Academic Social Research RNI No. 1276610 ISSN No.

2456-2645

LIBERALIZATION, PRIVATIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION OF EDUCATION IN INDIA

Dr.Pratap Kumar Panda

Principal,AMCE,Kakdwip,W.B

Dr.RajibMondal
SundarbanB.EdCollege,Kakdwip,W.b

ABSTRACT
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization arean important phenomenon that has affected the entire world in the
contemporary era. Its impact on the education system of a country is intrinsic. In the context of India, globalization has
impacted upon the education system in complex and conflicting ways. The present paper is an attempt to unveil
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization ison the school system as a whole. It explores their overall resources-
physical infrastructure, human and non-human assets and various facilities that are intrinsic in order to provide quality
education to the children. Last but not the least, the paper links the outcomes of the research with
Liberalization,Privatization and Globalization. It seeks to suggest few areas significant for developing an ideal
knowledge base for a global education within the contemporary Indian school system keeping in mind the child and
human rights perspective.

Keywords: Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization and Children

Liberalization is defined as making economics free to enter in the market and establish their venture in the country.
Privatization is defined as when the control of economic is sifted from public to a private hand. Globalization is
described as the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global
network of communication, transportation, and trade.The low annual growth rate of the economy of India before
1980, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income averaged 1.3%. At the same time,
Pakistan grew by 5%, Indonesia by 9%, Thailand by 9%, South Korea by 10% and in Taiwan by 12%.Only four or
five licenses would be given for steel, power and communications. License owners built up huge powerful empires.A
huge public sector emerged. State-owned enterprises made large losses.Infrastructure investment was poor because of
the public sector monopoly.License Raj established the “irresponsible, self-perpetuating bureaucracy that still exists
throughout much of the country” and corruption flourished under this system.It is an immediate effect of globalization.
Liberalisation is commonly known as free trade. It implies removal of restrictions and barriers to free trade. India has
taken many efforts for liberalisation which are as follows:
New economic policy 1991.
Objectives of the new economic policy.
i. To achieve higher economic growth rate.
ii. To reduce inflation
iii. To rebuild foreign exchange reserves.

IMPACT BEFORE LIBERALIZATION

 The low annual growth rate of the economy of India before 1980, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s,
while per capita income averaged 1.3%. At the same time, Pakistan grew by 5%, Indonesia by 9%, Thailand by 9%,
South Korea by 10% and in Taiwan by 12%.
 Only four or five licenses would be given for steel, power and communications. License owners built up huge powerful
empires
 A huge public sector emerged. State-owned enterprises made large losses.
 Infrastructure investment was poor because of the public sector monopoly.

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 License Raj established the “irresponsible, self-perpetuating bureaucracy that still exists throughout much of the
country” and corruption flourished under this system
After liberalization India became second world of development and became the 7 largest economies. It contributed 1.3
trillion in the world’s GDP. Dr. Manmohan Singh, former finance minister opened the way of free economy in the
country which lead to the great development of country.

POST LIBERALIZATION IN INDIA

The economic reforms lead to certain amount of stability in the economy and high growth rate. In the ninth five-year
plan it was envisaged to have balanced development. For this the focus was on speedy industrialization, human
development, full-scale employment, poverty reduction, and self-reliance on domestic resources.
The main objectives directly related to liberalisation and privatisation as a continuation of the previous plan period
were
 to generate adequate employment opportunities and promote poverty reduction
 to stabilize the prices in order to accelerate the growth rate of the economy
 to create a liberal market for increase in private investments
Other objectives served the purpose of human development.
 To ensure food and nutritional security.
 to provide for the basic infrastructural facilities like education for all, safe drinking water, primary health care, transport,
energy
 to check the growing population increase
 to encourage social issues like women empowerment, conservation of certain benefits for the Special Groups of the
society.

PRIVATIZATION
India is leading towards privatization from government raj. As a result it lead in the development of country 500 faster
than previous. Now India is in the situation of world fastest developing economy and may be chance that India will be
at top till 2050.
Objectives of Privatisation:
To strengthen the private sectors.
Government to concentrate on areas like education and infrastructure.
In the event of globalization the government felt that increasing inefficiency on the part of public sectors would not help
in achieving global standards. Hence a decision was taken to privatise the Public Sectors.

