, and red blood cell (RBC) casts in the urine.
• Acute GN is a condition that appears to be an allergic
reaction to a specific infection, most often group A
beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
 CAUSES
• The causal factors that underlie acute GN can be
broadly divided into infectious and noninfectious
groups.

• Infectious. The most common infectious cause of

acute GN is infection by Streptococcus species (ie,
group A, beta-hemolytic).
• Noninfectious. Noninfectious causes of acute GN
may be divided into primary renal diseases,
systemic diseases, and miscellaneous conditions
or agents
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Presenting symptoms appear 1 to 3 weeks after the onset
of a streptococcal infection.
• Hematuria. Usually the presenting symptom is grossly
bloody urine; the caregiver may describe the urine as
smoky or bloody.
• Periorbital edema. Periorbital edema and/or pedal edema
may accompany or precede hematuria.
• Fever. Fever may be 103°F to 104°F at the onset but
decreases in a few days to about 100°F.
• Hypertension. Hypertension occurs in 60% to 70% of
patients during the first 4 or 5 days.
• Oliguria. Oliguria (production of a subnormal volume of
urine) is usually present, and the urine has a high specific
gravity and contains albumin, red and white blood cells,
and casts.
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Hypertension, Aso+ (antistreptolicyne), Decreased glomerular filtration, Swelling (in the morning)
Tea colored urine, Recent streptococcal, Elevated BUN and Creatinine, Proteinuria,

• Fluid overload. Observe for periorbital and/or

pedal edema; edema and hypertension due to
fluid overload (in 75% of patients); crackles (ie, if
pulmonary edema); elevated jugular venous
pressure; ascites and pleural effusion (possible).
• Cerebral symptoms. Cerebral symptoms
consisting mainly of headache, drowsiness,
convulsions, and vomiting occur in connection
with hypertension in a few cases.
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Initial blood tests. A CBC is performed; a
decrease in the hematocrit may demonstrate a
dilutional anemia; in the setting of an infectious
etiology, pleocytosis may be evident; electrolyte
levels are measured (particularly the serum
potassium – transient hyperkalemia in children),
along with BUN and creatinine (to allow
estimation of the glomerular filtration rate
[GFR]); the BUN and creatinine levels will exhibit
a degree of renal compromise and GFR may be
decreased.
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Urinalysis. The urine is dark; its specific gravity
is greater than 1.020; RBCs and RBC casts are
present; and proteinuria is observed.
• Blood and tissue cultures. Blood culture is
indicated in patients with fever,
immunosuppression, intravenous (IV) drug use
history, indwelling shunts, or catheters;
cultures of throat and skin lesions to rule out
Streptococcus species may be obtained.
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Treatment of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is mainly
supportive, because there is no specific therapy for
renal disease.
• Diet. Sodium and fluid restriction should be advised for
treatment of signs and symptoms of fluid retention (eg,
edema, pulmonary edema); protein restriction for
patients with azotemia should be advised if there is no
evidence of malnutrition.
• Activity. Bed rest is recommended until signs of
glomerular inflammation and circulatory congestion
subside as prolonged inactivity is of no benefit in the
patient recovery process.
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
• The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity,
to prevent complications, and to eradicate the
infection.
• Antibiotics. In streptococcal infections, early antibiotic
therapy may prevent antibody response to exoenzymes
and render throat cultures negative, but may not
prevent the development of AGN.
• Loop diuretics. Loop diuretics decrease plasma volume
and edema by causing diuresis. The reductions in
plasma volume and stroke volume associated with
diuresis decrease cardiac output and, consequently,
blood pressure.
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
• Vasodilators. These agents reduce systemic
vascular resistance, which, in turn, may allow
forward flow, improving cardiac output.
• Calcium channel blockers. Calcium channel
blockers inhibit the movement of calcium ions
across the cell membrane, depressing both
impulse formation (automaticity) and
conduction velocity.
 NURSING ASSESSMENT
• Physical examination. Obtain complete physical
assessment
• Assess weight. Monitor daily weight to have a
measurable account on the fluid elimination.
• Monitor intake and output. Monitor fluid intake and
output every 4 hours to know progressing condition via
glomerular filtration.
• Assess vital signs. Monitor BP and PR every hour to
know progression of hypertension and basis for further
nursing intervention or referral.
• Assess breath sounds. Assess for adventitious breath
sounds to know for possible progression in the lungs.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Ineffective breathing pattern related to the inflammatory
process.
• Altered urinary elimination related to decreased bladder
capacity or irritation secondary to infection.
• Excess fluid volume related to a decrease in regulatory
mechanisms (renal failure) with the potential of water.
• Risk for infection related to a decrease in the
immunological defense.
• Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related
to anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
• Risk for impaired skin integrity related to edema and
pruritus.
• Hyperthermia related to the ineffectiveness of
thermoregulation secondary to infection.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Activity. Bed rest should be maintained until acute
symptoms and gross hematuria disappear.
• Prevent infection. The child must be protected from chilling
and contact with people with infections.
• Monitor intake and output. Fluid intake and urinary output
should be carefully monitored and recorded; special
attention is needed to keep the intake within prescribed
limits.
• Monitor BP. Blood pressure should be monitored regularly
using the same arm and a properly fitting cuff.
• Monitor urine characteristics. The urine must be tested
regularly for protein and hematuria using dipstick tests.
 IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

