Mini Project Report

Intelligent Shopping Trolly Using ZIGBEE And RFID
CHAPATER 1
INTRODUCTION
NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The advent of wireless technology along with the other communication techniques help in
making e-commerce very popular. Modern futuristic product is the one that aids the comfort,
convenience and efficiency in everyday life. In this project, we discuss an innovative concept of
RFID Based Smart Shopping and Billing System.
The main goal is to provide a technology oriented, low-cost, easily
scalable, and rugged system for aiding shopping in person. The smart shopping trolley will help shorten
the checkout lines thereby helping the customers at retail stores. The System consists of an RFID based
trolley which communicates with the billing counter wirelessly using a ZigBee Transmitter (nrf24L01).
Each trolley will consist of a similar type of hardware with unique trolley address. The developed system
comprises of User Interface and Display Unit (UIDU) and Billing and Inventory Management Unit
(BIMU). The customers will be able to scan the items themselves and the LCD screen on the shopping
cart will keep updating the total. The billing counter can at any point of time inquire about the current
items present in the trolley. This will turn out to be very beneficial for the retail stores as more people will
enjoy the shopping experience and come more often to shop.
1.2 Problem Statement

In existing system, customer will not know the amount of total purchase, until he went to the
counter for paying bill. One can remove certain product, once he approaches to the counter,
where he decides which product should be reverted back. To avoid these types of troubles, we
develop a smart trolley, where one can know the total bill of the products purchased and bill
amount is also sent to the billing section wirelessly.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope study which is needed for the completion of this project involves the following listed criteria:
• 8051 Architecture.
• 8051 microcontroller programming in C language. Interfacing LCD with the microcontroller.
• Interfacing RFID reader with microcontroller 8051.The circuitry and the devices that are needed to build
the device and establish necessary connection between the devices.
• The connection between Zigbee modem and the 8051 controllers will be taken by the serial
communication.

1.4 HARDWARE REQUIRMENT

• Micro Controller
• Buzzer
• 16x2 LCD
• Zigbee Module
• Switches
• RFID Reader
1.5 SOFTWARE REAQUIRMENTS

• KEIL Micro vision IDE for Programming.
• Proteus Professional for Designing.
• Embedded C Language
1.6 PROPOSED SYTEMS

In the proposed system, we are using the RFID reader at the trolley side and every product in the
supermarket has its unique RFID tag with unique ID. Once the customer drops a certain product
in the trolley, then the tag attached to that product was read by the RFID reader and sent to the
controller. The controller counts the product value and displays its value on the LCD screen of the
trolley. Like that we can add any number of products of our need and check the total bill on the
LCD screen. After completion of the shopping, one should press the upload button at the trolley
side to send the bill amount to the counter section over the ZIGBEE communication module. The
bill amount was received by the ZIGBEE receiver and send to the PC to display in the Hyper
Terminal.

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.BOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

2.1 OVERALL
FIG 2.1.1 Block diagram of micro controller
2.2 DESCRIPTION
Now a day’s purchasing and shopping at big malls is becoming a daily activity in metro cities. We can
see huge rush at malls on holidays and weekends. The rush is even more when there are special offers
and discount. People purchase different items and put them in trolley. After total purchase one needs to
go to billing counter for payments. At the billing counter the cashier prepare the bill using bar code
reader which is a time consuming process and results in long queues at billing counters. Our aim is to
develop a system that can be used in shopping malls to solve the above mentioned challenge.
The system will be placed in all the trolleys. It will consist of a RFID reader. All the
products in the mall will be equipped with RFID tags. When a person puts any products in the trolley,
its code will be detected and the price of those products will be stored in the program. As we put the
products, the costs will get added to total bill. If you want to remove any product which is already kept
in the trolley, you just remove that product from the trolley then the product cost will be subtracted from
the total bill. Finally one switch is connected to Trolley, when the switch is pressed then automatically
transfers all product cost of to the main billing section using ZigBee technology, then the billing will be done in
the trolley itself. Item name and its cost will be displayed on LCD.

