(i, j + 1) y A (d, k

)
cos 3 lim
n

sin Fourier Transforms

f(a)
h
0)
x 2 

u n l,
o
 B(
ta n UNIT
FOURIER TRANSFORMS 2
2.1 DEFINITION
The integral transform of a function f (x) denoted by I [f (x)], is defined by
x2
f ( s) =  f ( x) k ( s, x) dx
x1

where k (s, x) is called the KERNEL of the transform and is a known

function of s and x. The function f (x) is called the inverse transform of
f ( s) .
The examples of a kernel are
i) When k (s, x) = e–sx, it leads to the Laplace transform of f (x) i.e.,

f ( s) =  e  sx f ( x ) dx
0

ii) When k (s, x) = eisx we have the Fourier transform of f (x) i.e.,

F (s) =  f ( x) eisx dx


iii) When k (s, x) = xs – 1, it gives the Mellin transform of f (x) i.e.,


M (s) =  f ( x ) x s 1dx
0

iv) Hankel transform K (s, x) = x Jn (sx)

 Fourier Transforms 77

2.3 INFINITE FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Consider,
 
1
f (x) =   f (t ) eiu (t  x ) dt du
2 u  t 

   
1
=    f (t )eiut dt  e ixu du
2  
u   t  
We define

F (u) =  f (t ) eiut dt as the complex.
t 
Fourier transform or simply Fourier transform of f(t) or f(x).
Further,

1
f (x) =  F (u )e ixu du is called the inverse Fourier
2 u 
transform of F(u).
Note: We may define the Fourier integral as follows also
  1  
1
f (x) =    f (t )eiut dt  e ixu du
2   2  
and the transformation pair will be

1
F (u) =  f (t ) eiut dt
2 t 


1
and f (x) =  F (u ) eixu du
2 u 

4
2. FOURIER COSINE AND SINE TRANSFORMS
1) We define

Fc(u) =  f (t ) cos ut dt as a Fourier cosine transform of f(t)
t 0
and
78 Engineering Mathematics–III


2
f (x) =
  Fc (u ) cos xu du , as the inverse.
u 0
Fourier cosine transform
ii) We define

Fs(u) =  f(t) sin ut dt as the Fourier sine transform of f(t)
t 0
and

2
f (x) =
  Fs (u )sin xu du , as the inverse
u 0
Fourier sine transform.
Note: Also we may define the above formulae as follows

2
Fc(u) =
  f (t ) cos ut dt
0


2
Fs(u) =
  f (t )sin ut dt
0


2
and, f (x) =
  Fc (u ) cos xu du
u 0


2
f(x) =
  Fs (u ) sin xu du .
u 0

1 for x 1
Example 1: Express the function f ( x )   as a Fourier
0 for x 1

sin  cos x
integral. Hence evaluate  
d
0

Solution: The Fourier integral is given by

 
1
f (x) =
2   f (t ) cos u ( x  t ) dt du
 
80 Engineering Mathematics–III


1 2sin u
f(x) =
2  cos( xu )
u
du + 0 ( I 2  0)



2 cos ux sin u
=
  u
du
0

Changing u to 

2 cos  x sin 
f (x) =
  
d
0


cos x sin  
  d = f ( x)
 2
0

 1 for | x |  1
= 
2 0 for | x |  1
put x = 0
 
sin   sin x 
 
d  = , or
2  x
dx 
2
0 0

Example 2: Find the Fourier transform of

f (x) = 1 – x2 for |x|1
= 0 for |x|>1
Solution:
We have, Fourier transform of f (x) is

F {f (x)} =  f ( x )eisx dx  F ( s )


1 1 
=  (0) eisx dx   (1  x 2 ) eisx dx   (0)eisx dx
 1 1

1
=  (1  x 2 ) eisx dx
1
 Fourier Transforms 81

1
 eisx eisx eisx 
= (1  x 2 )  ( 2 x)  2 
 is (is ) 2 (is)3  1

(eis  e is ) (eis  e  is )

= 2 2
s2 is 3
4
=  ( s cos s  sin s)
s3
Now, by inversion formula, we have

1
f (x) =  F ( s) e isx ds
2 


1 4  isx 1  x 2 x 1
 
2  s3
( s cos s  sin s ) e ds  
 0 x 0


1
Putting x = we get
2
 is
1 4  1 3

2  53
( s cos s  sin s)e 2 ds 1 
4 4



s cos s  sin s  s s 3
  s 3  cos  i sin  ds 
 2 2 8



s cos s  sin s s 3
  s3
cos
2
ds  
8 (Since the integral is even)

Changing the dummy variable s to x we get

x cos x  sin x x 3
 x 3
cos dx  
2 16
0

e ax
Example 3: Find the Fourier sine transform of .
x

e ax
Solution: Let f (x) = then its Fourier sine transform is
x
82 Engineering Mathematics–III


e ax
Fs {f(x)} =  x
sin sx dx  F ( s) (say).
0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. s underintegral sign, we get

d xe  ax cos sx
ds
F (s) =  x
dx
0


=  e ax cos sx dx
0


  ax ( a cos sx  s sin sx ) 
= e 
 a2  s 2 0
a
=
s  a22

Integrating w.r.t. s we get

a s
F (s) =  2 2
ds  tan 1 c
s a a
But F(s) = 0 when s = 0  c=0

1 s
 F (s) = tan
a

Example 4: Find the Fourier transform of f (t) = e– | t |

Solution: Fourier transform of f (t) is given by

F (u) =  f (t ) eiut dt


e t for t  0
Here, f (t) = 
t
 e for t  0
0 
 F (u) =  e e dt   e t eiut dt
t iut

