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THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PID

CONTROLLER WATER HEATER

 Table of Contents

Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 6

1.2 AIM OF PROJECT ............................................................................................................ 8

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................. 9

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 10
Table of Figures

Figure 1 Block diagram of PID Controller ......................................................................... 4

Figure 2 Simulation circuit of water bath system ............................................................... 5

Figure 3 Model Driven PID Block Diagram ....................................................................... 6

Figure 4 Model Driven PID Root-Locus Stability .............................................................. 7

Figure 5 Comparison of Simulation PID and PI output of water bath system ................... 8
 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

One of the widely used controller in technological industry is the PID controller

due to its wide applicability in industries such as motor control, positioners, temperature

and pressure controller etc. But because of its simple design, PID controller has also

brought some issues in different industries. A certain example is the boiler case where

controlling a process with slow response ends up in a overshoot for a longer period of

time. To cater the slow response requirement, researchers ended up in Model driven PID.

Its ability to handle slow responses widens its use up to non-stable and oscillations

involving applications.

Figure 1 Block diagram of PID Controller

In general, the terminology of Process Control is nonlinear and not much precise.

The main difficulty arises in the derivation of Dynamic models. For linear systems, PID

has found its way in major industries because of its simplicity and usefulness. The area

where PID lacks in the game is the non-linear and second order systems. One of the
advantageous aspects is that mathematical modelling is not a hard and fast requirement

because controller rules are relying upon the expertise and knowledge of control systems

engineer. That’s why performance of any plant is only affected if the mathematical model

is inaccurate for complex models.[1]

PID controller basically controls the output of the plant by controlling the input

parameters and the environment such as there maintains zero error between process

variable and the output by involving feedback control system. Feedback signal y(t) from

the process plant is compared with the set point or reference signal u(t) and the

corresponding difference or error signal e(t) is fed to the PID algorithm. According to the

PID settings, the controller attempts to minimize the error over time by adjustment of a

control variable u(t) and hence produces combined and controlled output which is applied

to the plant control devices.

Figure 2 Simulation circuit of water bath system

The outline of the Three P, I , D controller is such that P controller known as

proportional controller are basically designed to minimalize the cycling related with the
 ON OFF control. Such as in case of temperature control, P controller slows down the

power supplied to the heater so the overshoot value doesn’t exceed the set value but it

will slowly approach the set value to maintain a required temperature This

proportionality can be achieved by switching on and off of the output intermittently. The

limitations in this P Controller is achieved by I controller because P controller always

creates an offset between process and set values. I controller eradicates the steady state

error. But I-controller cannot foresee the future behavior of error.so to anticipate the

future reaction, D controller comes into play [2].

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Tommy, Susanto etc. in their research presented designing of MD PID in water

heater systems. They stated that their purpose was to analyze the MD PID with a plant or

a unit and find out the comparison with conventional PID controller. They implemented

RTD type as sensor for the temperature parameter.at PV value or output and also as the

Feedback value of close loop system. Step input was provided to the system and the

response was then compared with the step input to a conventional PID.

Figure 3 Model Driven PID Block Diagram

 The implemented Root locus method. In their research, they explained controller

performance relying on data acquisition and also on the results obtained on MATLAB

modeling. The concluded that MD PID showed better results as compared to conventional

PID controller comprising of Rise time, settling time. However, during the design of MD

PID they figured out that system modeling was key requirement in definition of controller

parameters. While in case of Conventional PID, only method available is the trail and

error method which defines controller parameters without having sound knowledge of

system model. They added that MD PID if implemented to multiple input multiple output

system will add complexity to the system derivation.[3]

Figure 4 Model Driven PID Root-Locus Stability

Kavita, Naga etc. used conventional PID controller in water bath system where

they involved two stages in such a way that first stage involved designing of the transfer

function and second stage was to interface the PID with water bath system. They
implemented RTD as temperature sensor and another DAQ for interconnection between

controller and the attached sensor.

Figure 5 Comparison of Simulation PID and PI output of water bath system

For the procedure of system identification, they incorporated the following steps:

Step input given to the system, the difference in the process and steady state was noted,

among the calculated parameters they involved the total change in PV and 63% of it was

computed. They concluded that PID had less settling time [4]

1.2 AIM OF PROJECT

In this work my main aim to analytical model and simulate state of the art PID

(Proportional integral derivative control system .As by development of optimize

algorithm I am able to develop tuned value of gain that would apply to every heating

control system to optimize the process in its best performance.

 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In this part of report I am going to discuss main constraint of the problem .As

process industry is the back bone of every country economy .So our main goal is to design

and simulate state of the art method specially focus on control system of the process and

develop control scheme to get more optimized product. Here I develop specially tuned

variable that act as gain to the system to get more optimized and promising results .
REFERENCES

1. T.P.Mote, Dr.S.D.Lokhande, “Temperature Control System Using ANFIS”,

International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-

2307,Volume-2, Issue-1, March 2012.

2. Melba Mary.P, Marimuthu N.S Albert Singh. N, “Design of Intelligent Self-Tuning

Temperature Controller for Water Bath Process”, International Journal of Imaging Science

and Engineering (IJISE), ISSN: 1934-9955, VOL.1, NO.4, October 2007.

3. Kavita, T & Naga, B & Muniraj, Lavanya & Masilamani, Arivalagan. (2015).

Temperature Control Water bath system using PID Controller. International Journal of

Applied Engineering Research. 10. 973-4562.

4. Hondianto, Tommy & Susanto, Erwin & Wibowo, Agung. (2016). Model Driven PID

Controller in Water Heater System. International Journal of Electrical and Computer

Engineering (IJECE). 6. 1673-1680. 10.11591/ijece.v6i4.9652.