CHAPTER 3
AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 FEATURES
• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-Level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash
Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel
is high density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-
51™ instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-

system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel 89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF 8053 MICRO CONTROLLER
The 8051 consist of:
• Eight-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B

• Program counter (PC)
• Data pointer (DPTR)
• Flags and the Program Status Word (PSW)
• Eight-bit stack pointer (SP)
• Internal ROM or EPROM or FLASH ROM

• Internal RAM of 256bytes(128bytes general purpose):
• Four register banks, each containing eight registers
• Two 16-bit timer / counter: T0 and T1
• Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter; SBUF
• Interrupts
• Oscillator and clock circuits
• Thirty-two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports P0-P3.
3.3 8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN DESCRIPTION

The Pin Description or Pin Configuration of the 8051 Microcontroller will describe the functions of
each pin of the 8051 Microcontroller.
Pins 1 – 8 (PORT 1): Pins 1 to 8 are the PORT 1 Pins of 8051. PORT 1 Pins consists of 8 – bit
bidirectional Input / Output Port with internal pull – up resistors. In older 8051 Microcontrollers, PORT
1 doesn’t serve any additional purpose but just 8 – bit I/O PORT.
In some of the newer 8051 Microcontrollers, few PORT 1 Pins have dual functions. P1.0 and P1.1 act
as Timer 2 and Timer 2 Trigger Input respectively.
P1.5, P1.6 and P1.7 act as In-System Programming Pins i.e., MOSI, MISO and SCK respectively.

Pin 9 (RST): Pin 9 is the Reset Input Pin. It is an active HIGH Pin i.e. if the RST Pin is HIGH for a
minimum of two machine cycles, the microcontroller will be reset. During this time, the oscillator must
be running.
Pins 10 – 17 (PORT 3): Pins 10 to 17 form the PORT 3 pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 3 also
acts as a bidirectional Input / Output PORT with internal pull-ups. Additionally, all the PORT 3 Pins
have special functions. The following table gives the details of the additional functions of PORT 3 Pins.
PORT 3 Pin
Function Description P3.0
RXD
Serial Input P3.1
TXD
Serial Output P3.2

INT0
External Interrupt 0 P3.3
INT1
External Interrupt 1 P3.4

T0
Timer 0 P3.5 T1
Timer 1 P3.6 WR
External Memory Write P3.7
RD
External Memory Read

Pins 18 & 19: Pins 18 and 19 i.e., XTAL 2 and XTAL 1 are the pins for connecting external oscillator.
Generally, a Quartz Crystal Oscillator is connected here.
Pin 20 (GND): Pin 20 is the Ground Pin of the 8051 Microcontroller. It represents 0V and is connected
to the negative terminal (0V) of the Power Supply.

Pins 21 – 28 (PORT 2): These are the PORT 2 Pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 2 is also a
Bidirectional Port i.e., all the PORT 2 pins act as Input or Output. Additionally, when external memory
is interfaced, PORT 2 pins act as the higher order address byte. PORT 2 Pins have internal pull-ups.

CHAPTER 4
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

4. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications, including palmtop computers, word
processors, photocopiers, point of sale terminals, medical instruments, cellular phones, etc. The 16 x 2
intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and
symbols. A full list of the characters and symbols is printed on pages 7/8 (note these symbols can vary
between brand of LCD used). This booklet provides all the technical specifications for connecting the
unit, which requires a single power supply (+5V).
FIG 4.1.1 Liquid crystal display
The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced with the PIC16F73.The
protocol (handshaking) for the display is as shown in Fig. The display contains two internal byte-wide
registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second for characters to be displayed (RS=1). It also
contains a user-programmed RAM area (the character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any
desired character that can be formed using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these two data areas,
the hex command byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM address 00h will be chosen Port1
is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports 3.2 to 3.4 furnish register select and read/write
levels.
4.1 FEATURES OF 16×2 LCD MODULE
• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight

• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers

• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.

• Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode

• It can also display any custom generated characters
• Available in Green and Blue Backlight
4.2 ADVANTAGES
• The LCD can be made in large sizes of over 60 inch or 150 cm diagonal.
• It has no geometric distortion.
• It is very compact, thin, and light CRT displays.
• It does not affect by the magnetic fields.
• Due to low power consumption, small heat emitted during operation.
• It is much thinner than a CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor.

