Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1800 to 1903)
Form 4
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Unit H.1 - Early Maltese Petitions and the Council of Government of 1835
The Constitution of 1835 showed that the British Government saw Malta simply as a fortress-colony and as a naval
base for its Mediterranean fleet. The Maltese continued to demand changes in the Constitution to include elected
members. For some years the British refused to grant this demand. But events in Europe and in Malta in 1848-49
were to make the British authorities change their mind and grant the Maltese a partially elective Council of
Government.
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Unit H.1 - The Early Maltese Petitions and the 1835 Council of Government
1. Why did the Maltese leaders forwarded petitions to the British authorities in the early 19 th
century?
__________________________________________________________________________ (2)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (3)
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (2)
_________________________________________________________________________ (1)
4.1 In 1835 the Secretary of State granted the Maltese a ______________ of Government made up
4.2 The members in the Council were all _____________ (that is chosen by the _____________). (2)
4.3 What was the reaction of the Maltese leaders about this Council of Government and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5, What did George Mitrovich do to show the Maltese disaffection with the Council of Government?
__________________________________________________________________________ (1)
6. What was the outcome of the petition The Claims of the Maltese People Based Upon Principles
of Justice?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (2)
(Total 20 marks)
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Unit H.2 - The Royal Commission of 1836 and the Liberty of the Press
The arrival of the Royal Commission of 1836. George Cornwall Lewis Lord Glenelg
The Royal Commissioners who came to Malta were John Austin, William Ewart and George Cornewall
Lewis, all held liberal ideas. During their stay in Malta they made inspections, interviewed people and looked at
Government documents. In their report they wrote that an elected Council of Government with the power to make
laws was not in the best interests of the security of the island. But they said that the Council should include at least a
number of Maltese elected members of ‘property and intelligence’. The Commissioners argued that Britain was
morally bound to grant this because of the promises they had made to the Maltese in 1800. In their report they
mentioned also three reasons for the great poverty of the Maltese: lack of work, a large population and low wages.
Poverty was seen by: a large number of paupers, stealing from fields at night, poor children in the streets and the poor
health and bad housing conditions among the lower classes. For all this most people blamed the British authorities
for inefficiency and bad government. The Commissioners proposed also the following reforms in their final report:
Education: the opening of free primary schools in the main towns and villages
Language: Italian and English as the official languages of the administration
Hospitals: reduce inefficiency and abuses by bringing all hospitals under one control board
Taxation: abolish the government monopoly on grain. The custom duty on imported grain to be spread to other
items of general use.
Administration: high posts in the civil service were to be given to the Maltese by promotion instead of
employing Englishmen with very high salaries
The work of the Commissioners proved in the end beneficial for the social, economic and political development of
Malta. Its report served as the basis for further political, economic social reforms. Most of its recommendations
were implemented under liberal Governors like Richard O’Ferrall and William Reid.
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Unit H.2 – The Royal Commission of 1836 and the Liberty of the Press
1. What made the British Government send the Royal Commission of 1836?
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2. Who headed the Royal Commission and what political leanings did they have?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3. Which of these statements are true or false about the Royal Commission of 1836:
(a) The official language of Malta ought to be English and Italian. ______________
(d) More Maltese ought to be given higher posts in the Civil Service. ______________
(e) Inefficiencies and abuses in the running of the Charitable Institutions. ______________ (5)
4. Why was the liberty of the press such a complicated and controversial issue in Malta in 1838-39?
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5. Why was the King of the Two Sicilies against the liberty of the press in Malta?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
