Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman

To Be A World Class Maritime Academy
Emission to air from ship -

Towards best practice for
beyond compliance
operations and
management for ships
By
Sulaiman Olanrewaju, Oladokun
PhD Researcher ( Marine Technology) , Master of Engineering ( Marine Technology), Bachelor of Engineering (
Marine Electrical Engineering )
OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 1

May 2007 /
Specific Objectives
To discuss :
• The links between air emission,
efficiency, energy conservation and
climate problem
• The source of air pollution from ships
• Air emission regulation regime
• Mitigation options for prevention and
control
• Quantification and assessment
• Environmental Technology- Existing
ship and new - built
May 2007 /
Presentation Navigation
• Introduction
• Energy, efficiency and environment
• Environmental issues in ship operations
• Regulation built – up
• Ships emission to air and issues of global
warming
• Energy and fuel quality
• Good practice towards beyond compliance
• Alternative energy and technology
• Environmental technology
• The future of energy and ship

May 2007 /
"It does not matter where on Earth you live,

everyone is utterly dependent on the
existence of that lovely, living saltwater
soup. There’s plenty of water in the universe
without life, but nowhere is there life
without water. The living ocean drives
planetary chemistry, governs climate and
weather, and otherwise provides the
cornerstone of the life-support system for
all creatures on our planet, from deep-sea
starfish to desert sagebrush. That’s why the
ocean matters. If the sea is sick, we’ll feel
it. If it dies, we die. Our future and the state
of the oceans are one."
• Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
• Sylvia Earle, 1995.

May 2007 /
Introduction
Man, Environment and Technology
• Man
• Biosphere- Water, Air and Soil
• The techno sphere - The ship,
The port

May 2007 /
Introduction
• Combustion -----> pollution control ---> energy
conservation
• Combustion = Generation of electricity + release
of chemical
• Emission from combustion impacts: Generation of
fossil fuel scarcity , Photo chemical smog, Oil
dependent world. Aggressive quest for alternative
energ,International and local registration build-up
• Reassessment and revolution work on:
• plan to reduce emission of existing and new
engine
• Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution
• Control of emission is linked to traditional factors
of reliability, fuel economy, per shaft power,
capital cost and maintenance
May 2007 /
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

• Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature, electrical
thermodynamic, and mechanical
• A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion
efficiency close to 100% and thermal efficiency of the order of
90%
• Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant
systems reduce the thermal efficiency
• For electrical energy, 70 percent of the primary energy is lost
in the power generation & transmission stage
• Thermal efficiency is improved by: insulation , recycling of
gaseous effluents, rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber
and liquid coolants
• Designer of combustion chamber -> to achieve high
combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a
pollutants
• Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce
emission

May 2007 /
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

• A good combustion require high temperature, a resident time sufficient long,
present of oxidizer
• Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction ,
convection and radiation
• Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in
ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
• Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to
pollution control
• Complete oxidation and burning of fuel ->increase combustion efficiency and
reduce pollution
• However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to
contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
• Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
• Oxide of nitrogen ->difficult to treat as a pollutant - > restriction vital before
formation
• Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from
effluent

May 2007 /
Issue of Today
• Worldwide focus of fuel-> Exhaust gas
emission law by IMO and introduction of
local rules
• Emission limits driving evolution to
development and adaptation to new
technology
• Solution anticipated to maintenance of
ship life cycle at average of 25 years
• Focus is currently more on, NOx and SOx
– HC, Cox and particulate will soon join
• Consideration involve not only fuel use
and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
May 2007 /

May 2007 /

May 2007 /
Main Threat
• Freshwater supply and quality – surface & groundwater
• Risk and threats to human health -> collapse of ecosystem
health
• Pollution of the lower atmosphere -> combustion of fossil fuels
and biomass burning
• Land/marine interaction & transboundary issues (
eutrophication)
• Environmental flashpoints/security
• Nuclear waste issues
• Long-term and inter-annual climate change
• Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
• Endangered species, link to food security & economic impacts
• Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
• Chemical and toxic substances – Quality of life
• Critical environmental zones

May 2007 /
General Impacts
• The alteration and destruction of habitats and
ecosystems
• The effects of sewage on human health
• Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
• The decline of living resources Sediments
• The impacts of Climate Change \ Rising sea

May 2007 /
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events:
• Landbased resources degradation

• Marine Resource degradation
• Damages due to disasters
• Environmental damages:
-Loss of biodiversity
-Depletion of natural resource bases
-Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events:
• Global climate change

• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Persistent organic pollutants

May 2007 /
Global Climate Change Impacts

Stratospheric ozone depletion:
- Loss of biodiversity
- Freshwater degradation
- Desertification and land degradation
- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of
forests
- Marine environment and resource degradation

May 2007 /

May 2007 /

May 2007 /

May 2007 /
Pollution from Ships

Release:
• Water pollution
• Air emission
• Persistent organism
• Accidental - Grounding ,Stranding, Loss of oil, Hazardous

cargo, Noxious liquid, collision with marine mammals
• Operation - Oil spill, Cargo and Bunker fuel, Emission ( Sox,
Nox, CFC & VoC) Antifouling toxins ,Ballast water
discharges, Noise, Waste disposal at sea, Dredging
@dispersal of soil
-Intentional
-Unintentional

May 2007 /
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
•Emission is
inherent
consequence of
powered shipping
•Fuel oil burning as
main source
•Continuous
combustion
machineries -
boilers, gas turbines
and incinerators

May 2007 /
Global Warming Potentials by

Emission Sources
12000
Cox
10000
NOx
8000
CHX
6000
HFC-134a
4000
HFC-227e a
2000 HFC-c-23a
0 CF
GWP (100 Ye ar ITH)

May 2007 /
Emission Source and Current

Reduction Methods

May 2007 /
UN Agencies Get Serious

• Galvanize the scientific community:
- set up panel's /collaborating scientists and technical
bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
• Tap on informal sources of information related to

early warning
• Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive data
among countries
• Human capacity
• Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information
compilation, discussion, and dissemination

May 2007 /
Regulation buildup
• UN Agencies
• Local agencies
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
•(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning

Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW
Protocol)
•Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based
Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol)
•Agenda 21

May 2007 /
IMO Get Serious – New Strategies

• To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships-
Adoption of control and prevention measures in
2003;
• To address problems associated with the transfer of
harmful aquatic organisms in ships' ballast water –
adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference
in 2004;
• To support the International Convention on the
Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships
2001; and
• To address the ongoing implementation of the
International Convention on Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 1990.
May 2007 /
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION

CLUSTER - IMO
• International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships
(MARPOL) 1973
• It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution
by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air
pollution
• It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 73/78)
MARPOL cover:
• Annex I- Oil
• Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
• Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
• Annex IV- Sewage
• Annex V – Ballast water
• Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox, Nox and green house gas,
emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))

May 2007 /
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus :
• Control and management of Ballast water to minimize

transfer of harmful foreign species
• Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out
scheduled for 2008
• International convention on oil pollution, Response and
cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
• Policy to combating major incidents or threats , control to
prevent, mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution
through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
• Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers
marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
• Air emission from ships

May 2007 /
MARPOL Annex VI Convention

• Technical code for prevention of air emissions from
ships
• Diesel engine test
• Survey
• Certification of compliance (IAPPC)
• NOx compliance limit -30% reduction
• Review of 5 years interval
• Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on board
• Carbon dioxide emission from ship
• Fuel quality
• SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

May 2007 /
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
• n<130 rpm !17 g/kwh

• N>2000 rpm !45n ^0.2) g/kwh
• N>200 rpm! 9.8 g/kwh
Other requirement and standards :
• NOx depends on : Fuel efficiency, Large bore, Low

speed
• Fuel grade - ISO 8217
• Emission test - ISO 8178
• One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment
standards

May 2007 /
IMO Nox Compliance Line

May 2007 /
IMO NOx Compliance Line

• Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a
pressing international problem
• The above graph shows the international regulation
standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
• In response to this, engine manufacturers are exploring all
means of reducing NOx emissions
• Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines
use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions:
*NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high
temperature.
To reduce NOx generation, the following steps are
required:
1. Lower the combustion temperature.
2. Shorten the combustion time.
• Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are:
1. Delay of fuel injection time
2. Use of SCR

May 2007 /
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

• Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 limits the sulphur content of
MFO to 1.5% per mass and will apply in designated SECAs.
• The first SECA is the Baltic Sea ->enters into force on 19
May 2006.
• The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECA will
enter into force 22 November 2007.
• The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are
defined in MARPOL 73/78
• EU directive 2005/33/EC, requires ships to burn fuel oil
with less than 1.5% sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11
August 2007.)
• New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based
on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
• MARPOL Annex VI, Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of
using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which
reduces the total SOX emissions to 6.0 g/kWh.

