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Chapter 14
Enhancement of IoT-
Based Smart Hospital
System Survey Paper:
Research Article
Amudha S.
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India
Murali M.
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India
ABSTRACT
In an IoT environment, smart object, an ultimate building block, enables the
thing-to-thing communication in a smooth way. Huge numbers of heterogeneous
objects are connected with each other for sharing data and resources with less
human intervention. Sensor data can be used to provide different features by
automation, which causes less manpower and less disturbances to human life.
Integrating IoT technologies into healthcare domain is major research area,
which provides continuous monitoring of human health condition without
any interruption and provides optimal services in emergency cases. The
proposed system is embedded with enhanced innovative method to predict
future events based on its observations. In this chapter, a new framework for
smart healthcare systems is introduced by adding intelligent decision making,
data fusion, and prediction algorithms using machine learning concepts.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8555-8.ch014
Copyright © 2019, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
INTRODUCTION
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
The main scope of this paper is to explain the Smart Patient Health
monitoring Framework in emergency cases using, IoT, Big Data Tools
and Cloud Computing Concepts. This Survey paper is organized like
this, In Section II IoT Fundamental Concepts are explained, Section III
Provides Overview of Smart Healthcare Systems Based on IoT. In Section
IV represents Data Transmission using Crowd Sensing Concepts and
Section V presents Data Storage and Processing Frameworks. Section VI
is explaining about Different Deep Learning Architecture in Healthcare
Environment. and Finally in Section VII gives details about Conclusion
and Future Enhancement.
RELATED WORK
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Asset Layers
First Layer in IoT . This layer comprises basic element or objects which
are used for Monitoring and Controlling. This layer has various digital
representation and Identifiers. Exp: Building, Utility Systems, Home
and People.
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Resource Layer
Communication Layer
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Application Layer
Business Layer
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
MQTT
XMPP
DDS
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Table 1.
LAYERS PROTOCOLS
APPLICATION CoAP
TRANSPORT UDP ICMP
RPL
INTERNET
IPV6(6LoWPAN)
DATA LINK IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
PHYSICAL IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
AMQP
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
back end server for further processing. Since this work successfully allows
multiple tasks in intelligent way for monitoring, performance identification,
prediction, and report creation for the patient who are in emergency case
(Tokognon et al.,). The main objective of SAHM application is to access a
patient condition always and predict whether the patient health conditions
are normal or abnormal. This prediction happened well in advance so that
doctor’s can provide appropriate treatment in emergency cases also. This
framework is enhanced with various Technologies such as Decision Making,
Prediction using machine learning algorithms. Hence this monitoring
system tracks any changes on the patient body or environment in order
to detect possible events or damage well in advances. This system should
be maintained properly for giving maintenance, repair and safety details
to other doctors.
All SAHM systems rely on the integration of four major sub-systems
implemented to meet SAHM requirement and organize monitoring
activities. These are sensing layer (data acquisition sub-system), Base
Station Layer, Edge Server Layer and Cloud Center system for data
accessing, Storage and retrieval process.
Sensing Layer: This layer is the base which consists of various resources
such as RFID, Sensors, Actuator and PDA devices for capturing patient
data .This layer also called as perception layer. This layer observes and
measure the data based on context or environment conditions also. Data
from this acquisition layer are forwarded to the above layer through proper
communication channel which is called as Wireless Medium. In this layer
system performance metrics are considered as major factor to improve
the performance of the system.
Base Station Layer: In order to provide an evaluation of the patient
health condition this layer is used. In this layer all the collected data from
Sensing layers are forwarded to above layer for further processing. Not all
the collected data are forwarded directly to next layer called as Edge system
layer. Some of the prediction process happened in this layer using innovative
machine learning algorithms and these selective datas are further forwarded
for next processing. It consists of various communication channels for data
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Network Model
WBSN
Sensor nodes in this layer are designed such that they can be placed on
the human body as very small patches (on-body sensors), sewed into
fabric (wearable sensors), or implanted under the skin (in-body sensors
The sink node in WBSN periodically uploads data into MG via a secure
channel. Such sensors continuously capture and relay vital parameters. The
collected data then may either initially be relayed to a central coordinator
on the body or may be transmitted directly to the upper layers for further
processing. However, depending on the functionalities and computation
capabilities of nodes, data may require low-level on-tag processing prior
to transmission. The required transmission power by a sensor node in an
off-body communication is mainly dependent on a number of factors such
as Body Path Loss (BPL), Receive Noise Figure (RNF) and Signal to Noise
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Table 2.
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
IoT Filed is heterogeneous collection of Sensor Data which are used for
large application. To analyse and Extract useful data proper analytics
platforms and Big Data tools are to be considered.(Ejaz Ahmed., Ibrar
Yaqoob ., Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem., Imran Khan .,Abdelmuttlib
Ibrahim Abdalla Ahmed., Muhammad Imran .,& Athanasios Vasilakos
V(2017)
Apache Hadoop
One of the Big Data Open Source tool is Apache Hadoop which are used
for storing and processing huge data in a cluster basis. Hadoop Distributed
File System (HDFS) and the MapReduce programming model are important
Components in the Hadoop architecture among several components. HDFS
is used for storage purpose, where as MapReduce is used for processing
those data in distributed way.(Ahmed et al.,).Even though HDFS has many
advantages there are many problems yet to be addressed examples, this
framework is lacking in encryption process at the storage and network
levels. And has a limited flexibility which is not suitable for small data
sets, and are having high I/O overhead also.
