GIS & BIM in Construction – A Timeline Study and the Way Forward

Vaishali Hingmire1, Nithin Thomas 2

1) B.Arch, M.Arch, MSc, Senior Landscape Architect/ Team Leader, Aspect Studios, Sydney, Australia.
Email: vaishali.hingmire@gmail.com
2) BIM Manager, BIM Department, Habtoor Leighton Group, Dubai, UA.E. Email: nithin.thomas@hlgroup.com

Abstract:
Rapid advances in Information Technologies in the last 10 years, has changed the way information is presented
and documented in the Construction Industry. It has created both challenges and opportunities for developing
existing application systems and their integration with other systems and technologies in the industry. This paper
reviews the journey of GIS through the 1990s to the present. It studies how GIS has evolved from being a
planning tool only, giving geographical data, to its current future of becoming an integral part of the construction
industry and the process of BIM, which is now an inevitable part of the industry. This is achieved by reviewing
the various aspects of GIS and its evolution over the years, through research papers written by knowledgeable
colleagues of the industry addressing the different features of GIS. The study identifies the importance of GIS as
a spatial documentation tool, the necessity of recording site specific data for construction projects, especially
Large Projects, located within varied geographical areas; its evolution from being a 2D tool to a 3D tool and its
use in 4D (time) and 5D (cost) documentation of a project. The Paper concludes with a study of convergence of
BIM and GIS, their integration, interoperability and their symbiotic relationship for the betterment of the
Construction Industry detailing how it is used to create an accurate city level database. It further studies how a
city level mapping can be done in various layers like sub-surface, surface and at aerial level to map a whole city
and enable large construction projects consisting of infrastructure works, buildings as well as landscapes and to
create various management systems.

Keywords: GIS evolution, GIS and BIM in construction, Tran-disciplinary approach, Integration &
Interoperability, management systems

1. INTRODUCTION
Geographical Information Systems have always been an integral part of the planning and built environment but
the full importance or the need of the same has never been realized. The current processes used in construction
rely heavily on recording the building information but the spatial environment surrounding the building on all
sides, including the ground can sometimes be ignored. GIS is imperative to recording this information. This
paper attempts to prove, through works of professionals and academics in the industry, how the system and the
software are integral to design and information recording. It also shows how it can be a one stop solution to the
whole project by introduction of certain developed tools, which help it realize its full capacity. It documents how
the potential of GIS has never been fully realized. The paper further documents the current need of the time and
how GIS should be integrated with the presently used systems instead of trying to compete with them.
To put forth the above information, the paper is organized as follows –
Section 2 documents the journey of GIS from its inception through to the present. The various constraints and
capabilities are discussed herein. And pioneering works involving the use of the system, by the people in the
industry, are discussed.
Section 3 discusses the current scenario, the current requirements, softwares available and what is being done in
the industry to further the use of GIS, at the same time proving its importance. It also discusses the need to
bridge the gap between GIS and BIM and the reasons for it.
Section 4 concludes the discussion by proving the need for both GIS and BIM and how integration and
interoperability is the way of the future.

2. JOURNEY OF GIS
2.1 1990s - What is GIS
Geographical Information Systems better known as GIS were formulated to capture, analyze, manipulate and
present all types of geographical and spatial data. Its origins can be found in the 1960s when the planners applied
the geographic and cartographic systems to planning for large projects. But it was truly born in the late 1980s and
early 1990s.