May 2007 /
Baltic Sea SECA

May 2007 /
Current Reduction Potentials

May 2007 /
Emission Release from Prime Movers
6
5
4 NOx
3 SOx
2 CO
1 CO2/100
0
GTE DFD SSD
SOURCE : Prof. Frankel- MIT

May 2007 /
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel

May 2007 /
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel

Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the

sulphur, which together with water forms particulates

May 2007 /
Mitigation
• Shipboard and waste emission outline –
• Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention (P2) or
Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in
achieving clean ship.
• The basic P2 principles follow:
• Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally harmful
substances and generate less waste on board.
Pollution Control: Increase treatment, processing, or
destruction of wastes on board.
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals,
such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs), toxic anti-
foulant hull coatings, and other hazardous materials, may
be the best approach for some potential problems.
• Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather
than elimination
• Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of
minimum possible given current technology

May 2007 /

May 2007 /
Emission Reduction Potentials

• Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible
for :
- 14% of the worldwide NOx emission
- 8% of world SOx
• Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase
- 9% to 13% by 2010
- 20% to 29% by 2020
• Bulk carrier, container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors.
• Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25% reduction in
air emissions
• The IMO, NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by:
- 4.1% for main engines
- 8.3% for auxiliary engines

May 2007 /
General Mitigation Techniques

Primary measures:
• Use of low sulfur fuel – ( less than 6g/kwh)
Secondary measures:
• Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology
** Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) & Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled

• Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation such as
fractionation , catalytic cracking , desulphurization )
• Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion (
state combustion, exhaust gas recirculation and reduced
temperature level )
• Cleaning exhaust gas
**(All these methods attracts major design modification that

heat economic of energy balance

May 2007 /
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods

• Nitrogen reduction -> through choice of
propulsion system
• Sulfur reduction ->in bunker fuel
• On board Catalytic system -> like :

-Converter
-water injection
-Emulsion
• Operationally -> through :

-speed reduction
-Use of shore power connection
May 2007 /
NOx Reduction Options

For existing engines:
• Use of NOx injectors
• Retarding injection timing
• Temperature control of the charge air
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
• Fuel / water emulsion
• Water injection
• Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet
steam to the engine
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new engines:

Engine certification
- Pre-certification,
- Technical file clarification on engine family and
group,
- Final certification
May 2007 /
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNG/LPG carriers-> Reduction of NOx,
Sox, + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity->~ 10-20%
-Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-> reduction in particulate emission
-Electronic control engine -> Programmed fuel injection and
exhaust valve->Emission reduction
-Turbo generator plant –> Use of high efficiency air flow for
power take off –> reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration ->Humid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake
air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
~50% reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their
equipment for low sulfur oil production-> ship-owner will
face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far
- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas( 1.5-4.5)–
need for additional tanks and
May 2007 /
Mitigation for Existing Ships

May 2007 /
Slide Valve Option

• The content of
hydrocarbons in the
exhaust gas from large
diesel engines depends
on the type of fuel, the
engine adjustment and
design.
• sac volume is the void
space in the fuel valve
downstream of the
closing face
• Reduced sac volume in
the fuel valves has
greatly reduced HC
emissions.

May 2007 /
Slide Valve Option

May 2007 /
Alfa Lubricator System

May 2007 /
Alfa Lubricator System

• A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects
the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and
time -> optimal effect is not always possible with the
conventional lubricators
• A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection
Principle) lubricator, where the oil is injected prior to piston
passage, thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl.
• Use for marine engines and engines for power generation
purposes, very low feed rates have been demonstrated, with oil
consumption down to 0.5 g/bhph.
• By applying low oil dosage -> emission is lowered + less
cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in
the system oil, resulting in increased TBN and viscosity.

May 2007 /
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential

Lub. Oil Consumption

May 2007 /
PM Measure
• The picture of the filters
used for dilution tunnel
PM measurements taken
before and after the
scrubber at 75% load
and 15% recirculation.

