CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

An electric fan is a device run by an electric motor that rotates the fan blade for blowing breeze
and circulation of ventilation for comfortability in a particular area or environment. Since the fan
creates its cooling effect based on the speed of the rotating electric motor, therefore, a speed
controller is needed for the adjustment of the resulting temperature changes of its environments
[1].
Usually, the speed of a fan is controlled manually using the regulator control, this feature makes
it unable to turn on automatically in response to temperature changes, hence an automatic
temperature control system innovation will be applied for the switching purpose in the circuit
using a microcontroller.
The temperature-controlled fan is an alternative way to control the speed of the electric motor in
response to changes in ambient temperature. so, the needed level of air circulation is maintained
in various types of buildings and enclosed spaces. Thereby ensuring efficient use and energy
saving. A DHT22 is used to monitor the changes in temperature as it changes within a pre-set
temperature value. When the temperature is above the setpoint, the fan speed is increased or
reduced accordingly between the minimum and maximum speed values [2]. Since the pre-set
temperature set-point will be programmed on the microcontroller with the Arduino program, the
temperature sensor will read the temperature every second and compares it with the preset
temperature value. If the desired value is higher than the measured value then the fan starts up to
maintain the normal desired value with the required speed [3].

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

This project is designed to solve the manually controlled fan switch to automatic control
concerning the change in ambient temperature.

1.3 AIM

To design and construct an automatic temperature-controlled fan speed using a microcontroller.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

The objectives include to:

 Design the circuit diagram of the device.

 Calculate each component's values and test them.
 Construct a suitable dc supply with a debouncer circuit. 

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  Write a computer program in the microcontroller ATmega 328.
 Design an algorithm that will interface the components on the microcontroller. 
 Assemble and test all the components on a breadboard.
 Transfer the designed system and implement it on a Vero board.
 Test and evaluate the performance of the system designed.
 To package the device.

1.5 METHODOLOGY  

In this project, automatic temperature-controlled fan speed using a microcontroller would be

achieved with the aid of the block diagrams as shown in figure 1. It is divided into seven blocks,
from the power supply unit to the fan.

Figure 1. Block Diagram of an Automatic Temperature Controlled Fan Speed Using a Microcontroller

The power supply unit (PSU) is the unit that converts AC to DC and supplies the required
voltage output of the 5 V power supply to the electronics components. This is obtained through
the process of rectification. The temperature sensor DHT22 is interfaced with Arduino to fetch
the data of temperature and humidity in the environment. The fetched data is processed by the
microcontroller to determine the speed of the fan. Moreover, if the temperature is below the
threshold value then the fan will be off. The data relating to temperature fan speed is displayed
on the OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) for user interaction. The fan speed is controlled
relatively with the temperature using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pins available on the
Arduino. As the duty cycle of the PWM signal increase, the fan speed increases and the same is
true conversely.
The real-time clock (RTC) is added to this project to give the time and date for OLED to display
with the temperature and humidity.

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1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project work is to control the speed of a Fan according to the environment or
room temperature to a pre-set temperature of 25 ℃.

1.7 AREAS OF APPLICATION

The automatic temperature-controlled fan is applicable in places like lecture rooms, event halls,
hospitals, homes of handicapped and elderly people, public areas also in electronic and
mechanical systems.

1.8 THESIS OUTLINE

The project report is divided into five chapters. Chapter one contains the introduction, aim and
objectives, scope of the project and methodology, chapter two is dedicated to relevant literature
and components review, Chapter three shows the processes of the design and implementation of
the project, chapter four contains tests, results, and discussion of the limitations of the project
and possible suggestions while chapter five contains the conclusion and recommendations for
future work on the project.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is devoted to the review of components and academic literature on previous works
similar to this project. The significance of this chapter is to evaluate this work concerning the
related existing works. In addition to this, it will also provide insights of the problems and
limitations of the previous researchers and study on this project.

2.1 ACADEMIC REVIEW

During the years, many researchers focusing on automatic temperature-controlled fan speed
regulation have been using different components not efficient enough like the LM35 which has
high level of inaccuracy, the PIC microcontroller which has limited accumulator for components
unlike ATmega328, the 16 by 2 LCD which displays sixteen characters in two lines which is
very unlike to OLED which has vibrant colors and numerous lines display for user interaction
and relay which has slow response and wearing out of parts as switches contact becomes dirty.
This project will be applied to lots of areas and provides more beneficial knowledge with this
generation and for future purposes as it advances all possible areas of the past works. Below are
the past works being reviewed;

J. Chuma and B. Basulti proposed the design and simulation of room temperature control using a
pic microcontroller. This system was mainly useful for people who are disabled. In this system,
the temperature was measured by the LM35 temperature sensor and the temperature displayed in
16 by 2 LCD. According to the temperature changes the fan gets on or off. When the temperature
value is higher than the reference value the fan gets on and when the temperature value is lower
than the reference value the fan gets off. The reference value is entered by using keypad while
the relay is used for the switching purpose. Software Proteus 8 is used for simulating the result
[4].