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A definition given by ESRI (1990) states that “GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software,
geographical data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all
forms of geographically referenced information.”
Robinson (1992) in his paper, talks about the pilot RLUIS a rural land-use information system project launched, in
Scotland, in 1979. The project’s requirement was to gain data on climate, traffic, water supply, sewage treatment
works etc. including a survey map production documenting the coastlines, lakes, rivers and all geographical
features natural and manmade. TRIP and GIMMS systems were used to record these and the costs of establishing
the data and running the information for this project went quite high. It is said that the RLUIS project was quite
ahead of its time and would have been better handled with GIS which was introduced in 1986. With the advent of
GIS satellite sensor imagery was then used to monitor the changes in this area, over the next decade. This module
was later applied across the country.
In the end of 1990s, significant advances took place in the system, where it remanifested itself by adding remote
GIS, open GIS specifications, standardizing spatial data transfers and establishing networking environments with
Java (Heikkila, 1998). Heikkila, back in 1998 argued that with the advancement of the information age and the
World Wide Web, GIS will only grow. He stated that “Spatial Models (both spatial data models and the spatial
process models that interact with them) will be integral components of emerging planning support systems and that
increasingly sophisticated user interfaces will enable planners to focus more on the ‘what’ and the ‘why’ rather
than the ‘how’ of GIS models.”
2.2 Turn of the Century – 2000 to 2010
The turn of the century saw GIS being used for construction resources, safety and quality control. Bansal and Pal
(2006), explored the creation of a database for possible construction activities, through GIS, relating to the
recommendations for the above. They proposed using ArcView 3.2, a GIS software, to replace manual methods for
extraction of information from the available database and keeping it up to date, in a digital format, for future use.
Since a construction project has complex vast amounts of information, a coordinated system was required to
integrate the whole information together which would also be stored accurately. Bansal and Pal developed a GIS
based, easy to use, construction information system for contractors. This enabled the contractors, through use of
avenue scripts written for various purposes, to extract information as required for a given activity. Their system
promoted automated acquisition and storage of data for support of construction project management.
As the field of 3D developed in the design and construction industry, Bansal and Pal (2006) proposed generating a
3D based system for GIS information storage. In the construction industry, information is stored in various forms
like drawings, views, schedules, specifications, bar charts etc. Each is stored in different programs and different
formats which are incompatible and varied. Sometimes large files cannot be handled by programs like Autocad.
Bansal and Pal (2006), in their paper, discussed about increasing the efficiency of this information storage and
making the information available in a single environment through GIS as it can handle large databases. Since most
available tools present at the time, including CAD technologies, were not capable of establishing project plans or
optimizing the construction sequences, they explored using GIS for the visualization as GIS has all the exact
spatial data stored. They were of the opinion that GIS was not used in the industry to its full capacity.
During the same time, various research teams were exploring the different capacities of GIS all over the world.
E.g. Malczewski (2006) discussed establishing a GIS based multicriteria decision analysis system. Mukherjee and
Ghose (2009) compared the various counties in USA and their use of GIS. By this time GIS had progressed from
being used for financial and technical aspects to being used for organizational, planning and implementation
aspects.
Abdulaal (2009) proposed linking the Saudi Municipalities through a common GIS based framework since most
municipal decisions are oriented at a city and spatial level and this is common across the country. He proposed that
GIS become central to the municipalities as a large proportion of the municipal information is location oriented
and land oriented. This would help deal with the urban problems and environmental issues within the purviews of
those municipalities while comparing them at a national level.
Gocmen & Ventura (2010) advocate using GIS more for modeling and spatial analysis than for site mapping for
public meetings and reports or creation of inventories or mere accessing information.
Crook (2010) discusses considering Urban Planning as an extension of Construction. He studied, by feeding data
and analyzing through GIS, how inadvert clusters were formed of different ethnicities in cities over the years. Such
studies help developers plan projects in cities as well as help city planning commissions in consciously mixing
communities.
Up until now most GIS education was limited to the 2D mapping and analysis. Yin (2010), talks about integrating
GIS and 3D visualization, in education. She presents a module whereby 3D GIS can become a useful tool across