May 2007 /
Scavenge Air Factor

• NOx reduction by
means of SCR can
only take place in the
mentioned
temperature window
• Because if the
temperature is too
high, NH3 will burn
rather than react with
the NO/NO2.
• At too low a
temperature, the
reaction rate would be
too low, and
• condensation of
ammonium sulphates
would destroy the
catalyst

May 2007 /
SCR Installation Block Diagram

• To reduce the NOx level by up to
98%, it is necessary to make use
of the SCR (Selective Catalytic
Reduction) technique.
• With this method, the exhaust gas
is mixed with ammonia NH3 or
UREA (as NH3 carrier) before
passing through a layer of a
special catalyst at a temperature
between 300 and 400C, whereby
NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O.
• The reactions are, in principle, the
following:
• 4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 +
6H2O
• 6NO2 + 8NH3 → 7N2 + 12H2O

May 2007 /
SCR System Layout

The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load.

May 2007 /
SCR Performance Reference List

May 2007 /
SCR Electronic System

• The flexibility of the
electronically controlled engine
can improve the emission
control and operation of NOX
reduction by means of water
emulsion
• When operating with an SCR
catalyst, it is difficult to
maintain the engine dynamics
and the turbocharger stability at
transient engine loads.
• With the electronically
controlled engine, a faster load-
up by early exhaust valve
opening and late injection
timing is possible
• Also, modulated exhaust valve
timing stabilizes the
turbocharger.

May 2007 /
SCR Configuration

May 2007 /
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)

• EGR system has two water
injection stages, with a
simple water separator unit
after both.
• The first water injection
stage involves
humidification with salt
water in order to ensure that
there is no freshwater
consumption in the second
freshwater injection stage.
• The outlet temperature of
the first stage is
approximately 100oC.
• This stage has a single
multi-nozzle injector.

May 2007 /
EGR with Water Treatment

• This system is connected
to the exhaust system in
the same way as the
simple EGR system
• But the EGR line is
routed to a .bubble-bath.
scrubber from the which
cleans and cools the
exhaust gas.
• The water loop in the
scrubber system is
cooled and monitored in
a Water Treatment Skid
with a filter and settling
system, cleaning the
used sea water.

May 2007 /
EGR and HAM System

•The NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2,200°K and
above), and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature.
•The EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge, and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
May 2007 /
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with

Homogenizer

May 2007 /
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
• The addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
• To keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt, max. 20 cSt, It is
necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is
standard today (max. 170oC at 50% water) raise the fuel oil loop

May 2007 /
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
• 10% NOx reduction for each 10% water added

• The water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
May 2007 /
EGR
• At increased
recirculation
amounts, the HC
and PM
emissions are
reduced
corresponding to
the reduction of
the exhaust gas
flow from the
engine.

May 2007 /
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier

May 2007 /
Case Study – Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania, equipped with

a 6S35MC main engine.
May 2007 /
Emission Assessment Quantification
• Emissions calculation- using emission factors

and activity data by mode of operation:
• Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF
)Auxiliary] Modex TMode
• P = registered main or auxiliary engine power,
kW;
• LF = load factor relative to registered power;
• EF = emission factor by mode, g/kWh;
• Tmode= time in mode, hours.

May 2007 /
Emission Factors
• NOx- 12-17g/kwh
• CO- 1.6g/kwh
• HC-0.5g/kwh
• Cox-660g/kwh
• Sox- 4.2g/kwh

May 2007 /
Environmental Risk
• Since options are many and money
will be involve, it is better to use IMO
FSA HAZOP method for various
decision on alternatives.
• RISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure
(an
• estimate on probability that certain
toxicity will be realized)
For example:
• Use of X rays has a high AQ
(High benefit, low risk)
• Use of Thalidomide has a small
AQ (Small benefit,high risk)
• Nuclear war has a very small
AQ (No benefit,very high risk)

May 2007 /
Risk Management
• Risk management is the evaluation of
• alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
• It must be remember that :
• Zero discharge = zero risk, but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable
level
-at the same time, derive the max. benefit

May 2007 /
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit Analysis:

Maximizing BOTH -> economic return +environmental return +
environmental protection

May 2007 /
Energy Source and Fuel Quality

• The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the
environment have been recognized in maritime
industry for a long time in maritime industry.
• Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical
reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-
forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
• Inconvenience posed by these reformulation
chemicals are performance problems:
-cold-start ability
-smooth operation
-avoidance of vapor lock
are disadvantages of using reformulated fuels.
• Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path: COAL > OIL>
NATURAL GAS > HYDROGEN
May 2007 /
Potential of Natural Gas

• The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels
points next at Natural Gas (NG)
• The infrastructures to support that trend are
being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms
and governmental bodies worldwide.
• NG is cheap and its reserve is plentiful.
• Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and more
established in Urban Transport and Power
Generation sectors.
• Its use will also take aggressive approach for all
coastal vessel including ferries due new
regulations.
• Internationally its operational record and GHG
gas score is rated as GOOD.
May 2007 /
Impact of Using New Fuel

