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Lecture 7 - Force Based ELF
Lecture 7 - Force Based ELF
Method of Analysis
Force-Based ELF
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
HU
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Risk Category
● Design Earthquake
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Site Classification
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Structural System & Structural System &
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Overstrength Factor, Wo
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Structure
Irregularity
Horizontal
Irregularity
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Include accidental
torsion with Ax = 1.0
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Structure
Irregularity
Vertical
Irregularity
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Diaphragm Flexibility
Diaphragms must be considered as semi-rigid unless they can be classified
as FLEXIBLE or RIGID.
● Flexible Diaphragms:
○ In structures where the vertical elements are steel braced frames; steel and concrete
composite braced frames; or concrete, masonry, steel, or steel and concrete composite
shear walls.
○ In one- and two-family dwellings.
○ light-frame construction where all the following conditions are met:
■ Topping of concrete or similar materials is not placed over wood structural panel
diaphragms except for nonstructural topping no greater than 1 1/2 in. (38 mm)
thick.
■ Each line of vertical elements of the seismic force resisting system complies with the
allowable story drift of Table 12.12-1.
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Diaphragm Flexibility
Diaphragms must be considered as semi-rigid unless they can be classified
as FLEXIBLE or RIGID.
● Rigid Diaphragms:
○ Diaphragms of concrete slabs or concrete-filled metal deck with span-to-depth ratios of 3
or less in structures that have no horizontal irregularities are permitted to be idealized as
rigid.
• Untopped steel decking and untopped wood structural panels are considered
FLEXIBLE if the vertical seismic force resisting systems are steel or composite
braced frames or are shear walls.
• Diaphragms in one- and two-family residential buildings may be considered
FLEXIBLE.
• Concrete slab or concrete filled metal deck diaphragms are considered RIGID if
the width to depth ratio of the diaphragm is less than 3 and if no horizontal
irregularities exist. (FEMA 450)
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Diaphragm Flexibility
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r shall not be less than 1.0 and need not exceed 1.5
Special moment resisting frames need to be arranged in away such that r = 1.2
for SDC D and r = 1.1 for SDC E & F
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Ta = 0.1 N
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T ≤ Cu Ta
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hn: The vertical distance from the base to the highest level of seismic force
resisting system of the structure (ASCE 7-16)
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Building Base
Base at top
of Footing
(1) Level site without basement (3) Base at level closest to grade elevation
(2) Level site with basement (4) Base below substantial openings in basement wall
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Building Base
Base at top
Base at top of Footing
of Footing
(5) Base at foundation level where concrete shear walls (7) Building with vertical elements of the seismic force-
extend over the full height and length of the building resisting system supporting lateral earth pressures
(6) Building with tie-back or cantilevered retaining wall (8) Building with vertical elements of the seismic force-
that is separate from the building resisting system supporting lateral earth pressures
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Fx CvxVB
wx hxk
Cvx
n
w h
i 1
k
i i
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Torsional Effects
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Accidental Torsion
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2
d
Ax max 3.0
1.2d avg
d d
d avg max min
2
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Direction of Loading
SDC Direction of Loading Criteria
B (often controlled by non seismic orthogonal interaction effects are permitted to be neglected; seismic load
load effects) is applied independently.
C (regular structures are nor Structures with Nonparallel System Irregularities:
sensitive to orthogonal loading, a. Use ELF or MRSA or linear response history procedure with loading
yet special consideration applied independently in any two orthogonal directions. Members and
must be given to structures with
their foundations are designed for 100% of the forces for one
nonparallel or nonorthogonal
systems) direction plus 30% of the forces for the perpendicular direction. The
combination requiring the maximum component strength shall be
used.
b. Use linear or nonlinear response history procedure with orthogonal
pairs of ground motion acceleration histories applied simultaneously
D, E, F (additional requirements Conform as a min. to previous item, in addition,
for vertical members coupled
between intersecting seismic
force-resisting systems)
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Nonsymmetrical Building
Example
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Note: 1.0L instead of 0.5L may be used when Lo≥ 4.79 kN/m2 or in case of
public assembly or parking garages.
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Special Members
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Story Drift
Drift reported by analysis with
strength level forces:
d I
e e
h
Cd e
P -
Drift computed at center of 1
mass of story
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Drift Limits
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Overturning
The overturning moment at level x:
n
Mx F (h h )
i 1
i i x
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dM1 dM2
dMT
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P–Delta Effects
Without
gravity With
loads gravity
loads
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P–Delta Effects
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P–Delta Effects
If > 0.1 then check:
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P–Delta Effects
If > 0.1 and less than max:
Multiply all computed element forces and displacements by:
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2. Time-history analysis
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Time-history Analysis
● Follow procedures given in previous slides for modeling structure.
When using modal response history analysis, use enough modes
to capture 90% of the mass of the structure in each of the two
orthogonal directions.
● Include accidental torsion (and amplification, if necessary) as
additional static load conditions.
● Perform orthogonal loading by applying the full recorded
orthogonal horizontal ground motion simultaneous with the
principal direction motion.
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Time-history Analysis
● Ground motions must have magnitude, fault mechanism, and
fault distance consistent with the site and must be representative
of the maximum considered ground motion
● Where the required number of motions are not available
simulated motions (or modified motions) may be used
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