CHAPTER 5
SWITCH FUNCTIONALITY

5. Switch functionality
This is something commonly unnoticeable when using these components in everyday life. It is about
contact bounce, a common problem with mechanical switches. The values of elements are not strictly
determined since the bouncing time is not defined. The values shown on figure are sufficient in the most
cases,.
5.1 Switch Interfacing with 8052
In 8051 all the ports have internal 10k Pull-up resistors except PORT 0.
Hence PORTs1, 2 & 3 can be directly used to interface with a switch whereas an external 10k pull-up
resistor is required for PORT 0 to be used for switch interfacing or for any other input. Fig. 1 shows
switch interfacing for PORTs 1, 2 & 3. Fig 2 shows switch interfacing to the remaining port, PORT 0.
For any pin to be used as an input pin, a HIGH (1) should be written
to the pin if the pin will always to be read as LOW. When the switch is not pressed in the above figure,
the 10k resistor provides the current needed for LOGIC 1 and closure of switch provides LOGIC 0 to
the controller PIN.

CHAPTER 6
PEIZEO BUZZER

6.PIEZO BUZZER
The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation ofpressure
variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the underlying
principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a switching action, counter
signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits.
The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of
piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on
one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers
produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.
The Red lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground.
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight, simple
construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing indicator,
computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo electricity discovered
in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical
pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo
electric materials. Piezo electric materials are either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is
class of manmade material, which poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart
of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance
with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
Fig 6.1.1 Electronic Components Behind PCB of Piezo Buzzer

This is the opposite side of the PCB, having the necessary electronic components: a resistor, a transistor and an
inductor. The input to the transducer is a low voltage DC signal, however in order to produce sound the
piezoceramic disc needs oscillations of high voltage. The transistor and resistor combination works as an
oscillator circuit to produce low amplitude oscillations from the DC voltage. The magnitude of these oscillations
is amplified by the inductor
Fig 6.1.2 Image showing Diaphragm Attached to PCB-the arrangement produces sound
Fig 6.1.3 Electromagnetic buzzer

FIG 6.1.4 Piezoceramic Element Structure
At the heart of all piezo-type buzzers is the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is composed
of a piezoelectric ceramic and a metal plate held together with adhesive. Both sides of the piezoelectric
ceramic plate contain an electrode for electrical conduction. Piezo materials exhibit a specific
phenomenon known as the piezoelectric effect and the reverse piezoelectric effect. Exposure to
mechanical strain will cause the material to develop an electric field, and vice versa.
6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PIEZO BUZZER
FIG 6.2.1 Working of piezo Buzzers
When an alternating voltage is applied to the piezoceramic element, the element extends and shrinks
diametrically. This characteristic of piezoelectric material is utilized to make the ceramic plate vibrate
rapidly to generate sound waves.

6.3 PIEZO BUZZER STRUCTURE
Fig 6.3.1 structure of piezo buzzer
There are two types of piezo buzzers - transducers and indicators. Transducers consist of a casing, a
piezoceramic element and a terminal. In order to operate a transducer, the user must send a square
wave signal to the buzzer. Indicators consist of a casing, a piezoceramic element, a circuit board and a
terminal. In order to operate an indicator, the user must send the buzzer a specified dc voltage
6.4 PIEZO BUZZER CHARACTERISTICS

• Wide operating voltage: 3~250 V
• Lower current consumption: less than 30 mA higher rated frequency
• Larger footprint
• Higher sound pressure level
6.5 APPLICATIONS
Buzzers are typically used for identification and alarm purposes across many major industries.
The major application categories that utilize buzzers for indication or alert purposes include: home
appliances, automotive electronics, medical, safety and security, industrial, and office automation.

CHAPTER 7
RFID READER EM18

7. RFID Reader EM18
7.1 INTRODUCTION
• Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology that uses radio waves to
identify the presence of RFID tags.
• Just like Bar code reader, RFID technology is used for identification of people, object etc. presence.
• In barcode technology, we need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it in front of reader, whereas
in RFID technology we just need to bring RFID tags in range of readers. Also, barcodes can get damaged
or unreadable, which is not in the case for most of the RFID.
• RFID is used in many applications like attendance system in which every person will have their separate
RFID tag which will help identify person and their attendance.
• RFID is used in many companies to provide access to their authorized employees.
• It is also helpful to keep track of goods and in automated toll collection system on highway by
embedding Tag (having unique ID) on them.
RFID based system has two basic elements:
1. RFID Tag:
RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna mounted on substrate which carries 12 Byte unique
Identification number.
Fig 7.1.1 RFID Tag

Fig 7.1.2 RFID HF (13.57 MHZ) Library book tag
RFID Tag
2. RFID Reader:
It is used to read unique ID from RFID tags. Whenever RFID tags comes in range, RFID
reader reads its unique ID and transmits it serially to the microcontroller or PC. RFID reader
has transceiver and an antenna mounted on it. It is mostly fixed in stationary position.
Fig 7.1.3 EM18 RFID Reader Module
Basically, RFID systems categorised as active and passive based on how they are powered and their
range.
1. Active RFID system
Active RFID tags have their own transmitter and power source (Mostly battery operated). They operate
at 455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, or 5.8 GHz, and they typically have a read range of 60 feet to 300 feet (20
meters to 100 meters).