M. Kumaran and I. Vikram proposed the system of automatic fan speed control using Arduino
Uno. The process of the system is controlled by the Arduino Uno controller. The temperature is
measured by the LM35 temperature sensor. The potentiometer then acts as the regulator as it is
connected to the microcontroller. The fan speed is controlled by the potentiometer. Depending
on the variation in the temperature the speed of the fan is on or off. The fan speed measured and
temperature are displayed in 16 by 2 LCD. The fan
speed was displayed in Revolution Per Minute (RPM) while the Temperature changes were also
displayed in ℃ [5].

E. H. Goud and A. Harshika have proposed a temperature-controlled system using Arduino. It is

a real-time implementation project. The LM35 temperature sensor is used to measure the
temperature. The temperature value is displayed in the 16x2 LCD in both Fahrenheit and
centigrade units. The controller sends the data to the relay. Relay acts as the switching device. If
the temperature is above the threshold value the relay gets triggered and activate to switch the
cooling device. In this way, it controls and monitors the system temperature [6].

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K. Singh and M. Dhar have proposed a system fan speed controlling system using Arduino it is
an automatic process. The system is mainly based on home automation. The fan speed is
controlled for maintaining the constant room temperature. The value of the temperature
measured by the LM35 temperature sensor. The relay is used as a switching device. Data for the
analysis was already set by the user. The microcontroller analyzes the value of the data. The fan
speed will automatically increase when the room temperature is beyond the level of set data
temperature and as the temperature becomes lower the fan speed gets reduced. According to the
temperature, the fan speed will get changed [7].

M. A. Mashud and D. Yasmin have proposed a system of controlling the room temperature of
the fan speed controller using PT-100. The used temperature sensor is PT-100 it converts the
temperature into equivalent voltage. The controlling of fan speed is done by the many system
analyses. According to the systematic analysis, the performance of the device was obtained as
satisfactory. The systematic design of low power supply, fixed voltage, subtraction, and dimmer
unit are designed and the comparison among the one another devices was taken as the graphical
representation. Through that, the results were taken and the temperature was controlled [8].

A. L. Amoo and T. L. Soh have proposed the system of implementing and designing the room
temperature controlling system. They have used Pic microcontroller as a controlling device. The
temperature is measured by using the LM35 temperature sensor. The pic microcontroller was
programmed using MATLAB software. The input is given by the keypad it gives the desired
temperature value. The reference input is compared with the temperature. The controller gives
the output to the relay. It switches the AC and heater via optocoupler according to the increases
and decreases of the temperature value. The simulation of the result is done by the MATLAB
software [9].

V. Bhatia and G. Bhatia have proposed fan speed-controlled system based on the room
temperature. It is mainly depending on the Pulse Width Modulation technique. PIC
Microcontroller is used as the controlling device. The temperature is measured by the LM35
Temperature sensor. Crystal oscillator and the motor driver is used in this proposed system. The
crystal oscillator is used to give the clock signal and the motor driver is used to control the
motors. the microcontroller controls the entire operation. According to the duty cycle set by the
user, the fan speed becomes slow, medium, fast, very fast and stops. The simulation of the
process is done by the proteus software [10].

Z. I. Rizman and K. Heap proposed a system automatic temperature control system for an
electric fan using a PIC microcontroller. The temperature is measured by the LM35 temperature
sensor. The temperature value is displayed in the 16 by 2 LCD. The temperature increases
beyond the set value of the reference temperature the fan gets on. The temperature decreases
beyond the set value of the reference temperature the fan gets off. It is an automatic process. The
result is simulated by using the software [11].

M. saad and H. Abdoalglade have proposed a system on an automatic room temperature-

controlled system using PIC microcontroller. The temperature value is measured by the LM35
temperature sensor. The value is displayed in an LCD. The duty cycle of the temperature was

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already set by the user. The temperature value decreases the fan speed will reduce and the
temperature value increases the fan speed increases. The entire system was controlled by the pic
controller [12].

2.2 COMPONENTS REVIEWS

2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)

A regulated power supply is the first stage of the set-up to convert unregulated AC to a constant
DC. It is used to ensure that the output remains constant even if the input changes. A regulated
DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is an embedded circuit and consists
of four components for rectification. The regulated power supply will accept an AC input and
give a constant DC output. Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of the regulated DC power
supply.