• That technology will transfer sympathetically to
the marine industry via availability of engines,
systems and technical assistance.
• Marine craft operation in inland water operation
as well as deep sea will require fuel supplied in
bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
• The use of an alternative fuel for vessel
propulsion will leads to a design review of:
- Power plant
- associated fuel system
- propulsion train;
• + Effectively reshaping areas such as Machinery
Arrangement, Hull Form, Compartment, Cargo
Deck, Payloads, Superstructure, Interior Layouts,
Escape & Safety, Route Options, etc.
May 2007 /
Environmental Technology For Emission

Reduction
• Alternative energy
• Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
• Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent
gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
• Additional firing chamber
• Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
• Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
• Compound cycle with : gasified fuel, external
compressor, combustion with pure oxygen
• Exhaust after treatment for medium speed
engines
May 2007 /
Combine Cycle Engine

May 2007 /
Combined Cycle

May 2007 /
Round Trip Emission for 135,000 cubic meter

LNG Ship

May 2007 /
Option for LNG Propulsion System

May 2007 /
Option for LNG Propulsion System

May 2007 /
Prime Movers and Drives

May 2007 /
Comparison of Propulsion Plants efficiency and

System Size

May 2007 /
Environmental Technology Update

• Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas
emission assessment
• Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine
with electronics fuel injectors that control
NOx
• Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine
with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty

May 2007 /
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system

– some of the available monitoring systems are :
• Electrochemical cells
• Chemiluminescent analyzer
• Paramagnetic analyzer
• Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be :
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis

-Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other
location for processing

May 2007 /
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD

CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING , EFFICIENCY
OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT ,
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS
THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT
GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING
THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO
MEET THEIR NEED

May 2007 /
Advantages of Maintaining Quality

• Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining coastal
and marine ecosystems20, commercial, recreational fisheries,
and economic growth in coastal communities.
• It is also an important means of providing natural protection
against rising sea levels and storm damage.
• The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by
water quality, and in turn, water quality is dependent upon
ecosystem health. If one is impaired, the other is threatened.
• Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them,
many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in
addition to this.
** Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to

meet requirement of “GREEN PASSPORT” concept for ships

May 2007 /
Advantages of Maintaining Quality

Other advantages are :
• Compliance with all applicable environmental laws

• and regulations;
• No significant adverse environmental impacts;
• Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent
practicable;
• No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for
waste off-load and disposal;
• Minimal energy consumption;
• Minimal logistical costs for waste management; and
• Minimal use of hazardous materials.
**Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and

international emission regulation.

May 2007 /
Local Marine Emission Rules

• Today, only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulations
• Countries like Sweden, Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level,
in order to encourage low pollution applications.
• There is potential for more local rules like these coming up, depending
effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
• The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including
expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English
Channel, and the North Sea.
• Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75% emission reduction by
the beginning of 2000. In order to reach this goal, the authorities apply financial
incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due –
To stimulate ship's to take measures which would benefit the environment, such
as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that
decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur
bunker fuel..
• Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission
limits. The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of
the total emission load factors from NOX, SOX, the type of fuel, and the use of
redundant machinery. The higher the emission factor, the better the protection
of the environment, and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian
owners and operators. This rule became effective on 28 November 2000, and
applies to ships above 1000 net register tons.
May 2007 /
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation

• The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will
continue in the coming years, and especially techniques like HAM and
EGR
• The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and
SOx to include also smoke, in particular.
• The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the
recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in
future
• Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means, such as
SCR reactors, through harbour fee reductions will become more
dominant than today.
• SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel,
however, retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
• The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to
have, or be prepared for, emission control equipment.
• The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced, and vessel tank systems have
to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems.
• In some areas, the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to
local rules for reduced smoke emission.

May 2007 /
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
• Land based air pollution regulation is a

foundation for future legislatures in marine
industry
• Fossil fuel is considered the single ;largest
contributor to emission Apart from Nox , others
like CO,HC, particulate matter , Cox, smoke
emission are likely to attract new regulations
• To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations,
operators, officers, engine builders, yards and
ship-owners must have view to achieving the
global target of a cleaner planet.
• The latest generation of electronically controlled
engines are an integral part of that policy.