2. Passive RFID system
Passive RFID tags do not have a transmitter, they simply reflect energy (radio waves) back coming
from the RFID reader antenna. They operate in Low frequency (~125 KHz) as well as High frequency
(~13 MHz) band and have limited read range of up to ~1m.
There are two modes of coupling for communication used in RFID as,
Inductive coupling, in which RFID reader emits magnetic field and whenever RFID tags enters the
magnetic field which creates energy response from RFID tags and is detected by RFID reader. As the
magnetic field drops sharply with distance, it is used for short distance applications.
Capacitive coupling, where reader emits electromagnetic waves and whenever that waves encounters
RFID tags, RFID tag reflects signal containing information of ID.
7.2 Working of RFID
RFID Reader has transceiver which generates a radio signal and transmits it through antenna. This signal
itself is in the form of energy which is used to activate and power the tag.
When RFID tag comes in range of signal transmitted by the reader, transponder in the tag is hit by this
signal. A tag draws power from the electromagnetic field created by reader. Then, the transponder
converts that radio signal into the usable power. After getting power, transponder sends all the
information it has stored in it, such as unique ID to the RFID reader in the form of RF signal. Then,
RFID reader puts this unique ID data in the form of byte on serial Tx (transmit) pin. This data can be
used or accessed by PC or microcontroller serially using UART communication.
There are various RFID readers available according to their frequency are shown as follows,
Frequency Range Different modules Applications
120-150 kHz 5-20 cm EM-18, ILA-12, etc. Factory data collection, identifying animals etc.
13.56 MHz 10 cm – 1m MFRC522, SM130 Smart cards

EM18 is a RFID reader which is used to read RFID tags of frequency 125 kHz.
After reading tags, it transmits unique ID serially to the PC or microcontroller using UART
communication or Wiegand format on respective pins.
EM18 RFID reader reads the data from RFID tags which contains stored ID which is of 12 bytes.
EM18 RFID reader doesn’t require line-of-sight. Also, it has identification range which is short
i.e., in few centimeters.
7.3 RFID reader EM-18 features
1. Serial RS232/TTL output
2. Operating Frequency is 125KHz.
3. Range is 5-8 cm.
RFID Reader to PC/Laptop communication
We can see RFID reader output on serial terminal of PC/Laptop.
FIG 7.3.1 RFID Serial Interface

CHAPTER 8
ZIGBEE

8. ZIGBEE
8.1Pin Description:
1, VDD: 3.3V or 5V power supply positive

2, GND: Power negative
3, TXD: serial output module, connected microcontroller or USB to serial RXD 4, RXD: module
serial input connected microcontroller or USB to serial TXD 5, CMD: enter upgrade mode or AT
mode pin, active low
8.2Special note:
8.2.1CMD pin functions: 1, on the ground before power: the module into upgrade mode,
firmware upgrades 2, the electrical grounding, the module into AT mode, AT mode is used to
configure the module parameters. After power if vacant, Module enters pass-through mode. After
power can be switched AT mode and transparent mode via CMD foot Freedom
8.2.2Power
The module’s serial port level TTL level, do not communicate with GND short 2, when the transmitter
module current can reach 120mA, when receiving a current of about 30mA, note the use of grain
Smaller wave power supply
8.2 AT command The format of the instruction code
8.2.1 AT + BAUD = x (baud rate settings): Baud rate setting command module supports different
baud rates to suit different applications. Generally speaking, if the amount of data, but the high
reliability requirements of data, it is recommended to choose a lower wave Special rate; if a large
amount of data, the short distance transmission, it is recommended to select a higher baud rate. (Note:
Porter For additional information about the unified rate, data bits, one stop bit and no parity.) Note
that the internal module is provided, a wireless data frame for each packet data bytes, Therefore, when
continuous transmission of data, the sender baud rate proposal is less than the receiving end, so there
is enough to allow the receiver module Enough time to transfer data. The author at the time of testing
two computers to transmit data, set the baud rate to the sender , The receiving end of a successful
transmission of a picture size is about (Note: PC software assistant Tintin serial, serial chip used, the
operating system EC is). The following table shows the different baud rate settings, after sending the
command, if set up, the module Returns the character '' If unsuccessful, it returns the character ''.
Table 1 baud rate setting table Baud Rate AT command Baud Rate Instruction