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of a Power Supply Unit

The basic components of a regulated DC power supply are as follows:

 A step-down transformer
 A bridge rectifier
 A filter capacitor
 A regulator

OPERATION OF THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A step-down transformer is a device that converts high primary voltage to a low secondary
voltage. This device consists of two closely wounded coils called the primary winding and the
secondary winding, where the primary winding of the coil has more turns than the secondary
winding. The step-down transformer will step down the voltage (180V - 220V) from the ac
mains to the required 15V. The turn’s ratio of the transformer is adjusted so as to obtain the
required voltage value. The 15V output of the transformer is then given as an input to the
rectifier circuit.

A bridge rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which convert the AC voltage into
DC voltage. The input to a rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC.
Although a half wave rectifier could technically be used but its power losses are significant
compared to a full wave rectifier. As such, a full wave rectifier is used to rectify both the half
cycles of the AC supply.

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2.2.1.3 FILTER CAPACITOR

The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage having very high ripple content.
But this is not what we want, we want a pure ripple-free DC waveform. Hence a capacitor is
used to serve as a filter. Other types of filters include capacitor LC filter, Choke input filter and π
type filter. Figure 2.6 and 2.7 show a capacitor filter connected along with the output of the
rectifier and the resultant output waveform respectively.

Figure 2.6 Circuit Diagram of a Capacitor Filter Connected to the Output of the Rectifier

Figure 2.7 The Resultant Output Waveform a Filtered Capacitor

As the instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges until the
waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the capacitor
starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the input of the regulator. Hence, an almost
constant DC value having very less ripple content is obtained.

2.2.1.4 REGULATOR

This is the last component of the regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or current will
change or fluctuate when there is a change in the input from ac mains or due to change in load
current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like temperature
changes. This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. The IC 7805 and 7812 regulators
are then used to maintain the output constant even when changes at the input or any other

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changes occur.

Figure 2.8 Complete Circuit Diagram of the Power Supply Unit

2.2.2 DEBOUNCER

Debouncer is used as a mechanical switch and relay which tends to make and break connections
for a finite time before settling down to a stable state. Within this settling time, the circuit can
see multiple transitions as the switch contacts bounce between make-or-break conditions.
The Debouncer component takes an input signal from a bouncing contact and generates a clean
output for the circuit. The component will not pass the signal to the output until the
predetermined period when the switch bouncing settles down. In this way, the circuit will
respond to only one pulse generation performed by the pressing or releasing of the switch and
not several state transitions caused by contact bouncing.

2.2.3 DHT22

A DHT22 (figure 2.9) is a Temperature and Humidity Sensor that features a calibrated digital
signal output with the temperature and humidity sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-
performance 8-bit. microcontroller. Its technology ensures high reliability and excellent long-
term stability. This sensor includes a resistive element and a sensor for wet NTC (a type of
thermistor) temperature measuring devices. It has excellent quality, fast response, anti-
interference ability, and high administration. Each DHT22 sensor features extremely accurate
calibration of the humidity calibration chamber. The calibration coefficients stored in the OTP
program memory, internal sensors detect signals in the process, we should call these calibration
coefficients. The single-wire serial interface system is integrated to become quick and easy.
Small size, low power, signal transmission distance up to 20 meters, enabling a variety of
applications and even the most demanding ones. The product is a 4-pin single row pin package.
Convenient connections, special packages can be provided according to user's need.

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 Figure 2.9 DHT 22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

2.2.4 REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC)

The DS3231 is a low-cost, extremely accurate real-time clock (RTC) with an integrated
temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and crystal. The device incorporates a
battery input, and maintains accurate timekeeping when main power to the device is interrupted.
The integration of the crystal resonator enhances the long-term accuracy of the device as well as
reduces the piece-part count in a manufacturing line. The DS3231 is available in commercial and
industrial temperature ranges, and is offered in a 16-pin, 300-mil SO package. The RTC
maintains seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The date at the end of
the month is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections
for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with an AM/PM
indicator.

