Home Automation:

1 Smart lighting

Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to
the ambient condition and switching on/off or dimming the lights when
needed. Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid-state
lighting such as LED light and IP enabled the lights.
Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely
from IoT applications such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with
sensor for occupancy, Temperature Lux level etc can be configured to
adapt the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed, in order to
provide a good ambience.

2 Smart Appliances

Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerator,

music system, washer / dryer etc. Managing and controlling these
appliances can be cumbersome with each appliance having its own
controls or remote controls.
Smart appliance makes the management easier and also provide status
information to the user remotely. Examples smart watches /dryers that can
be controlled remotely and notify when the washing / driving cycle is
complete smart thermostat Allow controlling the temperature remotely and
can learn the user preferences smart refrigerator can keep track of the item
stored and send update to the user when an item is low on stock.
Smart TV Allows user to search and stream videos and movies from the
internet on a local storage drive, search TV channel schedule and fetch
news weather updates and other content from the internet.

3 Smart Garden

Sensors may be quite useful for people who want to cultivate their own
veggies, fruit, and herbs at home. Users may check on the app to see
whether the temperature is correct, if the plant is sufficiently hydrated, and
if it is receiving enough sunshine.

The software can track the present status of the soil, determine whether it
has adequate moisture, and, if necessary, activate a smart irrigation
system.

4 Smart Kitchen

IoT devices can make cooking safer and easier by utilizing AI technologies.
Smart sensors can monitor for smoke and carbon monoxide, as well as the
temperature and humidity levels in your kitchen, to ensure that everything is
in working order.
Special built-in applications keep track of whether the user has enough
food in the fridge (and reorder it if necessary), offer recipe suggestions, and
assess the nutritional worth of meals. Smart spoons, for example, urge
users to eat gently.

4 Security System

Do you always double-check that the doors and windows are shut and that
the TV, computer, and other electrical equipment are turned off before
leaving your house? With the aid of specific sensors, smart security
systems will do it for you.
When you leave the house, these controllers can lock the entrance, close
the shutters, switch off electronic gadgets, and ensure that your home is
safe from human and animal intruders. Users may use the app on their
phones to check on their homes and manage the temperature, humidity,
and lighting remotely. You may also keep an eye on your older relatives and
assist them if necessary.

5 Doors and Walls

Our future doors will not require keys. The smart door may utilize face
recognition to unlock your home. Any visitors who are not recognised as
residents must be escorted inside the building by a resident. The doors
may also be set to open as you approach your house and close as you
depart.
They can also set off a chain reaction in other gadgets in your house. The
entry door may detect the authorized users and open, followed by the light
turning on; other doors in the house may then open, and the TV and coffee
machine may be switched on.

6 Temperature Control

With temperature control automation, you can set the temperature in your
house to the level that is most comfortable for you. Users may programme
smart thermostats to manage the temperature based on their preferences
and setups. These thermostats can detect your present activities and
adjust the temperature as needed.

7 Safety Sensors

Safety sensors are intelligent gadgets that can detect when anything is
wrong in your house. They can instantly alert users to possible hazards and
even take action to avert them. They only need a smartphone with Internet
access and sensors put in their house.
Temperature, humidity, and gas controllers can monitor the air in your
house on a regular basis and give you notifications through the Internet if
the indications are outside of the ideal range.

8 Smart Bathrooms

In the bathroom, IoT technology may make your daily routine more
enjoyable and convenient. Smart mirrors may link to other devices such as
computers and smartphones, detect the faces of family members in front
of them, and show information that interests those individuals, such as
news articles, weather forecasts, or specific websites.
If no one is in the bathroom, special sensors can detect movement and
switch off the water automatically. Smart shower controls may also
recognise people and set their preferred water temperature and pressure,
as well as limit the amount of time spent in the shower to save water.