2400 AT+BAUD=0 38400 AT+BAUD=5 4800 AT+BAUD=1 57600 AT+BAUD=6 9600
AT+BAUD=2 115200 AT+BAUD=7 1440 AT+BAUD=3 128000 AT+BAUD=8 19200
AT+BAUD=4 256000 AT+BAUD=9
Macro definitions:
#define UART_BAUD_2400 ‘0’

8.2.2AT + FREQ = xx (frequency setting): In order to set the frequency shifted with other radio
module supports setting different transmission Frequency (Note: Frequency) . When the two modules
to transmit data, you need to set the frequency to be consistent, whether You cannot communicate.
After sending the command, if the setting is successful, the module returns the character ‘‘, if you set
Unsuccessful, it returns the character ‘‘. , The range could theoretically take any value, with the code
Representation. The actual set frequency is: F = (2402 + x x) Hz
8.2.3 AT + ID = xxxx (ID setting):
The code may take any. Not all the same. The module supports two -byte identifier, two modules
communicate with each other, in addition to frequency consistent outside, Identifiers must be
consistent, otherwise cannot communicate. Meaning that the test many identifiers sent, the receiver
can be set different numbers, Switching the sender number to achieve. Theoretically support a number
of modules. After sending the command, if the setting is successful, the module returns the character '
', if the set is unsuccessful, Returns the character ‘‘.
8.2.4 AT + RETRY = xx (number of retransmissions set): The code may take any. Set each frame
of data retransmission times, higher the setting, the more reliable the data is sent, but data Delay will
be longer, it is recommended that at the time as a remote control, try to set a larger value, in order to
ensure reliability.
8.2.5 AT + BAUD? (Baud queries)
Baud query command to query the module, the return value is a byte, for example, the module Potter
Rate is set, the return value '' (), the baud rate is set, the return value To
AT + FREQ? (Frequency queries):
Frequency to the frequency of the query command module, the return value is a byte, the actual
frequency value needs through Had calculated conversion Note:
8.2.6 AT + ID? (ID check):
Query command to query the module number, the return value is two bytes.
8.2.7 AT + RETRY? (Check the number of retransmissions)

When sending data query module, if transmission fails, repeat transmission times . Such return the
module each time you send data up to try to repeat sending times.
8.2.8 AT + INF (software version information query):
Software version query to query the current version of the software module.
8.2.9 AT + RESET (reset configuration parameters) :
Set the parameter module reset to the default parameters
8.3 ADVANTAGES
• Flexible
• Easy to use
• Reduces man power
• Safe, secured and needs low power.

• It is echo friendly; with this we can eliminate usage of paper.
• It very attractive and eye catching.

• Easy to shop
8.4APPLICATIONS
Shopping applications Industrial application,

CHAPTER 9
APPENDIX

CODE
#include<REGX51.H>
sbit rs=P3^5;
sbit rw=P3^6;
sbit en=P3^7;
sbit buz = P3^3;
void delay()
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<25000;i++);
void cmd(unsigned char x)
P2=x;
rs=rw=0;
en=1;
delay();
en=0;
delay();
void disp(unsigned char x)
P2=x;
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
delay();
en=0;
delay();
void dispstr(unsigned char*s)

while(*s)
disp(*s++);
unsigned char rx()
unsigned char z;
while(RI==0);
z=SBUF;
RI=0;
return z;
void main()
unsigned char a[]={0x38,0x01,0x06,0x0E,0x80},i,j,dat[10];
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
cmd(a[i]);
TMOD=0x20;
SCON=0x50;
TH1=0xFD;
TR1=1;
dispstr("Shopping Trolley");
buz =1;
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
delay();

while(1)
j=0;
while(j!='@')
j=rx();
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
dat[i]=rx();
j = rx();
if(j!='#')
buz = 0;
cmd(0xC0);
dispstr("Wrong Info...");
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
delay();
buz = 1;
buz = 0;
cmd(0x01);
dispstr("Shopping Trolley");
cmd(0xC0);
dispstr("Total Amt:");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
disp(dat[i]);
for(i=0;i<100;i++)

delay();
buz = 1;