Figure 2.10 Pictorial View of RTC

2.2.5 MOTOR DRIVER

This is a medium power motor driver perfect for driving DC Motors and Stepper Motors. It uses
the popular L293 motor driver IC. It can drive 4 DC motors on and off, or drive 2 DC motors
with directional and speed control. The driver greatly simplifies and increases the ease with
which you may control motors, relays, etc. from microcontrollers. It can drive motors up to 36V

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with a total DC of up to 5A. You can connect the two channels in parallel to double the
maximum current or in series to double the maximum input voltage. This motor driver uses
screw terminals for easy connections, mounting holes for easy mounting, back EMF protection
circuit, the onboard heatsink for better heat dissipation and more efficient performance. This
motor driver is perfect for robotics and mechatronics projects for controlling motors from
microcontrollers, switches, relays, etc. Perfect for driving DC and Stepper motors for micro
mouse, line-following robots, robot arms, etc.

Figure 2.11 Pictorial Diagram of a Motor Driver Circuit

Figure 2.12 Pictorial Diagram of L293 Motor Driver I.C

2.2.6 ORGANIC LIGHT EMMITTING DIODE (OLED)

Each pixel in an OLED display is made of a material that glows when you jab it with electricity.
Kind of like the heating elements in a toaster, but with less heat and better resolution. This effect
is called electroluminescence.

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 Figure 2.13 Pictorial Diagram of an OLED

2.2.7 MICROCONTROLLER CONTROLLER UNIT (MCU)

An MCU is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit

chip. In modern terminology, it is similar to but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip
(SoC); an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller
contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable
input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP
ROM is also often included on-chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are
designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal
computers or other general-purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. 

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools, toys, and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost
compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.
Mixed-signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control
non-digital electronic systems. In the context of the internet of things, microcontrollers are an
economical and popular means of data collection, sensing and actuating the physical world as
edge devices. In this project the microcontroller used is ATmega328.

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the mega AVR family. It

has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit reduced induction set computer (RISC) processor core.
 

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 Figure 2.14 Diagram of ATmega328

Figure 2.15 Pictorial Diagram of ATmega328

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB internet service provider
flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB electrically erasable programmable read-
only memory (EEPROM), 2 KB static RAM, 23 general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible timer with compare modes, internal and external interrupts,
serial programmable universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter (USART), a byte-
oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in
TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five
software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device
achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

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2.2.8 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the
motor. DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of the
current in its field windings. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances.  

Figure 2.16 Pictorial Internal Diagram of a DC Motor

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with
the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can
be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it. A simple DC
motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or more windings of
insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The
windings usually have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors, there can be several
parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The
commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils
with the external power supply through brushes. The total amount of current sent to the coil, the
coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.
The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed to. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic
field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the
magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a
torque on the armature which causes it to rotate.

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 CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter concentrate on the work done on this project. It involves the system design,
modelling and simulation, data collection and analysis, software development and
implementation, description of construction of the work done and problems encountered. The
aforementioned items are broken down into relevant sub-chapters.

3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

The circuit diagram in figure 3.1 presents the design and control of automatic temperature-
controlled fan switch using a microcontroller. The work is based on a microcontroller board
design which serve as the brain behind other devices which are attached to it. These devices
provide sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that can interface with the
microcontroller.

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Figure 3.1 Circuit diagram of an automatic controlled fan switch using a microcontroller

15
3.2 MODELLING AND SIMULATION

Implementation of the ATmega328 microcontroller for Speed control of DC motor driven by a

high frequency PWM signal. Controlling the PWM duty cycle is equivalent to controlling the
motor terminal voltage, which in turn adjusts directly the motor speed. The design and
simulation of the fan speed control system based on room temperature using Pulse Width
Modulation Technique. The duty cycle is made to vary according to the room temperature
measured by DHT22 and the fan speed is controlled accordingly as shown in figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Model diagram of an automatic controlled fan switch using a microcontroller

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRCTION OF WORK

The construction was done in accordance with the circuit diagram of figure 3.1.1. It has been
simplified into a practical circuit, which consists of the power supply unit, the real time clock,
the DHT22, organic light emitting diode, motor controller and a fan.
The section followed the circuit layout on the breadboard and deal with test carried out on the
components before their soldering onto the Veroboard. That is after getting the necessary
components, tests were carried out on them to meet their specification.

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3.5 CASING

A plastic casing was chosen for housing the project to ensure that the temperature of the casing
does not affect the readings of the temperature sensor. Ventilation was also ensured by placing
the fan in such a way that the internal devices can be cooled by it.

3.6 Problem Encountered

The following problems were encountered in the courses of implementing this works:

 Difficulty in turning the fan on.