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multi-disciplines related to the built environment, like planning, architecture, design and construction. This would
offer a common platform to all professionals and facilitate the study of complexities of the urban environment. She
presents how learning can be improved by engaging together, senses of listening and seeing, instead of just
listening. She proposes using three softwares in conjunction, namely ArcGIS, Sketchup and CommunityViz,
which will help enable students to build 3D GIS models.
Bansal and Pal (2011) take it a step further by constructing 4D GIS models similar to 4D and 5D BIM models.
They suggest linking activities and critical path methods in GIS with its visual model, where then data will be
available at each stage in a visual as well as a tabular format. They argue that primavera and Microsoft schedules
provide schedules for construction execution but do not link these directly with the visual component – the 2D or
3D drawing thus the above methodology works better and stores information on a common platform. They
reiterate the fact that construction planning is not solely construction sequencing through visualization like BIM
models. In projects like large Dams etc, the topography plays a major role in the design. At such times information
is missed both in BIM or 4D CAD. Important Environmental factors like site topography, temperature analysis,
access routing, flood planning cannot be mapped under the same tools. At such a time creating the 4D GIS models
will present all these aspects under a single repository thus keeping all sets of data under a single umbrella, thus
keeping information consistent and reducing gaps in communication and information, thereby helping to reduce
the problems. For this they developed in-house programs with ArcView and ArcGIS to be used in conjunction with
the other GIS softwares. Their work provides manipulations to a construction schedule and topography modelling
under a single platform thereby reducing errors in construction management. The 4D GIS also allows detection of
accident prone areas thus enabling execution of preventive measures.
Another study conducted at the same time by Lewis, Fotheringham and Winstanley (2011) suggests combining the
GIS with spatial videos. They suggest that all videos ever taken, record their surrounding information. This can be
mapped through GIS to create time studies as well as real-time data for future buildings.

2.3 Present Decade – BIM AND GIS

The above presented cases explore the various aspects of GIS and its immense capability. Most agree that the full
capabilities of GIS are as yet unexplored. GIS provides a means of recording spatial data. With modelling
capacities, it has the potential to model a building with its real-time surroundings, providing the all important
analysis of the ground, the water systems, topography etc. This can help, especially in large city level projects,
where data is required at a city planning level.
In the last 5 decades, urban construction has grown rapidly with increasing industrialization. The sizes of cities
have expanded exponentially exerting heavy pressure on the land and its resources. This in turn has given rise to
serious environmental and social issues with irrational land use. These problems are created with improper use of
the land.

To set it on the right path, Xu and his team (Xu et.al. 2012) carried out the evaluation of land for urban construction
in Hangzhou, China. They explored the full capacity of GIS with this evaluation in which they modeled nine
sub-factors of the environment. These were sub-divided into four factor groups of the ground morphology, soil
types, ground slopes and steadiness of the strata. The soil strata depths, ground water salinity, geological hazards
and their degrees were all recorded. The complex, non-linear relations of these various elements were then
presented to provide 4 main suitability zones which now support the decision making body with urban
construction, management and land use planning in Hangzhou. The suitability zones inferred were – zone 1 for
high-rise building construction, zone 2 for multi-storied buildings, zone 3 for low rise buildings and zone 4 which
was not suitable for any construction. The major objective of this study was to study the advantages and
disadvantages of the land, to conserve its natural resources and to know about the most beneficial areas. The
analysis of the data studied also offered in depth of knowledge of areas that may be prone to earthquakes or
landslides, thus helping the city government in avoiding areas prone to natural hazards.
Such an evaluation was not possible under any single information system thus rendering GIS a very important tool
in this endeavor. If this case study model, methodology and capability of GIS is applied across the highly
populated cities of the world, it will help with proper development of the cities, helping save its natural resources
and plan its population growth in an orderly, environmental friendly manner, as in the current scenario most cities
are giving way to high rise towers and more buildings to accommodate their growing populations.
The model will help in the geological studies of the city strata and will help channelize the future construction in
the cities, in the right direction, helping it reduce the natural calamities caused these days by global warming and
the blockage of natural waterways and other geological features.
The above case study proves that sustainability is a big factor in development of any land. The increasing
awareness of the factors affecting us needs to be introduced at the basic level i.e. the student level of the industry.

