DATA MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS

LECTURE 6
LECTURER: M. GWENA
FUNCTIONS/CAPABILITIES OF A GIS….
• A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the
following four sets of capabilities to handle geo-
referenced data.
1. Data capture and preparation
2. Data storage and management
3. Data manipulation and analysis
4. Data presentation/Output
Previous Lecture: Data storage and management
- RECAP
• Concept of GIS databases
• The functions of a database
• The advantages of database approach to storage and
Management of GIS data.
• Various database models
• Differences among the various database models
Data manipulation and analysis
Content/Objectives
• Introduction: What is Spatial Analysis
• Principle objective of spatial data analysis
• Common Types of Spatial Analysis
 Data Manipulation and Analysis
Introduction:
• What is Spatial Analysis?
• Spatial Analysis is vital part of GIS which involves the application of
analytical techniques to geographically referenced datasets.
• Aim is to extract or generate new geographic information to address
a particular question or objective.
• Includes all the transformations, manipulation and methods that
can be applied to geographic data to add value to them, support
decisions and to reveal patterns that are not immediately obvious.
Principle objective of spatial data analysis:
• To transform and combine data from diverse sources into
useful information.
• Thus improving ones understanding or satisfying the
requirements or objectives of decision making.
• Proximity Analysis
• Overlay Analysis
• Temporal Analysis
• Statistical Analysis
Examples:
Encroachments on road
or riparian reserves
Examples:
• Pollution levels
• Pandemic incidences
• Accidents hotspots
• Crime mapping
• ……etc
Examples:
Landuse/Landcover change
Lesson Review

• What is Spatial Analysis

• Give an example of a question that can be answered using each
type of Spatial Analysis:

• Proximity Analysis
• Overlay Analysis
• Statistical Analysis
• Temporal Analysis
GIS Analytical Functions

• Exploratory Functions
• Overlay Functions
• Connectivity Functions
• Neighborhood Functions
 1) Exploratory functions
• In general they involve exploring the data without making
fundamental changes –useful at the beginning of data
analysis.
• They include:
a) Measurement
b) Transformation/Reclassification
c) Query
 1) Exploratory functions…………

• a) Measurement
• Measurement are simple numerical values that describe a
geographic feature.
• Geometric measurements includes counting, location,
length, distance, direction, areas size computations.
• Where e.g. location, length and area size are geometric
properties of features in isolation. Others e.g. distance
require two features to be established.
Exploratory Function: a)Measurement

Area or Perimeter
Length/Distances
 b) Transformation/Reclassification
• A simple method of analysis that change data sets, by combining them and
comparing them to obtain new data sets and new insights
• This results in merging existing polygons into new reclassified polygons.
technique of purposefully removing details from an input data set to reveal
important patterns.
• Reclassification is executed in the following cases:
• Generalization: reassignment of existing data into smaller number of
classes. This will result in a reduction of the level of details
• Ranking: valuation of attributes based on an evaluation model or table
specified.
• Reselection: selection of features to be kept and removal of unselected
features
Generalization

Generalization and reduced classes

Amalgamation/Combination…
 Ranking

Ranking with classification table

 Reselection

Reselection with feature extraction

 c) Query
• Process of retrieving attribute data without altering the existing data in accordance with
specifications outlined by operator.
• A GIS spatial query is a search of the GIS database to satisfy a given condition.
• GIS spatial queries enables the user to extract useful information from a dataset and hence
an important tool for GIS spatial analysis.
A spatial relationship takes place between 2 or more features and involves;
• Direction questions ask about the orientation of features on a map. e.g. What towns are
west of Nyeri?
• Distance questions ask about features within a given distance of other features. Distance
questions can also be thought of as proximity, or how close is one object to another. e.g. How
far is it from Machakos to Kitui?
• Topology questions ask about the spatial relationships between spatial features, i.e. how
points, lines and polygons are spatially related. e.g. Do they share boundaries? Do they
cross? Is one contained within another? Do they overlap? Are they clustered around a central
feature? Are they one side or the other?
 Topology: Feature relationship in a GIS
• A primary function of a GIS is to determine the spatial relationships
between features: Do they overlap? Is one contained by the other? Does
one cross the other?
• Geometries can be spatially related in different ways.
• The following are examples of how one geometry can be spatially related
to another:
• Geometry A passes through geometry B.
• Geometry A is completely contained by geometry B.
• Geometry A completely contains geometry B.
• The geometries do not intersect or touch one another.
• The geometries are completely coincident.
• The geometries overlap each other.
• The geometries touch at one point.
Feature relationship in a GIS
 Selection by attribute condition

Select all the land use areas

of which the size is less than
400,000
 2) Overlay analysis
• Overlay analysis is one of the most frequently used functions of GIS
operations.
• Overlay analysis does this by combining information from one GIS layer
with another GIS layer to derive or infer an attribute for one of the
layers.
• Since analytical operations require one or more data layers to be joined
physically.
- That they are geo-referenced in the same system
- They overlap in the same geographic location
Overlay of raster data is easier compared with overlay of vector data,
since it does not include any topological rebuilding but involves only by
pixel operations.
Polygon in Polygon
Overlay Operators

• Examples of standard overlay operators include:-

• Polygon intersection also referred to as a polygon join, takes all the
possible polygon intersection and the resulting attribute table is a join
of the two input attribute tables.
• Polygon clipping operator involves using one of the polygon data layer
to restrict the spatial extent of the other layer.
• Polygons overwrite results in the polygons of the second layer except
where polygons of the first layer existed since they take precedence
Polygon intersection
Intersect Overlay
 Polygon clipping
• Polygon clipping operator involves using one of the polygon data
layer to restrict the spatial extent of the other layer.
Union Overlay
Overlay Analysis
 THE END

END OF PART 1 OF LECTURE 6

3) Connectivity functions

• Evaluate how features are connected.