 Soldering of the devices
 Breakage in some of the terminals of the components to be used.
 Unreliability of the microcontroller, as uploading and erasing coded on it proved
difficulty due to its unpredictable failures.
 Problem with unregulated power supply.
 Getting the devices from AliExpress during the pandemic which led to the cancellation of
some orders.
However, after carefully research and redesign, these problems were overcome.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
TESTS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The components that make up this system include a transformer, a rectifier, voltage regulators
(7805 and 7812), a temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22), Arduino nano Board, LEDs,
capacitors, OLED display, motor speed controller, 12volt DC fan, Real time clock, 12v battery,
resistors and one relay.
A Vero board that can support a compact and well-arranged circuit was employed in the design.
The power circuit was first constructed for easy analysis, testing and repair of the section.

4.1 TESTING
The operational efficiency of individual components was ascertained using a digital meter
before, during and after construction. Construction on breadboard was used in testing the circuit.
Reliability and continuity test were carried out at every stage to ensure that the required
performance of each circuit is achieved. Each of the components was tested as they were
acquired and all were confirmed to be good and usable for the project. Also, during each of the
stages of construction, the Arduino Uno was tested and confirmed to work as required
independently.
All the components were carefully coupled together and visual inspection was done in double
checking that there were no mistakes in the connections. Every likely short-circuit and open-
circuit faults were checked by using a multimeter to check for continuities in the path of the
circuits where need and discontinuities where contacts were not required.
To determine that the speed of the fan increases with increase in temperature, a soldering iron
was used to test the completed circuit by plugging the iron and bringing it close to the
temperature sensor. It was discovered that the fan was turned on.
The software program was tested and every possible bug was corrected during each stage in the
development. Both the compilation time and he run-time errors were checked and corrected. The
expectation errors in the software (the application as the hardware firmware) were handled
carefully and correctly.

4.2 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

At the end of the careful integration of the developed components, the result was a fully
functional automatic temperature-controlled device for a 12V fan. Which enables the
environmental temperature to control the fan’s speed as well as when it comes on or go off made
possible by the monitoring of a sensor.

4.3 DISCUSSION
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This project provides a way of controlling the environmental temperature without having to do it
manually. It shows that a person can safely close his/her eyes to sleep with no fears of his/her fan
coming on when it is not needed. It also provides a way of saving energy and resources.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
This project (Design and Construction of an automatic temperature-controlled device for a 12V
dc fan) has really enhanced such as how to transform theoretical ideas into practical reality. I
also acquire skills on the use of semiconductor datasheet and how to analyze them.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The experience gained in the design and construction of this project gave rise to the following
recommendations;

 The microprocessor can be changed to avoid the difficulties encountered in uploading

codes on the Arduino board.
 A more reliable IC can be used for proper display
 A more reliable Arduino board can be used for reliability and more efficiency.

Flesh up your report. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 are too scanty

Flesh up your report. This is too small and not showing seriousness

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REFERENCES

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microprocessor and light sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronic, pp.
1173, 2018.

[2] M. Saad, H. Abdoalgader, and M. Mohamed, "Automatic fan speed control system using
microcontroller," in 6th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics & Civil
Engineering (ICEECE), Nov. 28, 2014.

[3] B. Levarda, and C. Budaciu. (2010). “The design of temperature control system using
pic18f46201.” [On-line]. pp. 282−286. Available: https://www.ajol.info [June 10, 2021].

[4] J. Chuma, and B. Basulti, “Design and simulation of an automatic room heater control
system,” in Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana,
2018.

[5] M.Kumaran, “Design of an Automatic Fan Speed Controlling System using Arduino
UNO,” International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering
Computations, vol. 6, issue. 2, 2018.

[6] E. H. Goud and A. Harshika, “Real time-based temperature control using Arduino,”
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, issue 2,
2017.

[7] K. Singh and M. Dhar, “Automatic fan speed control system using Arduino,”
International Journal of Novel Research and Development, vol. 2, issue 4, 2017.

[8] M. A. Mashud and D. Yasmin, “Automatic room temperature-controlled fan speed

controller using PT-100,” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research,
Vol. 6, issue 8, 2015.

[9] A. Amoo, H. A. Guda, and T. L. G. Soh, “Design and implementation of a room

temperature control system: microcontroller-based,” in IEEE Student Conference on
Research and Development, 2014.

[10] V. Bhatia and G. Bhatia, “Room temperature-based fan speed control system
using Pulse Width Modulation Technique,” International Journal of Computer
Applications, vol. 85, 2014.

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[11] Z. I. Rizman and K. Heap, “Design an automatic temperature control system for
smart electric fan using PIC,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol.
2, issue 9, 2013.

[12] M. saad and H. Abdoalgade, “Automatic fan speed control system using
Microcontroller,” in International Conference on Electrical Electronic and Civil
Engineering (ICEECE), 2013.

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