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Sustainability is already a mandatory subject in most courses. There is advocacy of introducing GIS in
sustainability education to encourage geo-spatial thinking in the industry, across all disciplines, thus enabling an
aware industry workforce (Hwang, 2013)
GIS use and capabilities of harnessing its full functionality generally require proper training for the personnel
using it, otherwise it gets used for only recording data. Those who actually use it to its fullest extent are advanced
GIS agencies (Gocman & Ventura, 2010). More training and exposure is also required to understand and run BIM.
Thus the common workmen on site and in offices still cannot utilize either.
Dib, Adamo-Villani and Issa (2013) propose to resolve this issue by presenting a model that integrates CAD with
GIS. BIM models, as they develop, become more loaded and require powerful computers to operate the same. GIS
is a lot simpler and able to take more data at the same time creating smaller files. The industry is also still primarily
paper based where information is scattered over many mediums. In the current scenario of storing data through the
project life cycle, this crucial information can get lost. The model proposed here allows to (i) retrieve and access
information of construction elements as and when required, (ii) reporting work progress on field and (iii)
evaluating performance of the construction crews, including the cost plus (iv) storing accurate data for future use.
All this is achieved by using GIS as the platform to record 2D visualization & representation of all construction
elements, as a basic database building block. GIS was used as a base as (i) the data can be typed in by any
personnel with minimal computer literacy and typing capacity, (ii) it can be used across various database platforms
like oracle etc, (iii) it has layers which can be effectively organized and (iv) the data can be collected across a
number of sources and formats and used.
The model allowed the following benefits – (i) reduce loss of information as information is shared across a single
platform which was legible to and operable by all involved, (ii) helps to detect errors and miscommunication early
thus reducing the need for onsite changes, (iii) thus reducing cost overruns, (iv) reducing time and its loss by
reducing efforts for communication and tracking and (v) reducing litigation chances due to reduction in changes,
delays and cost overruns which are the main reasons for disagreements between clients and contractors.
Additional benefits were help in recording team performances, ability to share knowledge across the company and
the creation of reliable data for future references.
This system was used on site to great success but limitations were also recorded. These being (i) some legal
systems rely on ‘paper only’ documentation, (ii) reluctance by some staff to share and record all information (as
errors also get documented and thus are available to supervisors) and (iii) minimum computer literacy required by
all working.
The above studies explore the use of GIS across all platforms, state its capability and demonstrate its versatility and
usability.

3. CURRENT SCENARIO, REQUIREMENTS & PRODUCTS

In the present scenario, BIM is the way forward where planning, documentation, construction and the whole life
cycle of Construction Projects is concerned. There are definite parallels between information recorded by BIM and
by the latest GIS tools. There are present many GIS tools which offer city-level modeling. And BIM is basically
modelling the complete building in 3D, 4D, 5D. At this stage a question is raised as to where GIS stops and BIM
takes over; whether there a division, at a certain scale and level of detail (Ball, 2015). The answer is important and
this is an area for which many competing companies are offering tool sets.
Esri and Geodesign have launched their next generation products which offer an extension to planning principles,
which help guide and connect projects to their ultimate outcomes. The next generation is being taught to have a
transdisciplinary approach, where planner s and designers learn to model at the city scale.
Autodesk Infraworks has been introduced by Autodesk specifically to help detail city scale models. It has
introduced tools which help with roads and wastewater modelling and to channel specific workflows. Computer
intensive works such as rendering and spatial analysis has been handled by the cloud, and connections are offered
to its other packages like Autocad, Revit and Civil 3D. This offers a GIS flavor in terms of Large-scale modelling.
Energy modelling and other performance factors are also offered.
Bentley, with Siteops, offers its own tool suite to combine the functionalities of BIM and GIS. This technology
basically helps to understand site preparation costs, building siting, earthwork calculations, stormwater
engineering and road design. An obvious connection is offered to microstation.
Ball (2015) argues that since its introduction, GIS has been a common tool used by Large Engineering firms and
has played a pivotal role in site characteristics compilation and evaluation & understanding of Large scale
implications. BIM models have proved very useful at the building details stage. As greater understanding is
achieved of the connection between the built environment and the surrounding environment, and as projects grow