PRIVATIZATION OF EDUCATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The most important task in present scenario is to impart better and quality education. Children are the nation builder
of future and to carve them as good citizen we need to provide them with proper education so that they can become
pillar of the nation's growth. In this aspect, we had wonderful discussion on the above topic. Here are some important
points, which should be taken into consideration while framing the policy.
Privatization in education has increased the opportunities by increasing the scope of admissions in all levels of
education. Due to ownership, level of quality increased in few set-ups to great extent however, this is not true with all
private organizations. Most Private institutions are meant for financially strong strata of the society and the poor
children are bound to go to government schools. This has widened the gap between the poor and the rich. Due to
policies of various states such as, ShikshanSewak, ShikshaMitra, Samvida, Guruji, etc, young talent is not at all
interested in government system except NVS/KVS and Excellence schools. Most of the parents of children enrolled in
government schools are poor and illiterate. Therefore, there is no one to assist them at home. Government mechanism
is utterly failing in this aspect. Lot of facilities have been provided nowadays to public system but no proper strategies

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to utilize and maintain it. Due to this, it is turning to be great failure. Privatization has no doubt increased the quantity
of schools but quality is yet to be enhanced.
Though the job opportunities have increased but salary has decreased. Job security and satisfaction have lost. There
seems no freedom for innovations in teaching as the private schools have their own set rules, methods, which teachers
have to follow. Very less chances of upward mobility. Many times, one has to obey the management where most of the
members who are not qualified to fit into that position. In this system, buttering has become important.
In recent 10 years, the quality of education in government schools has degraded drastically as a result people are
opting for private schools. These schools are making education their business which people generally call
Commercialization of Education. However, in field of higher education situation has not become so worse. Still various
Government Colleges and institutions are first choice for students.
On the other hand, due to government's policy of preferring quantity over quality, private schools colleges are growing
daily. Getting registration for school is too easy. Influential people own most of such institutions where goal is to extort
money in the name of fees for various purposes. Even these institutions have become source of converting black
money into white.
Status of Engineers in MP has gone down. There are about 200 Engineering colleges in MP providing about 90,000
seats out of which normally 40-45 thousand are filled. Students who are passing engineering are now appearing in
exams, which require qualification as Higher Secondary School Certificate (10+2) or plain graduation. Many private
institutions, which are working for many years and have performed well in providing quality education without any
tantrums of other private schools, are very few. Government institutions, which are performing comparatively better
are very few. Private schools at big cities are good but quality at small urban areas like tehsil places is not on par. In
addition, in many instance government schools at higher level are performing better than private schools of same area.
Education is subject of both State and Central government but more population is covered by state government
agencies where lies our main problem. State government has to improve education system in primary and middle
school level. Elementary level of schooling is base, which is most important. It is where student develops interest in
studies and any specific subject. However, government is ignorant on this part.
Another most crucial part is scarcity of trained teachers. (It is so because level of B.Ed. in M P is very poor due to
numerous B. Ed colleges where degree is almost sold). As they do not attend regular classes and no training is given to
them whereas Government teachers are employed in various non-educational works e.g. elections, census etc.
Sometimes due to low remuneration (almost one fourth) of contract teachers, they are disinterested in teaching.
Because though they are recruited through VYAPAM (SamvidaShikshakPariksha) on temporary basis, they are given
low salary and expected to work more than the permanent employee who get more than double of their salary.
Stress and expenditure of government is more on Public Alluring Schemes such as MDM, uniform/bicycle distribution,
Scholarship, haathdhulaai, yoga etc and less on education. Passing students till class 8 with no detention policy results
in poor performance, as a result private schools are more popular especially, lower and middle schools. At higher
education level, “Mushroom Colleges”have grown rapidly. Such colleges are even running in a 2-3 story houses and
have become center for selling degrees. After paying money, you are not required to attend classes. Such institutions
are more in professional courses such as Engineering, MBA, Pharmacy and B. Ed. Due to this Graduates/Post
Graduates are not employable and hence are working on low wages. Except very few private higher educational
institutions, we cannot compare with government owned institutions like IITs/IIMs/IISERs/AIMS/NITs and so on.
At the school level, private schools have edge over government schools only in case of state owned schools but
KVS/NVS/Excellence schools are on par with them. Children admitted in Private Schools are studying at three places.
School, Home and in Coaching Classes. In private schools, children inducted are from good family background they
get good support of parents and hence perform better.
However, the teachers and children both have much mental pressure to achieve high score in these schools. On the
other hand, teachers are underpaid but are expected to give their best by hook or crook. Children do not have time for
themselves to spend on outdoor games and hence confined to Gadgets.