Industry Application:

1 Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis

Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by

analysing the data and the current operating conditions and how much
deviations exist from the normal operating conditions. Machine diagnosis
refer to determining the causes of a machine fault.
IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of industrial
machines. Industrial machines have a large number of components that
must function correctly for the machine to perform its operations. Sensors
in machine can monitor the operating conditions such as temperatures and
vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements are done on time scale of
few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generations of the massive
amount of the data.

2 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of
the workers. harmful and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen
monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide etc t can cause serious health problems.
IoT based gas monitoring system can help in monitoring the indoor air
quality using various gas sensors.
The indoor air quality can vary for different locations. Wireless sensor
networks based IoT devices can identify the other hazardous zones, so that
a corrective measure can be taken to ensure proper ventilation

3 Automated and remote equipment management and monitoring

One of the main IoT applications is related to the automated

management of equipment, allowing a centralized system to control and
monitor all company processes.
This ability to remotely control equipment via digital machines and software
also implies that it is possible to control several plants located at different
geographic locations.
This gives companies an unprecedented ability to oversee advances in
their production in real time, while also being able to analyse historical data
that they obtain in relation to their processes. The objective of collecting
and using that data is to support the improvement of processes and
generating an environment where information-based decisions are a
priority.

4 Quality Control

Another entry among the most important IOT applications is the ability to
monitor the quality of manufactured products at any stage: from the raw
materials that are used in the process, to the way in which they are
transported (via smart tracking applications), to the reactions of the end
customer once the product is received.

5 Supply Chain Optimization

Among the Industrial IoT applications aimed at achieving a higher

efficiency, we can find the ability to have real time in-transit
information regarding the status of a company’s supply chain.
This allows for the detection of various hidden opportunities for
improvement or pinpointing the issues that are hindering processes,
making them inefficient or unprofitable.

6 Plant Safety improvement

Machines that are part of IOT can generate real-time data regarding the
situation on the plant. Through the monitoring of equipment damages, plant
air quality and the frequency of illnesses in a company, among other
indicators, it is possible to avoid hazardous scenarios that imply a threat to
the workers.
This not only boosts safety in the facility, but also productivity and
employee motivation. In addition, economic and reputation costs that result
from poor management of company safety are minimized.
7 Maximizes assets use

One great benefit of applying IoT into the industry is the possibility to
maximize the use of assets. Through software, companies can have a
centralized system to control and monitor their workflows.
In fact, almost every operative process of the company can be monitored,
and that ensures better usage of the machinery, manufacturing, and
processes.
Imagine that you can stop wasting raw material, reduce operational costs,
improve production quality, and delivery times by integrating Internet of
Things in the organization.

8 Packaging Optimization

Manufacturers can gain insights into the usage patterns and handling of
product from different customers by using IoT sensors embedded in
products and/or packaging. There are smart tracking mechanisms that can
trace product deterioration during the product transit.
Other factors such as weather impact, a condition of roads and other
environment variables on the product. Through these insights, one can re-
engineer products and their packaging for delivering better performance in
both costs of packaging and customer experience.

Surveillance applications:

1 Manufacturers

Manufacturers benefit from enhanced video surveillance in multiple ways.

Worker safety can be improved by restricting access to dangerous areas.
Automated assembly line monitoring can ensure production objectives are
met and address incidents promptly. Intelligent systems connected to IoT-
powered video cameras enable predictive maintenance, resulting in more
efficient plant operation.

2 Smart Homes
that can detect and restrict access to dangerous areas by toddlers or pets
are possible with IoT-enhanced video surveillance systems.

3 Smart Cities

implement cutting-edge IoT video surveillance to monitor vehicle and foot

traffic, addressing congestion problems. Predictive AI analysis may identify
dangerous situations before they escalate and give decision-makers ample
time to react. This information can also help avert disasters such as those
recently experienced from catastrophic weather events.

4 Physical Security

Physical security is enhanced with IoT-enabled video surveillance systems

in multiple ways. Smart drones can minimize the challenges involved with
monitoring large areas like airports and campuses. Facial recognition
software can be used to identify authorized personnel and restrict
unauthorized individuals from entering a secure facility.