• Useful for applications dealing with networks of
connected features
• A network can be defined as a set of interconnected
lines through which resources can flow
• e.g. road, rivers water courses in coastal zones,
communication/power lines in mobile telephones.
 ------Using GIS--
Basic elements of a network

• A network is a system of linear

features connected at intersections Arc
and interchanges.
• These intersections and interchanges
are called nodes
Node
• The linear feature connecting any
given pair of nodes is called an arc.
 ------Using GIS--
Network Can Have Direction
• Direct networks - flows allowed to move in a single direction
(down stream, one way street)
• Indirect networks - flows allowed in both directions (two way
streets)
• There are three types of connectivity functions:
a) Network Analysis
b) Optimum path finding
c) Network partitioning
 a) Network analysis
• Network analysis is the procedures used to analyze relationships
between points (origin/target) on a set of lines in a GIS database
that may represent, for example, a road network, communication
lines
• Network analysis can be done using either raster or vector data
layers, but they are more commonly done in the latter.

• Network analysis allow for determination of the distances and cost

of travel along a road network.
• For identifying the most efficient routes or paths for allocation of
services and resources e.g. two fire stations.
 b) Optimum path finding
• Optimal path finding generates a least cost path on a
network between a pair of predefined locations using both
geometric and attribute data.
• Finding the shortest or least-cost manner in which to visit a
series of locations in a network.
• The cost may be determined by distance or by travel-time or
a combination of factors calculated as a cost value.
• It involves identifying a sequence of connected lines that
traverse from the origin to the destination at the lowest cost.
 b) Optimum path finding………….
• For Example, finding out turning cost as illustrated:

• There can be cases in which nodes visited add to the cost of

the path as well.
 c) Network partitioning
• The aim of network partitioning is to assign nodes in a
network target locations.
• Essentially an area of the network is assigned to be serviced
or served by a facility at a given location. It is based on
Supply, Demand, and Impedance.
• Typically, nodes at the target locations play the role of service
center for the network: e.g. medical services, education
facilities, water supply.
• Network partitioning can be used in network allocation and
trace analysis.
 ------Using GIS--
Assigns Portions of a Network to a Center Used by agencies to map
out service areas: fire, police, public transportation facilities.

These street segments can be used to define a service area

 ------Using GIS--

Assigns Portions of a Network to a Center

•Used by consumers to get directions

•that is, the areas they can reach within
a specified driving time.
 ------Using GIS--
Accessibility: Used by retailers in market studies for siting
new facilities
Accessibility = How Connected is a Node
Accessibility is an aggregate measure of how reachable a location is from
other locations.
Used by utility company in managing their infrastructure:
water, sewer, power
 4) Neighborhood functions
• Neighborhood functions involve evaluating the characteristics of
an area surrounding a features location and their impacts.
• Buffer operation refers the creation of a zone of a specified width
around a point or a line or a polygon area.
• It is also referred to as a zone of specified distance around
coverage features. They include
a) Buffer analysis
b) Proximity analysis
c) Seek computation
 a) Buffer analysis
• The concept of buffer generation involves simply identifying the
target of interest and simply determining the area around them on
the basis of a distance.
• then identify or select features based on whether they fall inside or
outside the buffer.
• Used for identifying areas surrounding geographic features.
• Examples
• To identify the locations of hazardous chemical storage sites in
relation to health care facilities.
• To facilitate evacuation in the event of a leak or spill of hazardous
materials.
The figure shows an example where the targets are main and
minor roads and different buffer distances applied.
Buffer at Specified distance from an attribute field
(Point, line and polygon)
Point, line and polygon buffers
Emergency Response Planning
Time taken to reach the site from fire
station
b) Proximity analysis
• Proximity analysis is a type of analysis in which geographic
features (points, lines, polygons, or raster cells) are selected
based on their distance from other features or cells.
• It refers to closeness i.e. within the vicinity of a certain feature
or landmark.
• Importance: it essential in determining whether a certain
feature will impede your ability to travel to a specified location.
 c) Seek Computation
• This involves determining how an object moves in an area in
different directions and different resistances.
• A good example is in the drainage pattern in a water catchments
area.
• The figure shows a generic example based on terrain differences,
where the least cost path is used.
EXPLORE: GIS Analysis Functions/ Tools Within the Software
Environment
1). Exploratory Functions 2). Overlay Analysis
• Measurement • Point in polygon
• Counting
• Location • Line in polygon
• Length • Polygon on polygon
• Distance
• Direction • Clip erase
• Area • Update
• Transformation/Reclassification
• Generalization - Amalgamation • Split
• Ranking • Append
• Reselection – selection, extraction
• Query • Map join
• Direction
• Distance
• Topology
 Exploring GIS Analysis Functions/ Tools Within the Software
Environment………

3). Connectivity Functions 4). Neighborhood Functions

• Network Analysis • Buffer analysis
• Optimal path Finding • Proximity Analysis
• Network partitioning • Seek computation

NB: Students are required to explore the GIS Analysis Functions in ArcGIS and QGIS
And practice using existing vector data or data created through digitization
 THE END

END OF LECTURE 6