1010data
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
SAP-Hana
4.5. HP-HAVEn
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Horton Works
This is big data analytics and management platform based on Hadoop. This
platform is free open source platform with lots of distributed computing
features enhanced into this. If we consider cluster of data processing
application, this tool is not suitable because it cannot reduce the number
of node-groups in the generated cluster.
Info Bright
MapR
Mobile Crowd Sensing is new concept used in almost all field to obtain
sensible data from the surroundings. In these ordinary citizens are acts
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
like main element for contributing data sensed from their mobile devices
which acts like main data generating nodes, collects and filters those data
in the back end server for intelligent crowd based extraction and people-
centric service discovery.
Types
• Human Intelligence:
◦◦ For Human beings the general abilities are Cognition, Knowledge,
perception, and social interaction.
◦◦ Further to understand knowledge based data handling strong
contextual and Sensor processing activities are important to
consider
• Machine Intelligence:
◦◦ Automatic knowledge discovery and event/society understanding
are achieved using advanced Machine Learning and data mining
algorithms.
This type of Mobile crowd sensing used in Smart Cities various applications
such as Road Transportation, Healthcare & Wellbeing and Marketing/
Advertising .Different types of platforms introduced in this such as
mCrowd - iPhone based platform, PEIR - for participatory sensing and
Medusa - mobile crowd sensing framework .(Carol Habiba .B., Abdallah
Makhoula., Rony Darazib.,& Raphaël Couturiera.,(2018).
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
Application
Deep Learning Methods Applications Input Data
Types
Deep Auto MRI
encoders 3D Brain reconstruction, /fMRI
Convolutional Neural Cells Classification Fundu
Neural Network Brain Tissues Classifications Image
Medical Imaging Deep Belief Networks PET Scans
Tumour Detection Mincoscopy
Deep Autoencoder
Cell Clustering CT Image
Deep Neural Networks
Organ Segmentation X-Ray image
Deep Autoencoders Prediction of disease EHR
Medical
Convolutional Neural Network Human behavior Big Medical dataset
Informatics
Deep Belief Networks Monitoring Blood/Lab Test
Social Media data
Deep Autoencoders Predicting Demographic info
Mobile Phone Meta
Convolutional Neural Network Lifestyle diseases
Public Health Data
Deep Belief Networks Infectious disease edidemics
Geo-tagged images
Deep Neural Networks Air Pollutant prediction
Text message
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
to extract the useful features. These extracted features are further used
for classification by exploiting a new supervised learning. In supervised
learning, labeled data are used to train the DNNs and learn the weights
that minimize the error to predict a target value for classification or
regression. In unsupervised learning, the training is performed without
requiring labeled data which is mainly used for clustering, feature extraction
or dimensionality reduction. The below table summarize different Deep
Learning methods used in Medical Applications.
IoT based Intelligent hospitals connect various IoT devices for collecting
heterogeneous data from multiple resources. These data are more sensitive
in human life. There may be lots of intruders involvement happened
in the communication channel. As well as IoT devices and wireless
communications are easily vulnerable to cyber attacks. IoT devices cannot
be able to run complex algorithms since they are limited by size and poor
processing ability. In addition, medical data may be related to the patient’s
life security, so security and privacy protection is a serious challenge to
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
the smart hospitals. To ensure privacy and security in patient medical data
a complex algorithm should be designed including proper data backup
mechanism to restore data in time when unexpected situations occur.
IoT device uses their energy for data collection, Analysis, Storage and
transmission. These data are collected with a high frequency and transmit
data to the cloud platform using wireless links. Hence energy optimization
is main issue in Smart Automation Hospital environment to continuously
monitor patient data with minimal energy consumption and provide
continuous work for a long time. To reduce the energy consumption of
terminals, we can improve the design process of sensors to enable it to
maintain low energy consumption without affecting its data collection
accuracy. We can also use data fusion to reduce the amount of transmitted
data and traffic also. In addition, a light weight low power protocol should
be introduced to minimize the energy consumption of communication
modules. Another way to reduce energy consumption is by introducing
wireless charging technique. In the previous wired charging techniques
introduces lots or practical difficulties such as charge down in emergency
cases and unwanted data transfer. This insufficient charging greatly limits
the patient’s activities. So by introducing wireless charging technique
without affecting the monitoring process of the devices is major challenges
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
CONCLUSION
This paper provides complete survey about current technologies in IoT and
implements Patient Smart Health Monitoring Systems using Intelligent
Machine Learning Concepts. The WSN application in Healthcare domain
is huge, in this work a new concept for integrating IoT Concepts with
Machine Learning and Data Analytics are included. As IoT is integration of
numerous heterogeneous technologies with huge innovative development
tools to meet the customer needs in ICT environment. In IoT Communication
a number of research solutions for SAHM have been proposed in recent
years. In all such research they explain about how integration happened
using multiple devices having multiple processing tasks such as sensing,
Acquisition, Collection, Analysis and extract useful information from
the huge data.
This work completely explains about need for Big Data, Deep Learning
Concept in IoT. Latest technology tools and its purpose also explained.
Meanwhile this work also explains about various Deep Learning Concepts
and Predictive Analysis Concept also. There are still lots of research
problems have to be addressed further. Example such as virtualization and
Externalization d on IoT. Apart from this, new innovative techniques have
to be considering further for of sensors and IoT devices, interoperability,
heterogeneity, scalability and security of systems-base IoT integration into
SAHM in order to effectively achieve real-time Event-driven based data
monitoring, Smart data collection and processing, and Smart decision-
making to reduce Human interventions.
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Enhancement of IoT-Based Smart Hospital System Survey Paper
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