Eslam Fahmy

https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Immunology definitions
Immunology • Branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of immune system.
Hapten • Small molecule which could never induce an immune response when administered alone but can induce immune response when coupled to a
carrier protein
Antigen • Foreign material causing an immune response
Antibody • Specific substance formed in the body in response to antigenic stimulation and react specifically with antigen

1st line defense 2nd line defense

1- Anatomical barriers 1- Inflammation
• Skin 2- Fever
• Cilia in respiratory tract 3- Natural killer cells
2- Mucous membrane and their secretions 4- Phagocytic white blood cells
3- Bacterial flora 5- Antimicrobial substances
• Coagulation system
• Lactoferrin and transferrin
• Lysozymes
• Interferons

Innate &
adaptive
immunity

T cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow, stored in thymus gland then circulate to various destinations.
T-lymph found intracellularly
 Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Types of hypersensitivity reactions
A B Type 2 C D
Type 1 Type 3 Type 4
Name Immediate Cytotoxic Immune complex Delayed
Allergic Complement activation
Antigen form Soluble Cell bound Soluble Cell bound & Soluble
Humoral component IgE IgG - IgM IgG - IgM None
Cellular component Mast cells Macrophages Neutrophils T cells - Macrophages
Examples 1. Anaphylaxis 1. Blood transfusion reactions 1. Serum siCkness 1. Tubercular lesion
2. Allergies → e.g. peanut 2. ErythroBlastosis fetalis 2. Lupus 2. Contact Dermatitis
3. Hemolytic anemia 3. Graft rejection

Types of Immunoglobulins
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
Other name Secretory Ig Macroglobulin

Structure • Monomeric • Monomer in • Pentameric • Monomeric • Monomeric

serum
• Dimer in
secretions
Serum conc.
nd
1st → 80% Highest 2 → 10:15 % 3rd → 5:10 % 4th → 0.2% 5th → 0.002% Lowest

Half life 23 days 7 days 5 days 2:8 days 2:3 days

Size Smallest Largest

Pass placenta Yes No No No No

Fix complement Yes No Yes No No

Neutralize toxins Present in milk 1st primary immune Differentiation of Type 1
(Colostrum) response after allergic lymphocytes hypersensitivity
stimulus (Allergic reactions)