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There are fed concepts and much emphasis is not given on evolving the innovative ideas. Teachers have tremendous
work pressure and job insecurity so they have to work hard.
So ultimately seems private schools are better than public schools and no doubt, some of them are. In state owned
schools, it’s just reverse they do not have proper infrastructure and basic amenities to provide learning environment.
Poor management, scarce resources, lack of will power of teachers deteriorating the quality.

GLOBALIZATION
The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into
the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of
technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological,
sociocultural, political, and biological factors.

POSITIVE IMPACT ON EDUCATION

The following are the few positive implication of globalization are : India is one of the leading supplier of the changing
skilled manpower. Students are preparing themselves to face challenges before them in the global village. Education
system getting expert facility and needed financial support from management. Technicians are accepting changing
paradigm and are more securing facilities. Salaries are now more attractive than in the nineties. Students get selected
by the companies through campus recruitment an year before the date of completion of their technical education.
More emphasis on performance and not on number of years in the job. More flexibilities in timings and work from
home arrangements are becoming common. Office automation has helped improving effeciency of employees. More
and more recruitments are being made using job portals. Earlier ads were placed in the newspapers. Scientific and
technological innovations have made life quite comfortable, fast and enjoyable. People are less worried for government
jobs as MNC's and private or public sector are offering more lucrative jobs. Extension of internet facilities even to rural
areas.

NEGATIVE IMPACT ON EDUCATION

Similarly, the negative implications are: Movement of skilled students from developing to developed countries. Easy
availability of educational loan. Technically better equipped institution and their practical and flexible approach is also
a future for attracting students. Commerlizations and corporate take over of education system. The first major concern
is that globalization leads to a more iniquitous distribution of income among countries and within countries. The
second fear is that globalization leads to loss of national sovereignty and that countries are finding it increasingly
difficult to follow independent domestic policies. More inflow of money has aggravated deep rooted problem of
corruption? Top colleges of different streams.
During Independence of India, there were close to 19 universities and 591 colleges with around 0.2 million enrollment.
Today the no. has changed drastically with 261 universities, over 8,361 colleges and over 8.5 million enrollments. The
growth story has been absolutely significant. India claims to have second largest higher education system in the world,
however, in view of its vast population (close to 17 per cent of the world’s population) India will be one of the
backward countries in respect of education, especially higher education.
Looking back during the British rule in India, we find access to school and university education was restricted. On the
other hand, the university system inherited from Britisher’s is currently undergoing phase of rapid diversification and
expansion. Reservation system is promoted in the country to advance the education of castes and tribes which were
traditionally excluded from education. During the time of British rule, technical education was not imparted in India
and Britisher’s were indifferent to industrialization in India, however currently to support the country’s planned
economic development through industrialization technical education is no promoted across the Indian Universities.

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Also in addition to several universities several specialized national-level centers of excellence have been established to
provide training in engineering, technology, management, medicine, law and several other fields. Not only this,
currently several governmental backed bodies have been set up to monitor the development of education in the
country and to check the education standard.
Currently the government’s share accounts for over 90 per cent of the total expenditure in education which is 4000 bps
up from expenditure during British rule. It was expected that the increase will provide ample access to education and
will the meet the needs of development of manpower. It was also expected that the country will remain in the forefront
as far as knowledge is concerned.

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