RATE OF REACTION The rate of reaetion refers othe change in the amount or concentration ofa reactant o+ product per unt time ean be found by ‘+ Measuring the deerease in the concentration ofa reactant over ime ‘© Measuring the Increase Inthe concentration of produet over time Them for ate of eaction i... MPN" BEE RATE EQUATION AND ORDER OF REACTION |. Rate equation shows how the rate of rssction depends on concentra A+B products General form of ate equation ate = reactant A} reactant 2. Definition of Order of Reaction Rares 2inconc, tee Onderofveacion —=0, 102 Equston: —-2NO+ 2H: +N: +2440 Rae Equation: Rate KINOP [Hs] (Onder of eatin wih espest reagent NO is. 3. “Toe oder of action wih espacio @ gen reacartis te pero wich be concentaton ef be reacts raed ne ae ean. ‘The oer reer of rection se sum of he pots fe conceitaton ems he ae peten Onder of eatin wih respost to reagent Hs is. Overall onder is... B#N23. 4. Rat equation can only be obtained experimentally. Ht cannot be deduced from the ZERO ORDER REACTION A > products Zero order reaction with respect reactant A. Rate =k tay | mm | Rate~k & Rate of reaction is and independent on [A 2NHU(g) > NiG)* SHB) gopen wermud ete te contterk Rate guation ARENA ere Unis ofk= cent caeemme When [NH5], rate of reaction iain te Ea ARR ‘al anak 1 i. ! oshiometric equation. 5. Rate constant kis constant of proportions Ilsa constant a fixed temperature 1K depend only on ne Ea & ter, 4 Thehigher he value of the faster the ection + kis proponiona othe faction of reactant particles having enough activation nergy FIRST ORDER REACTION First order reaction with espect oa reactant is a eatin in which the rate of rast is dreey proportional tote conecntraion of A. A> prohass rate Ki) 20: + 2.04 Ra equation: Rat= KO Units of NY, § Rate of reaction is dwetly proportional to [#205], First order reaction shows a hl-ifetha is constant. ‘The concentationtime graph is a curve with constant half ie tts = t= tu isindepenent of nal concent‘SECOND ORDER REACTION A~ product Rate equation :| Rate lar oO reaciang Decomposition of NOz =n — — 2NOn(g) + 2NO (x) +Oxe) Rat eqution: ate KINO amntmolisnt mee oo Find the iia ate (radio of ‘When [NOz} increases to times, the rae of reaction increases (22) = 4 times. ‘ the tangent) attine = 200 Initial Rate Method To Find Order OF Reaction au 1, We ean find the initial rate by drawing a tangent to the curve at the point = 0 ofa ae concentration ws time graph and measuring the gradient ofthis tangent. 2 2. Thisis one point when ll the concentration of reactants are known. ie 3. Cay out ever exprneats wth iret own nal once of cack + reactant and compare the rate Pg eee fem tia ‘The data below isthe result ofthe kinetic study ofthe following reaction: 2P + Q~ products H 0.2 026, Osis 2 012 os 2.06 3 036, 026, Ls (a) Find order of reaction with respect P and Q (b) Write the rate equation. Fingorder of reactant © God order of reaskont © CPD ota Be o.2ecene 35 compare expt 18S expt Tal og 9 _,os2 Rate osie 22 153 oor Sept x4 Rate osit 24s 2.06 orders | pore> k COI'Co2® a Orders a REACTION MECHANISM. 1. A reaction mechanism may be one step or a series of steps by which an overall reaction may proceed. Each step has its own rate. The slowest step is called the..12- eterno, ‘This step controls the overall rate of reaction 3. shows the formation of unstable, short lived intermediate particles. 4, Areaction mechanism ‘equation ust satisfy both the rate equation and the stoichiometric‘5. Species that are involved in steps ater the rate determining step donot appear in the rate equation. action profile diagram 6. A eatalyst appear in the rate equation but not in overall equaton fer ‘eh ‘Worked Example: “Two steps mechanism of reaction between Hzand ICL Step 1: Ha(g) + ICI(g) > Hi (g) + HCIig... Slow (high Ea) Step 2: Hilg) + IC) 1g) + HCI)... fast (Low Ea) i Rate determining step is. ae. Rate equation... KEMAICSEA, Wasser where 2 da2 wi rude eee cota aTehe Sa¥ONe - Intermediate: M3. ‘+ The reaction mechanism ofa reaction desribes how many steps are ivolved ia ‘the making and breaking of bonds during chemical reaction + Itisthe slowest step ina reaction ond includes the reactants that have on impact on the reaction eate when thelr concentrations are changed © Therefore reactants that therefore appear inthe rate equation wil cso ‘appear inthe rate-determining step «This means that reactants that have a zero-order and Intermediates wil not be present inthe rate-determining step Predicting the reaction mechanism * Predicting the reaction order & deducing the rate equation 1+ Thecrder of a reactant and thus the ate equation canbe deduced rom a reacton mechanism given tha the rate-etermining steps known “+ For example the eacton of nitrogen oxide (NO) with hydrogen (to form rirogen (Nand wer action equation and rate equation can be used t predict o possible reaction mechanism of reaction ‘+ For example, nitrogen dioxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO rect to form ritrogen monoxide (NO} and carbon dioxide (CO,) ‘+ The overall reaction equation i 2NO (a) + 2H, (a) +N fa) + 240 0) NO} (g) +60 (g) + NO (a) + CO. (9) ‘+ Thereocton mechanism fr this reaction 1+ The rate equation is: Rate = KINO! NOG) +NO Ie) N2O2Ia) fost “+ From the rate equation It can be concluded thatthe reactions zero order with + 0p respect to CO (a) and second order with respect to NO» (9) ‘+ This means that there oe two molecules of NO; ()nvolvein the rate- determining step + step ‘+ Apossibe reaction mechanism could therefore be 010) + Hs fa) *Hs0 0) +940 (stow Wote- NOsta) *+ The regenerated NO} molecule can again oxidise another SO; molecule to SOs, ‘whieh will eat with rainwater to form H;S0, and soon