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
The intended objectives were successfully achieved in the prototype model developed. The developed
product is easy to use, economical and does not require any special training. This project simplifies
the billing process, makes it swift & increases the security using RFID technique. This will take the
overall shopping experience to a different level. We have observed the performance of accident
identification and information system using GPS, GSM and microswitch. It helps not only in finding
the location of vehicle but also it is helpful in saving the lives of victims by finding where an accident
has happened for the purpose of accident detection.
This project provides the design which has the advantages of low cost, portability, small size and easy
expansibility. The platform of the system is AT89C51 along with Microswitch, GPS and GSM,
interfacing which shortens the SMS time to a large extent and locates the site of accident accurately.
This system can overcome the problems of lack of automated system for accident identification and
information system. Consequently, the time for searching the location is reduced and the person can
be treated as soon as possible which will save many lives. The accident can be detected by
microswitch which will give the accurate information. The controller will process the data, as soon as
input is received by the controller the alarm is ON and message is sent through the GSM module. The
geographical coordinates and the time of the site of the accident are detected by the GPS module. An
alternate condition is given by pressing a switch, in order to interrupt the flow of sending the message
in case of no casualty; this will help to save time of medical rescue team and unnecessary alarming
which creates havoc in such unusual conditions.
The project “GPS and GSM based accident identification and information system” to minimize the
death and the sever condition due to accidents the GPS and GSM technologies are used where the
immediate action would be taken place by the ambulance/police service which might reduce the
severity

CHAPTER 11
FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE
In future, we can pay the bill amount via online by using the smart phone by scanning the QR code of
that
particular supermarket. And get the soft copy of the bill receipt to check out from the super market.
At the heart of all piezo-type buzzers is the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is
composed of a piezoelectric ceramic and a metal plate held together with adhesive. Both sides of the
piezoelectric ceramic plate contain an electrode for electrical conduction. Piezo materials exhibit a
specific phenomenon known as the piezoelectric effect and the reverse piezoelectric effect. Exposure to
mechanical strain will cause the material to develop an electric field, and vice versa.
Working Principle of Piezo Buzzers
When an alternating voltage is applied to the piezoceramic element, the element extends and shrinks
diametrically. This characteristic of piezoelectric material is utilized to make the ceramic plate vibrate

CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES

REFERENCES
[1] www.schneiderelectric.com.hk/resources/access/text/rfidreader
[2] http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access Oral History Panel, retrieved 2011 June

28 page 4
[3] Microchip PIC16C84, a reprogrammable EEPROM-based 8-bit microcontroller 1993
[4] www.schneiderelectric.com.hk/…/Sympholux Shopping Mall
[5] RFID JOURNAL, 2002-2007, REFFERD 6.8.2007, http://www.rfidjournal.com
[6]]http://www.vbtutor.net/vb6/vbtutor.html visual basic 6 tutorial
[7]http://WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
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Fig-:11.1 FINAL MODULE

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Intelligent Shopping Trolly Using ZIGBEE And RFID

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 1

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 2

1.4 HARDWARE REQUIRMENT

1.5 SOFTWARE REAQUIRMENTS

• Proteus Professional for Designing.

1.6 PROPOSED SYTEMS

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 3

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 4

2.BOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

FIG 2.1.1 Block diagram of micro controller

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 5

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 6

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 7

3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF 8053 MICRO CONTROLLER

The 8051 consist of:

• Eight-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B

• Internal ROM or EPROM or FLASH ROM

3.3 8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN DESCRIPTION

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 8

Serial Output P3.2

External Interrupt 1 P3.4

External Memory Read

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 9

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 10

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 11

4. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

FIG 4.1.1 Liquid crystal display

4.1 FEATURES OF 16×2 LCD MODULE

• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 12

• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.

• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode

• Available in Green and Blue Backlight

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 13

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 14

5.1 Switch Interfacing with 8052

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 15

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 16

Fig 6.1.1 Electronic Components Behind PCB of Piezo Buzzer

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 17

Fig 6.1.3 Electromagnetic buzzer

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 18

FIG 6.1.4 Piezoceramic Element Structure

6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PIEZO BUZZER

FIG 6.2.1 Working of piezo Buzzers

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 19

6.3 PIEZO BUZZER STRUCTURE

Fig 6.3.1 structure of piezo buzzer

6.4 PIEZO BUZZER CHARACTERISTICS

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 20

RFID READER EM18

NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 21

7. RFID Reader EM18