7. Newspapers in 19th century Malta were published in three languages. Why was this so?
___________________________________________________________________________ (1)
8. Name four types of newspapers that were published in Malta during the years 1838 -1900.
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
9. How did the Maltese leaders use the rights given to them by the liberty of the press in their
struggle with the British?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ (2)
(Total 20 marks)
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Unit H.3 - The 1849 Council of Government and the Cardwell Principle of 1864
The Tapestry Room in the Palace Governor O’Ferrall Earl Grey Lord Cardwell Lord Carnarvon
for meeting of the Council of Government
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Unit H.3 - The 1849 Council of Government and the Cardwell Principle
1. Give reasons why the British granted Malta an elective Council of Government
____________________________________________________________________________ (1)
___________________
(President and Member of the Council)
_____________________________________________
______________________________
7. Official members of the Council had to be (businessmen, nobles, government officials). (1)
8. The were about 4,000 ______________ from the Maltese (lower, middle, upper) classes. (2)
10. What did the Lord Cardwell issue the Cardwell Principle?
_________________________________________________________________________ (2)
11. Who gained most from this Principle and how? ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ (2)
12. The Cardwell Principle was set aside in ____________ when Lord Cararvon issued the
____________________________ that gave back more power to the Governor in the Council
of Government. (2)
(Total 20 marks)
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Unit H.4 - The 1887 & 1903 Council of Governments
The 1887 Council of Government Fortunato Mizzi Gerald Strickland Joseph Chamberlain
In 1886 two leaders of the Maltese national movement (Fortunato Mizzi and Gerald Strickland) went
to London and demanded representative government (i.e. when the elected members number more than
the official members in the Council). The new Constitution was granted in 1887 and it became known as
the Knutsford Constitution for Secretary of State at the time.
Elections were fixed for every three years. Voters had to have certain qualification regarding income,
property and level of education. Plural voting was permitted for those voters who owned property in
two different electoral districts. The people with the right to vote numbered about 10,000 males from a
population of nearly 200,000. The Governor had an original, a casting vote and the veto. The Legislative
Council had the power to make laws (called ordinances). All votes of public money were to pass by a
majority of the 14 elected members present at the time of the vote.
This Constitution took back Malta to the official majority of the 1849 Constitution. Between 1904 and
1907 no elections took place because no candidates presented themselves for election. The aim of the
Maltese political leaders was to get back the 1887 Constitution. At this point World War I broke out in
August 1914
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Unit H.4 - The Constitutions of 1887 and 1903
1. Why were the Maltese political leaders unhappy with the political situation in Malta in the 1800s?
__________________________________________________________________________ (1)
2. How did Mizzi and Strickland cooperate to bring about a change in the Constitution of 1849?
__________________________________________________________________________ (1)
3. The Legislative Council was called so because it: (Underline the correct answer)
(a) was made up of lawyers (b) enacted laws (c) organized elections (d) run the law courts (1)
5. Which new right did the elected members obtain by this Constitution?
_________________________________________________________________________ (1)
6. What is meant by the term ‘plural voting’? Who was entitled to it?
_________________________________________________________________________ (2)
7.1 A minor change in a Constitution is called (a draft, an amendment, a suspension, a minute). (1)
7.2 What change was made to the 1887 Constitution in 1898?
_________________________________________________________________________ (1)
10.1 The Knutsford Constitution is another name for that of (1849, 1887, 1903). (1)
10.2 The Chamberlain Constitution is another name for that of (1849, 1887, 1903). (1)
11. Which of these statements are true or false? (5)
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Unit H.2 to H.4 - The Constitutional Development of Malta under the British in the 19th century
Look carefully at the following table and fill in the missing information correctly. Some answers are given as examples. (Total = 20 marks)
Camillo Sciberras
Constitution
1 Lord Glenelg
of 1835
George Mitrovich
Camillo Sciberras
Constitution
2
of 1849 George Mitrovich
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Unit H.5 - The Constitutions of 1887 and 1903 – Essay Questions
Read carefully the following essay titles and answer any ONE in about 200 to 300 words.
Essays carry 20 marks each.
PAPER 2A
1. In the beginning of British rule the Maltese seemed happy to come under the British
Crown. Was this optimism justified during the first half of the nineteenth century?
2. The Maltese had shown a tendency towards nationalistic political aspirations as early as
1800.
(a) On what foundations were these aspirations based? (8)
(b) How did George Mitrovich and Camillo Sciberras contribute towards these requests? (6)
(c) How did the British react towards Maltese political aspirations and pretensions? (6)
(SEC 1996)
3. Compare and contrast the various steps of Malta’s constitutional development in the first
sixty years of British rule. (SEC 1998)
PAPER 2B
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