Corruption robs millions of people of a bright future and leaves them towards tension,

depression, and mental death (where?) “in a country”

Socrates was executed (why?)

Correction: Socrates was executed because of his political beliefs.

I hired a teacher for my sister who had big moustaches (looks like sister had it)

Going up the hill an old temple was seen (who?)

Going up the hill we saw an old temple, I saw, he saw etc....

Flying out the window I grabbed he papers

Knowing little about English communication skills, writing an essay became difficult for kanwal.

Paucity of social stability brings multiple implications (articulation issue)

Correction: a paucity or the paucity.....

Terrorism has, relentlessly, taken the lives of millions, since 9/11, especially in South Asia
(opinion verbs)

Kazima, reluctantly, acceded to the proposal (opinion verbs)

Accountability is indispensible for a country’s social, political and economic future. Corruption
is something that can have the capacity to erode all the developments a state carries (needs
nevertheless or however or something like that for coherence)

Whenever writing 2 opponent ideas, you have to use a transition word or a phrase before starting
the second idea.

Gender equality is a central component for socio-economic development of a country. As no

country can progress if half of its population is marginalized.

Correction: Gender equality is a central component of socio-economic development of a country,

as no country can progress if half of its population is marginalized.
What is a sentence in comm. skills?

Starts with capital

At least 1 subject or subject phrase

At least 1 verb or verb phrase

Ends at punctuation (full-stop or question mark only)

Must have complete thought

Never write exclamatory sentence in CSS

We need 3 verbs only:

Action verbs

Helping verbs

Connecting verbs

These are needed for “complete thought”

Action verbs:

Physical action (subject bodily involved, like running, eating, etc)

Mental action (main for CSS, like love, hate, etc)

Physical action verb:

Play, attack, kick, pick, walk

Sentence examples:

Ayesha cooks delicious dishes.

America attacked Afghanistan.

 He plays cricket.

These will be thoughtless sentences if not answering following:

When

Where

Why

How

To what extent/in what manner

If a sentence has physical action, but not answering above 5 things, it is incomplete thought.

AT LEAST ONE OF THE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED.

Examples: Why does she cook? When? How? Where? In what manner?

Correction: She cooks delicious dishes for her kids.

Now it has the “why”.

Another way: Ayesha cooks food regularly (Here we are answering “to what extent” so its fine).

Example: America attacked Afgh.

Correction: America attacked Afgh after 9/11.

Correction: America attacked Afgh to fight terrorism.

Correction: America attacked Afgh from the sea.

Correction: He plays cricket to keep himself in shape (answers why)

Correction: He plays cricket in the ground (answers where)

Correction: He plays cricket passionately (answers how)

IF PHYSICAL ACTION VERBS NOT ANSWERING 1 OF THE 5 QUESTIONS, IT IS
INCOMPLETE THOUGHT!

Terrorism has disturbed Pakistan.

This an incomplete thought for us.

We have to give the context, not assuming examiner already knows.

Every statement is an argument for us.

Complete thought means there should be no question left to ask.

He plays cricket to keep his body in shape (Correct. We answered why he plays it).

Corruption has distorted Pakistan (WRONG. How?)

Corruption has distorted Pakistan socially, politically, and economically. (Now we answered the
“how”. This is correct.)

Mental action verbs:

Understand, learn, like, love, hate

Good to answer, if not, still fine. Best is to give answer though.

I am trying to understand the reason for corruption in Pakistan.

I am exploring English (why) to qualify for the CSS exam.

She memorized hundreds of words (why) to write expressively.

But sometimes these are fine without it.

Every mother loves her kids. (Doesn’t need the why, what, how)

So the limit for reasoning (mental action) is less, doesn’t have to answer always.

Physical – always answer 1 of 5 (complete thought) / give a reason

Mental – try best to give reason here too

Pakistan is inclined towards China (it is fine, but can be better).

Pakistan is inclined towards China to boost its economy (good to give a reason).

Second: helping verbs

Not linked to 1 out of 5 reasons

Examples: is, am, are, was, were, being, been, will be, has, have, had, having, will have,
do, does, did, may, might, can, could, should, would, etc.

Third: linking or connecting verbs

50% CSS stands on this

No action, dead verbs

Connect subject to sentence

Examples: is, am, was, were, has, have, had, feel, taste, smell, look, sound, appear, touch,
turn, remain, prove, grow, etc.

Sentences:

She is a student. (“is” is connecting) He is writing a letter. (“is” is helping)

You are a boy. (“are” is connecting) They are waiting for you. (“are” is helping)

I am honest.

It was the capital of a country.

Flowers were stale.

I have a car.

They had a bike.

Helping verbs are sometimes same as linking (is, am, was, were has, have, had)

If standing ALONE, becomes a linking verb

If verb comes after them, they become helping verb

The dish tastes delicious.

The tomato smells rotten.

She gets mad when she is hungry.

He stays true to his principles.

Assiya looks ills.

He seems to be sad.

The temperature remains very high.

He appeared a traitor.

She smelled his bad intentions.

All of these verbs are linking verbs above.

These come in both helping and linking, but here these are linking.

Linking vs. action verbs?

Replace doubted verb with “is” “am” “are” “was “were”

If sentence loses its sense, it is helping verb. If sense remains, it is linking.

The dish tastes delicious.

If we say the dish is delicious, it still makes sense

Still makes sense if we say the dish was delicious.

Then, the tomato smells rotten.

The tomato was rotten and is rotten are also correct.

This is linking verb.

She gets mad when she is hungry.

She is mad when she is hungry also makes sense. “Gets” is connecting/linking.

He stays true to his principles.

He is true to his principles also correct (so “stays” is connecting).

Assiya looks ill.

Assiya is ill.

He seems to be sad.

He is to be sad.

She smelled his bad intention.

She was his bad intention.

She is his bad intention.

Now it makes no sense.

India tasted what she did to Kashmiris.

India was what she did to Kashmiris (distorts the sense).

Tasting is action verb.

She experimented with her paints.

Experimented is action verb.

Anam grew tomatoes.

Grew is action verb.

Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. (This fact does not need reason)

All sentences that have linking/connecting verbs don’t need 1 out of 5 reasons. They are usually
already complete. And you can’t change them into passive voice.

Complete sentence:

Capital Letter

Subject

Verb

Punctuation (full stop or q mark)

Complete thought

Physical action verbs – answer 1 out of 5 (when where why how to what extent)

Mental action verbs – ideally give answer to 1 out of 5

Must give context to examiner

Helping verb – never alone

Linking/connecting – all these sentences don’t need the 1 out of 5 answers always

STRUCTURE OF QUOTES:

To + 1st V + Other Elements + Is/Verb + To + 1st V + Other Elements

“To kill an innocent is to kill the entire humanity”

“To help the wretched with food is to feed the world”

To qualify for the CSS examination is to kill oneself from the inside until the success comes