Simple Data Analysis

GG5556/GG5566
 GIS Functionality

•Display (Table/Map)
•Visualise
•Pan
•Zoom (+/-)
•Search
•Information
•Label

http://www.ess.co.at/toolkit/gis.html
http://www.globalpositions.com/needsassessment.htm
 GIS Functionality

• Convert to Shapefile
• Select
• Subset
• Project
• Measure (Distance/Area) – also XTools

• Query
 Basic GIS Analysis

• Spatial overlay
• Boundary analysis
• Address matching and
geocoding
• Proximity analysis
• Buffer analysis
• Network analysis
 Data Analysis
• Vector and Raster
• Questions: Location, patterns, trends, conditions,
implications
• Measurements: distance, perimeter, area
• Queries: using Boolean operators
• Reclassification
• Buffering and Neighbourhood Functions
• Integrating Data – Map Overlay e.g. Vector and Raster
overlay
• Merge, Dissolve, Select by Attribute, Select by Location
etc....
 Data Analysis

Boolean Operators
 Data Analysis

Reclassify
 Data Analysis

Vector - Buffer

Raster - Buffer
 Buffering

Point – Examples?

Line – Examples?

Area – Examples?
 Buffering

A zone of a specified distance

around point, line or area features
in a geographic layer. Buffers can
be set at constant or variable
distance based on feature
attributes. The resulting buffer
zones form polygonal layers.
 Spatial Overlay

Spatial overlay is accomplished by

joining and viewing together
separate data sets that share all
or part of the same area. The
result of this combination is a new
data set that identifies the spatial
relationships.
 Data Analysis

Overlay
 Data Analysis
RASTER
Overlay
 Data Analysis
VECTOR
Overlay
Merge,
Data Analysis
Dissolve,
Select by
Attribute
Select by
Location:
 Data Analysis
Spatial Interpolation:

• Local or Global: mathematical functions to create smooth surface

• Exact or Approximate: surface passes through original points with no smoothing cf
approximate (certainty / uncertainty about points)
• Gradual or Abrupt: smooth or stepped surface results
• Deterministic or Stochastic: mathematical function can be used to model surface if
enough is known about the surface

• TIN (local data points to generate triangles) e.g. terrain models

• Thiessen Polygons (generate polygons around points) e.g. Point climate stations and
watersheds
• Trend Surface (1-n polynomials) – mathematically defined surface is fitted through
points
• Inverse Distance Weighting: uses weighting to enhance closer data points
• Kriging (see lecture material)
 Data Analysis

Thiessen Polygons Kriging

Trend Surface Triangulated Irregular Network - TIN

Surface Analysis: Data Analysis
• Slope and Aspect
• Visibility Analysis

Slope analysis in hydrological

catchments

Visibility analysis – quarry

location Landscape impact –
who can see it and from
where
Network Analysis: Data Analysis
Shortest route
Travelling Salesman Problem
Cluster Analysis: Data Analysis

Cluster Analysis – Clusters and Significance

Use ArcGIS and/or GeoDa
 Boundary Analysis

Boundary analysis, often referred to

as districting, helps define regions
according to certain criteria. User is
able to interactively define proposed
boundaries and have related
population or voter totals
automatically computed in a matter of
minutes.
 Geocoding

Street addresses are the most common

form of locational information. Yet an
address is merely text information,
containing a house number, street name,
direction, and zip code. GIS needs a
mechanism to transfer this text
information to calculate geographic
coordinates before an address can be
displayed on a map. Address geocoding
is the process of linking an address to a
physical location on the Earth.
 Geocoding

GIS associates addresses stored in a

tabular file with a spatial data set which
has addresses, usually a street centerline
file (USA). The GIS then uses the
coordinates of the street features to
calculate and assign coordinates to
addresses in the file. The result is a new
spatial data layer of point locations
representing the addresses from the file.
 Proximity Analysis

Proximity analysis is one way of

analyzing locations of features by
measuring the distance between
them and other features in the
area. The distance between point
A and point B may be measured
as a straight line or by following a
networked path, such as a street
network.
 Proximity Analysis

For example, in a site selection scenario where a client

is interested in building a manufacturing plant in the e.g.
a beach area, an important consideration might be
distance from the interstates and the airport. A GIS user
can simply click on the point locations representing the
site and the interstate exit ramp or airport to obtain an
approximate distance measure. Once the distances are
determined, other pertinent information such as water
and sewer availability, price per acre, and availability of
a workforce can be analyzed from the database.
 Network Analysis

Network analysis is used to identify

the most efficient routes or paths for
navigation or services. This involves
finding the shortest or least-cost
manner in which to visit a location or
a set of locations in a network. “Cost"
in network analysis is frequently
distance or travel time.  Also can be
used to optimize response times for
services. (ArcView’s Network Analyst)
 Data Analysis
Reading:
Longley et al.

Heywood et al.

Online GIS websites

ESRI ArcGIS online files etc.