 DESCRIPTION
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an
autoimmune disease. In this disease, the
immune system of the body mistakenly
attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin,
joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.
 CAUSES
• The cause of SLE is not clearly known. It may be linked
to the following factors:
• Genetic
• Environmental
• Hormonal
• Certain medicines
• SLE is more common in women than men by nearly 10
to 1. It may occur at any age. However, it appears most
often in young women between the ages of 15 and 44.
In the US, the disease is more common in African
Americans, Asian Americans, African Caribbeans, and
Hispanic Americans.
 SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms vary from person to person, and may come
and go. Everyone with SLE has joint pain and swelling
at some time. Some develop arthritis. SLE often affects
the joints of the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees.
• Other common symptoms include:
• Chest pain when taking a deep breath.
• Fatigue.
• Fever with no other cause.
• General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise).
• Hair loss.
 SYMPTOMS
• Weight loss.
• Mouth sores.
• Sensitivity to sunlight.
• Skin rash -- A "butterfly" rash develops in
about half the people with SLE. The rash is
mostly seen over the cheeks and bridge of the
nose. It can be widespread. It gets worse in
sunlight.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
 SYMPTOMS
• Other symptoms and signs depend on which part
of the body is affected:
• Brain and nervous system -- Headaches,
weakness, numbness, tingling, seizures, vision
problems, memory and personality changes
• Digestive tract -- Abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting
• Heart -- Valve problems, inflammation of heart
muscle or heart lining (pericardium)
• Lung -- Buildup of fluid in the pleural space,
difficulty breathing, coughing up blood
 SYMPTOMS
• Skin -- Sores in the mouth
• Kidney -- Swelling in the legs
• Circulation -- Clots in veins or arteries,
inflammation of blood vessels, constriction of
blood vessels in response to cold (Raynaud
phenomenon)
• Blood abnormalities including anemia, low
white blood cell or platelet count
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• To be diagnosed with lupus, ONE must have 4 out of 11
common signs of the disease. Nearly all people with
lupus have a positive test for antinuclear antibody
(ANA). However, having a positive ANA alone does not
mean you have lupus.
• An ANA test detects antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in
your blood. One’s Immune system normally makes
antibodies to help you fight infection. In contrast,
antinuclear antibodies often attack one’s body's own
tissues — specifically targeting each cell's nucleus.
 11 SYMPTOMS OF LUPUS
• A butterfly-shaped rash across both sides of the face.
• Raised, red skin patches
• Sensitivity to light
• Ulcers in the mouth or nose
• Arthritis plus swelling or tenderness in two or more joints
• Seizures or other nervous system problems
• Excessive protein in urine
• Inflammation in the lining of the heart or lungs
• Low blood cell counts
• The presence of certain antibodies in the blood
• ANA test results indicating the presence of too many
antinuclear antibodies
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Tests used to diagnose SLE may include:
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
• Complete blood count (CBC) with differential
• Chest x-ray
• Serum creatinine
• Urinalysis
 TREATMENT
• There is no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment
is to control symptoms. Severe symptoms that
involve the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other
organs often need treatment by specialists.
Each person with SLE needs evaluation
regarding:
• How active the disease is
• What part of the body is affected
• What form of treatment is needed
 TREATMENT
• Mild forms of the disease may be treated with:
– Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for
joint symptoms and pleurisy. Talk to your provider
before taking these medicines.
– Low doses of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, for
skin and arthritis symptoms.
– Corticosteroid creams for skin rashes.
– Hydroxychloroquine, a medicine also used to treat
malaria.
– Methotrexate may be used to reduce the dose of
corticosteroids.
– Belimumab, a biologic medicine, may be helpful in
some people.
 IMPORTANT
• Wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and
sunscreen when in the sun.
• Get preventive heart care.
• Stay up-to-date with immunizations.
• Have tests to screen for thinning of the bones
(osteoporosis).