5 Retail establishments

Retail establishments can use smarter video surveillance systems to better

understand customer traffic patterns to tailor their offerings to consumer
demand. Intelligent systems can identify problem behaviours such as
shoplifting and alert the appropriate personnel.

6 Licence Plate Recognition

High-resolution cameras deployed at facility parking locations and along

roadways can instantly scan volumes of license plates to locate and track
specific vehicles or maintain a record of vehicles entering or leaving an
area. Rugged NVR computers running optical character reading algorithms
accurately capture and process license plate digits automatically when the
predetermined parameter is triggered, like a vehicle entering the camera
field of view or a specific point within.

hardware platform IoT applications:

1 Raspberry pie

The Raspberry Pi is a Single Board Computer developed by Raspberry Pi

Foundation. It is widely popular as a small, inexpensive computing board
among experimenters, hobbyists, educators and technology enthusiasts.

2 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs – light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message – and turn it into an
output – activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online.

3 Banana Pie

Banana Pi is a single-board computer. Banana Pi targets to be a cheap,

small and flexible enough computer for daily life. Built with ARM Cortex-A7
Dual-core CPU and Mali400MP2 GPU, and open source software, Banana
Pi can serve as a platform to make lots of applications for different
purposes.

4 Flutter

Flutter features a fast ARM processor, powerful long-range wireless

communication, built-in battery charging, and an onboard security chip,
making Flutter an ideal choice for robotics, wireless sensor networks,
consumer electronics, and educational platforms.
5 CHIP

CHIP is making news for it’s low cost ($9) and high value features. It is fully
loaded with built-in WiFi b/g/n, 1GHz Processor, 4GB onboard storage,
512MB RAM, and Bluetooth 4.0.

6 Particle.io

Particle.io is one of the most comprehensive end to end IoT platforms. It is

an all-in-one io platform that offers IoT hardware development platform,
connectivity, device cloud and apps. Particle makes a long line of IoT
hardware development products for both rapid prototypes and DFM level
production.

7 Intel IoT Development Boards

Intel is by no doubt one of the major leaders of the semiconductor kingdom

and it was no surprise when they released a couple of boards with IoT
enabling features a while back. While they have discontinued support for
some of the old boards, some of these boards are still being used for rapid
prototyping by makers and product development by designers. One of the
major features of the board, unsurprisingly is the huge processing
capabilities. One of the most popular of the Intel boards is the Intel Edison
compute module.

8 Adafruit

Adafruit is one of the biggest online electronics component store. Adafruit

joined the IoT race a while back with special line of product like the Adafruit
feather boards that possessed unique features to enable the development
of scalable IoT prototypes.

Implementation of IOT:
1 Set Effective Business Objectives

Successful IoT implementation involves setting practical business

objectives. You can employ the services of IoT specialists or engineers if
you lack the know-how. This will help you decide if IoT requires
investments for a short or long period. You will also figure out if the
investment will yield tangible returns. When setting your business
objectives, clearly define your goals for IoT. You must understand and
state:
• The problem in the short and long term
• The aim for solving the problem
• The best way to solve the problem

2 Search for Proven IoT Use Cases

Although IoT is relatively new, it has existed long enough to be developed

in several areas. Also, several organizations have adopted IoT devices,
causing them to become more famous. Therefore, an essential step to
effective IoT implementation is researching proven use cases. This would
help you identify the loopholes in your business objectives and plans with
IoT implementation. Some of the common tested use cases of IoT you can
research include:
• Preventive Maintenance
• Automatic Refilling
• Resource Micromanagement

3 Select An Appropriate Hardware

When you decide to adopt IoT implementation, you need to determine the
factors involved. Understanding every IoT asset or device to be integrated
into the network is essential. Ensure you select appropriate hardware
consisting of the most primary sensors. Examples of the devices used for
accurate data collection include volume, weight, color, sound, vision,
temperature, pressure, and humidity. You will need to upload the data on
the cloud with another hardware.

