GROUP ASSIGNMENT 04

Tests on Rocks

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. BADEE ALSHAMIRI

SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD HAMZA FARHAN (402165)
MUHAMMAD AWAIS QAMAR (402377)
MUHAMMAD ASIF MUSHTAQ (401732)
ABU BAKAR SADDIQUE (328476)
ITitle : Group assignment 4
Initiate date : 29-11-2022
Due Date : 13-12-2022
Description : Prepare a comparison table of different rock tests showing the following:
Test name, concept, Equations (if any) limitation, advantage, disadvantage, cost in
Pakistan?
Comments :

S. Cost
Test Name Concept Equations Limitation Advantage Disadvantage
No. (PKR)
Young’s
Modulus (E)
Machines of
𝜎𝑐 =
2𝑐 cos 𝜑 can be
1−sin φ
higher
calculated
Where c and L/D ≥ 2 capacities are
A cylindrical rock from stress
UNIAXIAL ∅ are the For cores of required; it
specimen is subjected strain curve.
01 COMPRESSIVE cohesion and smaller length cannot be 2,000-3,000
to vertical load until its If lateral
STRENGTH TEST friction angle results are measured using
failure deformation is
of rock overestimated the same
measured,
respectively machine as for
then Poisson’s
soil
ration can also
be calculated
Recommended Test can be
Point Load Strength Is = P/ De2 Based on mode
POINT LOAD to conduct test performed on
02 Index Is is based on P in kN and Is of failures, point 5,000- 8,000
INDEX TEST on 10 samples of
load at failure and the in MPa load test can be
specimen any shape.

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 S. Cost
Test Name Concept Equations Limitation Advantage Disadvantage
No. (PKR)
distance between two which is Core is not considered
cones difficult necessary invalid.
It is a quick A test to be
and cheap test valid failure
surface should
pass through
both contact
points
Since direct
tensile testing is
The
time-consuming
compressive
and expensive,
stress is 3 The diameter
the Brazilian
times the of the
The compressive stress The Brazilian test may
tensile specimen shall
(vertical stress) will be test is widely overestimate the
strength and be at least 10
the major principal used to tensile strength
the tensile times greater
stress while the tensile evaluate the of rocks because
strength (𝜎𝑡 ) than the largest
BRAZILIAN stress (horizontal stress) tensile of its biaxial
will be mineral grain 3,500 –
03 TENSILE will be the minor strength of stress instead of
𝜎𝑡 = 2𝑃/𝜋𝑑𝑡 constituent. 5,000
STRENGTH TEST principal stress. The rocks, as it is the uniaxial
Where P is Average of 10
load is uniform vertical easy to tension
the load at specimen
line load, and the prepare and condition, an
failure, d is should be used
specimen will be loaded test the alternative
the specimen with
till failure. specimens. testing method
diameter and coefficient of
is required to
t is the variation <5%.
determine
specimen
tensile strength
thickness
of intact rock
samples.

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 S. Cost
Test Name Concept Equations Limitation Advantage Disadvantage
No. (PKR)
The hammer consists of
a spring-loaded metal The results
piston. When the obtained is
plunger is pressed based on a local
against the rock surface point.
it is released. The Apparatus is The test results
energy to the rock is easy to use. are not directly
transferred by the Determines related to the
impact of the piston uniformity strength and the
The Schmidt
onto the plunger. The properties of deformation
hammer test is
amount of energy the surface. property of the
not
SCHMIDT recovered depends on The surface.
04 recommended 2500
HAMMER TEST the hardness of the rock equipment The probe and
for very weak
and is measured by the used is spring
or very hard
rebound height of the inexpensive. arrangement
rocks.
piston. The harder the Empirical will require
surface, the shorter the correlations regular cleaning
penetration time (i.e., exist for UCS, and
smaller impulse and BRZ and E. maintenance.
less energy loss) and Flaws cannot be
hence the greater the detected with
rebound. The plunger accuracy.
strikes perpendicular to
the surface tested.
Rock particles are The first The slake Their study
disintegrated when they cycle slake durability test shows that the
SLAKE
come in contact with durability is useful in standard slake 8000 –
05 DURABILITY
water and dry again. index (𝐼𝑑1) determining durability test as 10,000
TEST
These dry-wet cycle is: 𝐼𝑑1 = 𝑚2/ the proposed by
weaken the rock. When 𝑚1 × 100 disintegration Franklin and

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 S. Cost
Test Name Concept Equations Limitation Advantage Disadvantage
No. (PKR)
load is applied while The second nature of the Chandra (1972)
the water is entrapped cycle slake rocks when it is too aggressive
in the pores of rock, durability is subjected to to assess the
water will apply a index (𝐼𝑑2) drying and behaviour of
reaction on rock. is: 𝐼𝑑2 = wetting weak rocks and
Durability of rock, the 𝑚3/𝑚1 × 100 conditions lacks sensitivity
resistance to the wet M1 is the dry along with when it is used
and dry cycle is mass of movement. to distinguish
measured by slake original This test between durable
durability index. lumps in properly and non-durable
drum, m2 is defines the mud rocks.
dry mass weathering
retained after behaviour of
1st cycle and rocks. This
m3 is dry test is non-
mass retained destructive,
after 2nd and the
cycle. equipment is
portable.
𝜎1 = ∆𝜎 + 𝜎3
L/D ≤ 2
Specimens are axially 𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜎 tan
Diameter of
loaded until failure ∅ Costly and
specimen C and φ can
while a constant Where 𝜎1is cumbersome. No
should be at be determined
confining pressure is the major Apparatus with laboratory is
least 10 times accurately
06 TRIAXIAL TEST applied, like triaxial test principal such high doing this
larger than the which are
in soils. However, for stress, 𝜎3 is pressures are not test (as per
greatest useful in
rock specimens’ the confining easily available my findings)
mineral grain design.
saturation and drainage pressure, ∆𝜎 in Pakistan
constituent.
is not required. is the deviator
stress, 𝜏 is the

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 S. Cost
Test Name Concept Equations Limitation Advantage Disadvantage
No. (PKR)
shear
strength, c is
the cohesion,
and ∅ is the
friction angle.
Only at the
failure, the
stress condition
is known. It can
Shear stress needs to be
not tell the
assessed along the A constant
behavior of soil
discontinuities on the stiffness
Peak and during and
rock mass. condition Not
∅𝑝 = ∅𝑏 + 𝑖 residual before failure.
There are two factors needs to be performed in
DIRECT SHEAR and friction angles On the failure
07 that are involved in implemented Pakistan (as
STRENGTH τp = σn can be plane, the stress
shear strength of rock, when studying per my
tan(φb + i) measured. distribution is
one is basic shear other excavations, findings)
not uniform.
is the additional angle tunnels and
As the test
‘i’ which is due to slopes.
progress, the
roughness/irregularities.
area under shear
gradually
decreases

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