May 2007 /
• "... [M]an’s fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans. To Be A World Class Maritime Academy
Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the

poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depths...But
conditions in the marine environment vary widely. The
open sea is still relatively clean...In contrast to the open
ocean, the margins of the sea are affected by man almost
everywhere, and encroachment on coastal areas continues
worldwide...If unchecked, this trend will lead to global
deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine
environment."
The State of the Marine Environment, 1989;Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll

May 2007 /
Other Environmental Technology Update

• Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -
The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the
ozone-friendly refrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been
established by NRL
• Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large

pulper) is the machine into which you dump tremendous quantities of
paper, cardboard, or food waste. The waste mixes with seawater to form
slurry, which is then discharged overboard.
• Studies show an immediate 100,000-to-1 dilution when discharged into
the wake of a ship. Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their
paper, cardboard, and food waste just about anywhere and at anytime—
at sea including MARPOL areas.
• Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers: Many bilge cleaners the
Navy uses today contain long-lasting emulsifying agents, which produce
stable oil-in-water emulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively
process.

May 2007 /

May 2007 /
Recent Development in Coalition Control Work

A number of promising developments that exist today are:
• Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach that permitted

analysis of passing situations that would help set procedural
standards for safe passing.
• IanDand reported on the development of models

for ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the years.
• Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequency DGPS

receivers and their role in gathering full-scale ship trial data. In
addition to the excellent horizontal accuracy of the normal DGPS
receiver, these receivers provide vertical location with an
accuracy measured in centimeters.

May 2007 /
Measure for Ship Design for Safety and

Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability:
• Rudder size and effectiveness,

• Ability to transit at slow forward speed,
• Propulsion and propeller characteristics,
• Number of available engine reversals,
• Adequate horsepower for control,
• Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship crabbing from wind
• forces or moored ship suction,
• Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangement,
• Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics,
• effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships,
• Air draft, Emergency anchoring ability,
• Amount of tow line leads and line access.

May 2007 /
General Best Practice for Power Plants

• General conservation practice for machineries are :
• Fan lubrication
• Pumps lubrications
• Compressors lubrications
• Repair steam and compress air leaks
• Insulate bare steam lines
• Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
• Minimize boiler blow down
• Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
• Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices

May 2007 /
Best Practice for Operation of Machineries

• Recover energy from hot gases
• Reduce energy from hot liquid
• Reuse hot wash water
• Add effects to existing evaporators
• Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
• Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
• Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
• Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss

May 2007 /
Management Responsibility
• Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and
cooled space
• Maintain boiler efficiency
• Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible,
reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
• Raise office temperatures in summer
• Lower office temperature in winter
• Use shading efficiently
• Close windows and other air leaks
• Do not use light necessarily
• Turn off office equipment that is not use

May 2007 /
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
• Cooking
• Heating
• Hot water
• Cooking
• Lighting
• New equipment application

May 2007 /
Personal Responsibility
• Buy energy efficient equipments
• Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safety
• Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible
• Use natural ventilation in dwelling place
• Avoid unnecessary trips
• Do not waste food
• Do not overeat
• Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis

May 2007 /

Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman

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Energy Conservation by Oladokun Sulaiman

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To Be A World Class Maritime Academy

Emission to air from ship -

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 1

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 3

"It does not matter where on Earth you live,

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 4

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 5

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 7

Fuel efficiency linked to pollution

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 8

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 10

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 11

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 12

• The effects of sewage on human health

• Widespread and increasing Eutrophication

• The decline of living resources Sediments

• The impacts of Climate Change \ Rising sea

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 13

• Landbased resources degradation

Low probability and slow impact events:

• Global climate change

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 14

Global Climate Change Impacts

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 15

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 16

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 17

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 18

Pollution from Ships

• Accidental - Grounding ,Stranding, Loss of oil, Hazardous

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 19

Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 20

Global Warming Potentials by

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 21

Emission Source and Current

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 22

UN Agencies Get Serious

• Tap on informal sources of information related to

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 23

•(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 24

IMO Get Serious – New Strategies

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 26

• Control and management of Ballast water to minimize

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 27

MARPOL Annex VI Convention

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 28

• n<130 rpm !17 g/kwh

Other requirement and standards :

• NOx depends on : Fuel efficiency, Large bore, Low

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 29

IMO Nox Compliance Line

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 30

IMO NOx Compliance Line

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 31

SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 32

Baltic Sea SECA

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 33

Current Reduction Potentials

OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 34

Emission Release from Prime Movers