• Avoid tobacco and drink minimal amounts of
alcohol.
 COMPLICATIONS
• Lupus Nephritis
• Some people with SLE have abnormal immune
deposits in the kidney cells. This leads to a
condition called lupus nephritis. People with this
problem may develop kidney failure. They may
need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• A kidney biopsy is done to detect the extent of
damage to the kidney and to help guide
treatment. If active nephritis is present,
treatment with immunosuppressive medicines
including high doses of corticosteroids
INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY
DISORDER
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
 DESCRIPTION
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually
transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are passed
from one person to another through sexual contact.
• The contact is usually vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But
sometimes they can spread through other intimate physical
contact.
• Sometimes these infections can be transmitted
nonsexually, such as from mothers to their infants during
pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or
shared needles.
• STIs don't always cause symptoms. It's possible to contract
sexually transmitted infections from people who seem
perfectly healthy and may not even know they have an
infection.
 COMMON TYPES
Chlamydia Genital Herpes
 COMMON TYPES
Gonorrhea HIV/AIDS
 COMMON TYPES
HPV Pubic Lice
 COMMON TYPES
Syphilis Trichomoniasis
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• STDs or STIs can have a range of signs and symptoms,
or sometimes no symptoms at all. That's why they may
go unnoticed until complications occur or a partner is
diagnosed.
• Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal
area
• Painful or burning urination
• Discharge from the penis
• Unusual or odorous vaginal discharge
• Unusual vaginal bleeding
• Pain during sex
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Sore, swollen lymph nodes particularly in the
groin but sometimes more widespread
• Lower abdominal pain
• Fever
• Rash over the trunk, hands or feet
• Signs and symptoms may appear a few days
after exposure. However, it may take years
before you have any noticeable problems,
depending on the organism causing the STI.
 CAUSES
• Bacteria
– Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples of STIs
that are caused by bacteria.
• Parasites
– Trichomoniasis is an STI caused by a parasite.
• Viruses
– STIs causes by viruses include HPV, genital herpes and HIV.
• Other kinds of infections — hepatitis A, B and C
viruses, shigella infection and giardia infection — can
be spread through sexual activity, but it's possible to be
infected without sexual contact.
 RISK FACTORS
• Having unprotected sex
• Having sexual contact with multiple partners
• Having a history of STIs
• Being forced to engage in sexual activity
• Misuse of alcohol or use of recreational drugs
• Injecting drugs
• Being young
• Transmission from mothers to infants
 COMPLICATIONS
• Pelvic pain
• Pregnancy complications
• Eye inflammation
• Arthritis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Infertility
• Heart disease
• Certain cancers, such as HPV-associated cervical
and rectal cancers
 PREVENTION
• Abstain
• Stay with one uninfected partner
• Wait and test
• Get vaccinated
• Use condoms and dental dams consistently and
correctly
• Don't drink alcohol excessively or use drugs
• Communicate
• Consider male circumcision
• Consider using preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
 Non-disclosure and Other HIV Related Laws

• Republic Act No. 11166

• An Act Strengthening the Philippine
Comprehensive Policy on Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Prevention,
Treatment, Care, and Support, and,
Reconstituting the Philippine National Aids
Council (PNAC), Repealing for the Purpose
Republic Act No. 8504, Otherwise Known as The
"Philippine Aids Prevention and Control Act of
1998“.
• The Philippines does not have any HIV-specific laws that
criminalise HIV non-disclosure, perceived ‘exposure’ or
transmission. However, the recently enacted Philippine HIV
and AIDS Policy Act 2018 includes a provision, Section 47,
which states that any person who knows they have HIV is
“strongly encouraged” to disclose their HIV status to a
spouse, sexual partner, or other person prior to engaging
in penetrative sex, or any potential exposure to HIV.
• This is an improvement on the HIV non-disclosure offence
from the previous Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control
Act 1998 which stated that a person was “obliged” to
disclose their HIV status to a spouse or sexual partner at
the earliest opportune time (Section 34).