4 Select Your Desired IoT Tools

The internet plays a pivotal role in successful IoT implementation; therefore,

you must have a strong internet speed. However, the IoT devices you select
determine their effectiveness. You connect an IoT device to the internet for
several reasons, such as:
• Collecting, processing, and sending sensor data to designated endpoints
• Receive commands to set or do tasks and control actuators

5 Select An Effective IoT Platform

IoT platforms are software for centralizing and controlling all aspects of IoT
devices and networks. You can get these IoT platforms from specialized
suppliers or custom-made in-house. Once you get an effective IoT platform, it
becomes the foundation of the network–everything else is built around it.

6 Implementation And Prototyping

Before implementation, you should assemble a team of several tech

professionals. The team should then thoroughly analyse the entire process.
This is because many systems interact with each other during IoT processes.

Some of the experts to include in the team consists of IT experts,

telecommunications specialists, manufacturing experts, computer, software,
electronic, mechanical, mechatronics, and automation engineers. The experts
selected depend on your target for IoT. Once your team has been assembled,
design your implementation and test the prototype

7 Collect Useful Data

A crucial step for implementing IoT is collecting sufficient and valuable data.
Several sensors can be used for this; however, more complex needs would
require more sensors for data collection. Some of the standard sensors
include oil, integrity, and fuel sensors. You may also be generating terabytes
of data daily. The data generated must be interpreted, processed, and stored
on a secure database.

8 Apply Hot and Cold Path Analytics

Hot or cold path analytics are decision-making processes. Hot path analytics
are short-term, while cold path analytics focuses on the long-term. They
involve storing the data collected by the sensors in parts or wholly. The data is
converted or interpreted by embedded systems and later analysed.

9 Employ Machine Learning

Machine learning involves using artificial intelligence to review information in

real-time. It helps to identify patterns in the data and act on them. Artificial
intelligence performs data analysis to understand historical occurrences,
predict human behaviour, the need for maintenance, among others. This helps
to identify patterns in the data. Artificial intelligence would supplement data
scientists or eventually replace them.

10 Be Security Conscious

Being security conscious is one of the ways to protect your business from
unforeseen attacks. Many organizations have lost or been forced to pay top
dollars because of poor security measures. Ensure you deploy effective
security measures that can protect your business from hacking and other
attacks.

Cloud Computing:

One component that improves the success of the Internet of Things is Cloud
Computing. Cloud computing enables users to perform computing tasks using
services provided over the Internet. The use of the Internet of Things in
conjunction with cloud technologies has become a kind of catalyst: the
Internet of Things and cloud computing are now related to each other. These
are true technologies of the future that will bring many benefits.
Due to the rapid growth of technology, the problem of storing, processing, and
accessing large amounts of data has arisen. Great innovation relates to the
mutual use of the Internet of Things and cloud technologies. In combination, it
will be possible to use powerful processing of sensory data streams and new
monitoring services. As an example, sensor data can be uploaded and saved
using cloud computing for later use as intelligent monitoring and activation
using other devices. The goal is to transform data into insights and thus drive
cost-effective and productive action.

Benefits And Functions of IoT Cloud:

There are many benefits of combining these services –
1. IoT Cloud Computing provides many connectivity options, implying
large network access. People use a wide range of devices to gain
access to cloud computing resources: mobile devices, tablets, laptops.
This is convenient for users but creates the problem of the need for
network access points.
2. Developers can use IoT cloud computing on-demand. In other words, it
is a web service accessed without special permission or any help. The
only requirement is Internet access.
3. Based on the request, users can scale the service according to their
needs. Fast and flexible means you can expand storage space, edit
software settings, and work with the number of users. Due to this
characteristic, it is possible to provide deep computing power and
storage.
4. Cloud Computing implies the pooling of resources. It influences
increased collaboration and builds close connections between users.
5. As the number of IoT devices and automation in use grows, security
concerns emerge. Cloud solutions provide companies with reliable
authentication and encryption protocols.
6. Finally, IoT cloud computing is convenient because you get exactly as
much from the service as you pay. This means that costs vary
depending on use: the provider measures your usage statistics. A
growing network of objects with IP addresses is needed to connect to
the Internet and exchange data between the components of the
network.
 Cloud computing encompasses the delivery of data-to-data centres over
the Internet. IBM divides cloud computing into six different categories:

Platform as a Service (PaaS) –

The cloud contains everything you need to build and deliver cloud
applications so there is no need to maintain and buy equipment, software,
etc.
Software as a Service (SaaS) –
In this case, applications run in the cloud and other companies operate
devices that connect to users’ computers through a web browser.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) –
IaaS is an option providing companies with storage, servers, networks and
hubs processing data for each use.
Public cloud –
Companies manage spaces and provide users with quick access through
the public network.
Private cloud –
The same as a public cloud, but only one person has access here, which
can be an organization, an individual company, or a user.
Hybrid cloud –
Based on a private cloud, but provides access to a public cloud.

fog computing:

The solution to the challenges mentioned in the previous section is to

distribute data management throughout the IoT system, as close to the edge
of the IP network as possible. The best-known embodiment of edge services
in IoT is fog computing. Any device with computing, storage, and network
connectivity can be a fog node. Examples include industrial controllers,
switches, routers, embedded servers, and IoT gateways. Analyzing IoT data
close to where it is collected minimizes latency, offloads gigabytes of network
traffic from the core network, and keeps sensitive data inside the local
network.
Fog services are typically accomplished very close to the edge device, sitting
as close to the IoT endpoints as possible. One significant advantage of this is
that the fog node has contextual awareness of the sensors it is managing
because of its geographic proximity to those sensors.
For example, there might be a fog router on an oil derrick that is monitoring all
the sensor activity at that location. Because the fog node is able to analyze
information from all the sensors on that derrick, it can provide contextual
analysis of the messages it is receiving and may decide to send back only the
relevant information over the backhaul network to the cloud. In this way, it is
performing distributed analytics such that the volume of data sent upstream is
greatly reduced and is much more useful to application and analytics servers
residing in the cloud.
The defining characteristic of fog computing are as follows:
Contextual location awareness and low latency: The fog node sits as close
to the IoT endpoint as possible to deliver distributed computing.
Geographic distribution: In sharp contrast to the more centralized cloud, the
services and applications targeted by the fog nodes demand widely distributed
deployments.
Deployment near IoT endpoints: Fog nodes are typically deployed in the
presence of a large number of IoT endpoints. For example, typical metering
deployments often see 3000 to 4000 nodes per gateway router, which also
functions as the fog computing node.
Wireless communication between the fog and the IoT endpoint: Although
it is possible to connect wired nodes, the advantages of fog are greatest when
dealing with a large number of endpoints, and wireless access is the easiest
way to achieve such scale.
Use for real-time interactions: Important fog applications involve real-time
interactions rather than batch processing. Pre-processing of data in the fog
nodes allows upper-layer applications to perform batch processing on a
subset of the data.

connected vehicles:

• Connectivity will be at the heart of next generation vehicles. Whether it

will be real-time traffic flow information, mapping, infotainment or remote
access to emergency services, all these services will require
connectivity.
• Connected vehicle applications and services have distinctive features;
they need to operate globally and usually have a very long ‘device’
lifetime, however can be integrated with local intelligent transport
solutions and need to comply with local security and emergency
regulations.
• Connected vehicle and smart transport applications have the potential
to bring substantial benefits to consumers, including making travel
safer, reducing congestion, and providing real time information to
passengers.
• Any vehicle which is equipped with internet connectivity can be called a
connected car. Currently, automobile companies use two kinds of
systems in connected cars: Embedded and Tethered systems. An
Embedded vehicle will be equipped with a chipset and built-in antenna,
and a Tethered system will be equipped with hardware that connects to
the driver’s smartphone.
• A connected vehicle can access/send data, download software
updates/patches, connect with other devices (Internet Of Things or IoT)
and also provide WiFi internet connection to the passengers. The
connected car telematics can also be accessed through connected
technology, and it is extremely useful for electric vehicles
• A connected vehicle comes equipped with a host of smart and
convenient features. The features of connected car technology improve
the overall driving and ownership experience, and also adds a safety
net with its advanced security features. Below are the smart features of
a connected vehicle:
• A connected car is always connected to the internet via an embedded
chipset or SIM card, and it can access the internet, provided there is
 stable wireless network coverage. Connected vehicles can also provide
onboard WiFi connectivity, download over-the-air updates released by
the manufacturer and access other online apps and services.
Benefits:
Internet Connectivity in Cars
A connected car is always connected to the internet via an embedded
chipset or SIM card, and it can access the internet, provided there is stable
wireless network coverage. Connected vehicles can also provide onboard
WiFi connectivity, download over-the-air updates released by the
manufacturer and access other online apps and services.
App to Car Connectivity
Nowadays, car manufacturers provide a dedicated smartphone app that
connects with the vehicle through the wireless network. The app allows
users to remotely operate the functions of a car such as locking/unlocking
the door, opening sunroof, engine start/stop, climate control, headlight
on/off and honk the horn. The app will also help to locate the car via the
onboard GPS.
Protecting Young Drivers with “Curfews”
The connected vehicles come with an important security feature known as
Geo-Fencing. In simple words, it creates a geographical boundary on the
map and alerts the owner, if the vehicle is driven beyond the set boundary.
The geo-fencing can be set via the smartphone app, and this feature will
be extremely useful if you are worried about the young/inexperienced
drivers taking the car out.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity technology allows connected vehicles to
communicate with each other. The V-2-V enables the sharing of vital
information such as traffic movement, road conditions, speed limits and
much more. V-2-V technology will be a critical part of autonomous vehicles,
which are deemed as the future of mobility.
Entertainment
A connected vehicle will allow you to connect to a host of pre-loaded
entertainment services/apps. You can listen to music, internet radio or
even watch videos (when the vehicle is parked). Apart from that, you can
also connect your smartphone to the infotainment system of the car via
apps and remotely control the audio/video.
Remote Parking
 As the name of the feature suggests, some high-end connected cars even
allow you to remotely park the vehicle. Yes, using the smartphone app or
the smart key fob, you can get out of your vehicle and manoeuvre the car
to park it in the desired spot. This feature will come in handy in tight
parking spaces and when you are not confident about parking the car in a
very congested area.
Security
Connected vehicles come equipped with several critical security features
such as real-time location sharing/tracking, emergency SOS calls in case
of an accident, roadside assistance in case of vehicle breakdown and
much more. Apart from the onboard safety equipment, these smart safety
features come in handy during tricky situations.
Types:
• Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I): This type of connectivity is used mainly
for the safety of the vehicle. The vehicle communicates with the road
infrastructure, and shares/receives information such as
traffic/road/weather condition, speed limits, accidents, etc.
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V): The vehicle-to-vehicle communication
system allows the real-time exchange of information between vehicles.
V2V is also used for the safety of vehicles.
• Vehicle to Cloud (V2C): The V2C connection is established via the
wireless LTE network, and it relays data with the cloud. Vehicle to cloud
connectivity is mainly used for downloading over-the-air (OTA) vehicle
updates, remote vehicle diagnostics or to connect with any IoT devices.
• Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P): One of the newest systems used in
connected vehicles is the V2P system, and it is also for safety
purposes. Vehicles use sensors to detect pedestrians, which gives
collision warnings.
• Vehicle to Everything (V2X): The combination of all the above-
mentioned types of connectivity is known as V2X connectivity.

data aggregation for the IoT in Smart Cities:

The main goal of data aggregation mechanisms is to achieve high Quality of

Services (QoS), including optimal data transmission delay, reliability, and
energy consumption.
Smart city services encompass the activities that sustain a city’s population,
these involve municipal tasks such as supply of water, waste management,
environmental control and monitoring etc.
Sensors for water quality can be deployed to continually provide an update
about the quality of water being used in the city and detect leaks. One popular
component of smart city initiatives is the management of waste, and it has
been the part of many of the smart city initiatives mentioned earlier, from
chutes in Barcelona to having bins equipped with sensors and connected to
the cloud so as to not only inform the relevant authorities of the need to empty
them but also using AI to determine the best route to reduce cost.
Sensors can also be used to monitor the environmental conditions in a city to
determine pollution levels and guiding citizens to the next free parking space
to save fuel costs
Smart utility meters
A top IoT device among utility companies is the smart meter. These devices
attach to buildings and connect to a smart energy grid, allowing the utility
companies to manage energy flow more effectively.
Smart meters also allow users to track their energy consumption—leaving a
significant financial impact. Insider Intelligence expects utility companies to
save $157 billion by 2035 due to smart meter adoption and implementation.
Smart transportation
Connected vehicles have made their way to the forefront of public transit—and
the efforts have already started to bear fruit. Insider Intelligence projects US
connected cars will make up 97% of the total number of registered vehicles by
2035.
Specifically, voice search and location data capabilities are attractive to
drivers, and as smart applications continue to evolve and grow, so will the
adoption of smart transit.
Smart grids
Arguably the greatest implementation of smart architecture and infrastructure
is smart grids, which help tremendously with resource conservation.
Amsterdam, for example, has been experimenting with offering home energy
storage units and solar panels for households that are connected to the city’s
smart grid.
These batteries help lower stress on the grid at peak hours by allowing
residents to store energy during off-peak hours. The solar panels also let
residents sell spare energy from the panels back to the grid.
Smart waste management solutions
Waste management is both costly, inefficient, and can cause traffic buildup.
Smart waste management solutions can alleviate some of these pain points
by monitoring how full trash cans are at a given point and send that data to
waste management companies, providing the best waste pick-up routes.
Some smart waste bins, like the Evo Eco, have the ability to tell users which
items should be composted or recycled and can even show messages that
share how much an organization can save by recycling.
Smart air quality monitors
There are constantly air particles, dust, dirt, cleaning chemicals, floating
around in the air of one’s office building or home. Smart air quality monitors
can detect these particles and inform users of pollutants.
Monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) can better alert people of unsafe pollutant
levels via an indicator light or push notifications to one’s smartphone or tablet.

Privacy and Security in IOT:

Security has finally been recognized as an essential requirement for all types
of computer systems, including IoT systems. However, many IoT systems are
much less secure than typical Windows/Mac/Linux systems.
IoT security problems stem from a range of causes: inadequate security
features in hardware, poorly designed software with a range of vulnerabilities,
default passwords, and other security design errors.
Insecure IoT nodes create problems for the security of the entire IoT system.
Because nodes typically have lifetimes of several years, the large installed
base of insecure devices will create security problems for some time to come.
Insecure IoT systems also cause security problems for the rest of the Internet.
IoT devices are plentiful; insecure IoT nodes are ideally suited to denial-of-
service attacks.
The Dyn attack is one example of an IoT-based attack on traditional Internet
infrastructure. Privacy is related to security but requires specific measures at
the application, network, and device levels. Not only must user data be
protected from outright theft, but the network needs to be designed so that
less-private data cannot easily be used to infer more private data.

Security Risks
 • IoT devices are connected to your desktop or laptop. Lack of security
increases the risk of your personal information leaking while the data is
collected and transmitted to the IoT device.
• IoT devices are connected with a consumer network. This network is
also connected with other systems. So if the IoT device contains any
security vulnerabilities, it can be harmful to the consumer’s network.
This vulnerability can attack other systems and damage them.
• Sometimes unauthorized people might exploit the security
vulnerabilities to create risks to physical safety.

Privacy Risks
• In IoT, devices are interconnected with various hardware and software,
so there are obvious chances of sensitive information leaking through
unauthorized manipulation.
• All the devices are transmitting the user’s personal information such as
name, address, date of birth, health care information, credit card detail
and much more without encryption.