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large and varied, it is time for BIM and GIS to play side by side, and for the companies offer products which will
help bridge the gap between these two products as both are equally important for project success.
Altuwaijri (2014), in his PhD thesis, stated that in construction, GIS is mostly used for Highway, Street and
Bridge projects and he states that the degree of utilization of GIS has no relation to project success. But it is
shown through the above discussion & examples given below, that GIS is extremely important to project success
specifically for Large Projects at City level and City Planning itself.
E.g. The Clarkson University (2015) is putting into practice this scenario on the Ogdensburg- Prescott
International Bridge where a BIM model has been prepared for the structural analysis, which will be used and
updated throughout the project, which will later be used for the facility management of the Bridge. The GIS
sensing and monitoring capabilities used while designing, will come into play during the actual location of the
bridge during construction.
A second example for integration of BIM and GIS is presented in the MB Bureau (2012) report which has
conducted a case study in Iran of a large commercial project where BIM and GIS were used in conjunction. BIM
was used to model and detail the geometry of the complex while the GIS was used to visualize the new facility in
the existing topography. GIS was also used to locate the tower cranes used in this project. Tower cranes, their
locations, operational costs and durations required for them, make them a costly commodity. The cranes are also
required to be located in such a way that they do not cause hazards for any activity nor are they blocked by ongoing
construction. Different combinations of crane locations with total costs were tried out based on spatial data of GIS
presented as a 3D visualization models and an optimal solution was worked out (figures 1 & 2), which proved
profitable for the contractor. This proved a need for a new tool which could combine, within a single environment,
spatial analysis and visualization. Thus integrating BIM with GIS proved to be an appropriate approach to resolve
the problem.

Figure 1: Final location of cranes (MB Bureau, 2012)

Figure 2: Actual photo of the site, work in progress (MB Bureau, 2012)

The newly introduced GeoBIM conference (first one took place in Amsterdam) ( Zeiss, 2014), presented real
world examples of highways constructed using BIM-GIS integration which used LiDAR (laser scanning) for
reality capture at the inception of the project. The Royal BAM group has been conducting a lot of research in this
area as they are of the opinion that this will increase customer satisfaction, since large projects are mostly now
awarded on an entire life cycle basis i.e. design, build, finance and maintain or a DBFM contract ( Zeiss, 2014).