 0

0 
=  e(1iu )t dt   e (1iu ) t dt
 0
84 Engineering Mathematics–III

Example 6: Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x) = e– |x | and hence


x sin mx
evaluate  1  x2
dx, m  0.
0

Solution:
Fourier sine transform is given by

Fs(u) =  f (t )sin ut dt
0


 t
=  e sin ut dt  e  | t |  e t
0


=  et sin ut dt
0


t  (1sin ut  u cos ut ) 
= e  
 12  u 2 0

u
Fs(u) =
1  u2
By inverse Fourier sine transform we have

2
f (x) =   Fs (u )sin xu du
0


2 u
=   1  u2
sin xu du
0

Putting x = m, m > 0 we have


2 u sin mu
f (x) =   1  u2
du
0


u sin mu du  m  f ( x)  e  x
  1  u2

2
e
f (m)  e  m
0
 Fourier Transforms 85

Changing the dummy variable u to x we get


x sin mx  m
 1 x 2
dx 
2
e
0

Example 7: Find the Fourier cosine transform of

4 x 0  x 1

f ( x)   4  x 1 x  4
0 x4

Solution: The Fourier cosine transform is

Fc{f (x)} =  f ( x) cos ux dx
0

1 4
=  4 x cos ux dx   (4  x ) cos ux dx  0
0 1

1 4
 x sin ux 1cos ux   sin ux (1) ( cos ux) 
= 4     (4  x )  
 u u 2 0  u u2 1

4sin u 4cos u 4 cos 4u 3sin u cos u

=   2   2
u u2 u u2 u u
sin u 5cos u cos 4u 4
=    2
u u2 u2 u

Example 8: Find the Fourier cosine transform of

1 for 0  x  1
f ( x)  
0 for x  1

sin x
and hence evaluate  x
dx
0
Solution: The Fourier cosine transform is

Fc{f (x)} =  f ( x ) cos ux dx
0
86 Engineering Mathematics–III

1
=  1cos ux dx  0
0

1
 sin ux  sin u
=     (u )
 u 0 u
Hence from inverse Fourier cosine transform

2
We have, f (x) =
  (u ) cos xu du
0


2 sin u
=   u
cos xu du
0

Put x = 0

2 sin u
f (0) =   u
du
0


sin u 
  u
du =
2
f (0)
0


sin u 
  u
du =
2
 f (0) = 1 0x1
0

Changing the dummy variable u to x we get


sin x
 dx =  .
x 2
0

1
Example 9: Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x )  . Hence
1  x2
x
derive Fourier cosine transform of ( x) 
1  x2
Solution: Let the Fourier cosine transform be
 Fourier Transforms 87


cos sx
Fc{f (x)} =  1  x2
dx  I (say) ....(1)
0


dI x sin sx

ds
= –  1  x2
dx
0


x 2 sin sx
=   x (1  x 2 )
dx ....(2)
0


(1  x 2 )  1
=  sin sx dx
0 x (1  x 2 )

 
sin sx sin sx
=  dx   2
dx
x
0 0 x (1  x )


dI  sin sx
 =   dx ....(3)
ds 2 0 x (1  x 2 )

d 2I 
x cos sx

cos sx
 2
= 0  dx   dx  I
2
ds
0 x(1  x ) 0 1  x2

d 2I d
 2
I = 0 or (D2 – 1) I = 0 where D =
ds ds

It is solution is
I = c1 es + c2 e–s ....(4)

dI
= c1 es – c2 e–s ....(5)
ds
When s = 0 (1) and (4) gives


dx 
c1 + c2 =  1 x 2

2
0
 Fourier Transforms 89

1
2
=
  (1  ) cos  d   F ()  0 for >0
0

1
2  sin  (  cos ) 
= (1  )   (1) 
  2 0

2 2
2 (1  cos ) 2 . 2sin 2 4sin 2
=  
 2 2 2
Thus we have

 4sin 2 
2 cos  d   F ()
  2
0


 sin 2  
2
  
2
cos  d =  F()
0
 
2


Put t  d = 2dt t  0 to 
2

sin 2 t
  t2
cos(2t ) 2dt   F ()
0

Put  = 0 F () = 1 – 0 = 1

sin 2 t 
  t 2
dt 
2
0
2
Example 11: Find the Fourier cosine transform of e  x
Solution:
2
Fourier cosine transform of e  x is given by

2
Fc e x 
2
2
=  e  x cos sx dx  I (say) ....(1)

0
90 Engineering Mathematics–III

Differentiating w.r.t. s under integral sign


dI 2 2
=   e  x x sin sx dx
ds  0


1 2 2
=  (sin sx) (2 xe x ) dx
2 
0

Integrating by parts

 

1 2  2  2 
=  sin sx e  x s  cos sx e  x dx 
2   0
0 


s 2 2 s
= 0–  e  x cos x dx   I
2  2
0

dI sI dI s
 =  or   ds
ds 2 I 2
Integrating we get

s2
 log I =   log k
4

s2

 I = Ke 4 ....(2)

Now, when s = 0, from (1)


2 2 2  1
I =  e  x dx  . 
  2 2
0

1
From (2) k
2

s2
1 
 I = Fc  f ( x )  e 4
2
92 Engineering Mathematics–III

6. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of

x 0x2
f (x) = 
0, other wise

7. Find the finite Fourier sine transform of the function f (x) = cos kx,
where k is a non-integer over (0, ).

s
8. Find the inverse Fourier sine transform of
1  s2

9. Find the Fourier transform of the function

 a 2  x 2 for | x |  a
f (x) = 
 0 for | x |  a

_________