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4. BIM & GIS – THE INTEGRATION AND WAY FORWARD
Though several authors refer to both BIM and GIS as ‘people’ living in different worlds using different
technologies, standards and processes, several attempts have been made and identified for integration of BIM and
GIS (De Laat, R. and Van Berlo, L. 2011; Hijazi et al. 2009). De Laat, R. and Van Berlo, L. (2011), on the basis of
their research, identified that the BIM use in the AEC industry is more used with new projects, to develop their 3D
geometry, and the industry has a strong drive towards the use of Industry Foundation Class (IFC) standard and
open BIM. GIS on the other hand works using real world coordinates and is more 2Ddriven, however there is
strong push towards using GIS in the 3D environment such for developing and maintaining smart cities etc.
Qiankun,et al. (2014) carried out a detailed research on the application of GIS and BIM for the construction of
Metro projects. They identified that GIS is an effective tool as a spatial analysis function and together with BIM
tools such as coordination, simulation and optimization, can be a strong tool to supplement the construction
industry with Metro projects.
Amirebrahimi et al. (2015) in their research identified that the current Flood damage assessment (FDA) does not
take into account the uniqueness of the building and this does not allow for a proper building damage assessment.
Integrating the benefits of three-dimensional (3D) urban modeling (GIS) and Building Information Model in
various urban management processes, they proposed an integrated framework for utilization of detailed 3D
building models for the assessment and 3D visualization of flood damage to a building according to its distinct
behavior against flood. The authors in their practical experience can add that effective utilization of LIDAR and
point cloud technology can further enhance this solution.
Karan, E, & Irizarry, J (2015) identified through their research that exploiting GIS data for topographic and
existing conditions of building site terrain can help the AEC industry plan their projects in preconstruction stage by
solving the complexities of site layout planning and assigning a location to temporary facilities. This can further be
used by a BIM team to develop their model keeping in mind the logistics associated with the terrain and location.
The practical application of BIM and GIS were researched by Kim et al. in 2015 in a program called ‘Safe Routes
To School (SRTS)’ in the US to improve safety and health conditions of the children, as well as to reduce the
energy consumption (due to travel by BUS and CAR) and CO2 emissions, by encouraging more children to walk
to school. In order to provide an optimized solution, the BIM model was integrated together with GIS data to
visualize the existing walkways and relay this information via visualization back to participants.
Research has shown the potential use of GIS data for facilities management. This involves identifying the relevant
information as both GIS and BIM predominantly use spatial information; i.e., BIM provides indoor 3D model with
information and geometry and GIS provides outdoor modelling information. The key function to make this work
would be the interoperability between both BIM and GIS using the appropriate platform. Effective facilities
management requires data collection over a longer period of time. This cannot be achieved on its entirety by
relying on 3D information which is gathered from the model. Additional inputs from heterogeneous data with a
BIM object, is required to process and manage data. Integration of GIS effectively into a facility which used BIM
for FM (6D) can provide the FM operator with facility management data for effective management of FM
processes (Kang, T, & Hong, C, 2015).

5. IN CONCLUSION
GIS has always been an integral part of the planning and design processes for the Larger Engineering and
Construction projects, offering unparalleled spatial data storage and analysis capabilities. It provides data analysis
of the geographical area within which the building is located. BIM is the way forward for the Construction Industry
where buildings and facilities management is concerned. Both tools have different capabilities and both are
integral to the success of a project.
At this time we can look back on the words of Heikkila published back in 1998 where he stated that “The ‘core’ of
the computing universe will continue to shift dramatically from the desktop to stand-alone CPU to the network,
and planners will not be exempt from this pervasive trend.” This statement shows that he was a visionary as this is
what we see today’ how none of the systems can stand alone anymore and that they need to integrate with each
other to give a complete solution.
This review also proves that GIS is an important tool and in today’s age, very much required for correctly
recording all data including the spatial environment of a project.
In today’s age of Mega Projects, Wireless Networks, Internet capabilities and Virtual Offices, where a project in
one geographical location can be completely guided and monitored from a different geographical location, correct
data recording is of utmost importance. Therefore, it is time that both converge and offer interoperability. The

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symbiotic relationship between the two, where one supports the other is the key to future project successes.
The newly established GeoBIM conference series, the first of which took place in Amsterdam in 2014 ( Zeiss,
2014), is the right step in this direction, which advocates ‘smart’ infrastructure & building development.
Figure 3 below shows the possibilities of integration where the new facilities management building for the airport,
represented in 3D, is superimposed on the actual geographical location with data attached. The services
coordination & issues faced to actually build this facility can be first checked virtually with BIM.

Figure 3: (Przybyla, J., 2010)

Extensive research is being carried out in the field of integration of BIM and GIS and applications from this
merger of the two, process and technology, can only be seen as a true value added resource to the AEC industry.
The days are not very far when information rich models will work together with Geo Spatial data to add value to
a project and its stake holders.
‘Chris Needham of AEOCOM summed up the ideal situation perfectly - “BIM and GIS are simply two lenses to
what should be the same information underneath. And it is merely a question of what information is accessed
through which lens, and how does it look. People should be able to access the same information through their
favorite lens.” (Lutz, 2014)’

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