pteererttt ttt tt | Habitats, Interdependence, and Resources peepee, f | | | i ‘ pe ea ae z T : ; | ec i + Scanned with CamScanner_ Chapter “SD ae the study of the _ ~_relationships between organisms ra] -lliving things) and their environments. __ ECOSYSTEMS ——cologists study ECOSYSTEMS: An ecosystem includes all of |___— oa the organisms.and environmental factors ina certain area._| ——It is simply a.unit and can be.of any Size. AS small. os your. = ——backyord right up to...., the largest ecosystem in the world, _| __the BIOSPHERE, which includes every _partof Earth where organisms con___ __Survive, such os the earth's crust. its ___waterways, landforms, forests, and_ __the atmosphere. The biosphere is all _of the ecosystems.on Earth combined —— Scanned with CamScanner| and ABIOTIC factors, which are | factors are oir, water, soil, _[ABIOTIC FACTORS _|_then breathe in oxygen _|_for respiration, which fin ecosystem can be broken down into BIOTIC factors, which are the living and once-living parts, the nonliving parts. Some abiotic __| sunlight, temperature, and climate. _Air _|The otmosphere, the air that surrounds Earth, is an important abiotic factor. Animals breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide for essential processes, _like. photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, CO, and water to _dioxide, plants release___ |. oxygen back into the __ |_ environment. Animals |_converts suger molecules into energy.._____ Scanned with CamScannerWater Almost all life processes, such as Photosynthesis, respiration, and digestion, involve water. Many plants and animals rely heavily on Water not only for sustenance but also for shelter, Water isa habitat for fish and frogs and many other Organisms. Soil a — av) Miwon | Soil consists of a mixture of rock _ and mineral particles, water, and ~-dead organisms. Different soils = ah —= - —hove different nutrient qualities, So different Soils support ___ different types of plant life, etn, -_ Sunlight as ~The root of almost-all our food fan be traced - back to sunlight, Plants and algae capture _ the. Sun's energy Ond vse itto produce _ ——chemical energy in the form OF sugars, ~—Animals then eat plants to Qet energy, _ __Temperature and_ Climate. Most animals and plants can Survive o} femperature range. Temperature is oft Sunlight a region receives, the an nlyinacertain fected by the amount of | _ gle. of that Sunlight, elevation, if im bodies of water are nearby, ocean Circulation, and Scanned with CamScannerGe. SE NGS, other factors. Climate is also affected by the timing and |_amount of wind and precipitation an ecosystem receives, BIOTIC FACTORS The biotic factors of an ecosystem include all of its living | and once-living parts. Each organism has its own role in the ecosystem, called a NICHE, and its own living environment, called a HABITAT. All the organisms of a species that live in (on area are called o POPULATION. The different populations of species living in an area are called a COMMUNITY. The -|_community in your local park includes all of the plants, bugs, _|mice, raccoons, and birds living there. LEVELS of ORGANIZATION —__ \inan ECOSYSTEM | Ecosystems can be broken down into levels (Grom smallest. —— | to largest): _ _ ORGANISM: one member of a population __(asingle lake trout in Lake Michigan, POPULATION: the total number of one type of organism (a species) ina. certain area (all the lake trout in Lake Michigan) COMMUNITY: all of the populations that interact in __an area (the different types of fish, bacteria, leeches plants that live in Lake Michigan) Scanned with CamScannerECOSYSTEM: all of the communities and nonliving factors inan area (Lake Michigan as a whole) \ BIOME: a region that can include a number of /) \ ecosystems (the temperate deciduous forests) / -\ BIOSPHERE: all of the ecosystems on Earth combined BIOSPHERE _ POPULATIONS ‘POPULATION DENSITY is how close together members of a. Population live. Populations are denser when more organisms Occupy a smaller area. Given the Same population density | populations can still Spoce.out differently, Some populations Clump together, and others Ore spaced out across an area, Scanned with CamScanner| Limiting Factors _ The number of organisms in a population depends on the for survival. _ every organism finds z |_ its own niche, or role in the community, \_An organism's niche includes: amount of resources available. Because resources limit the population, they are called LIMITING FACTORS. They include: WATER SUNLIGHT FOOD LIVING SPACE ‘ Organisms compete for these = = resources and depend on them Niche In order to survive, WHATANDWHENITEATS __WHENIT’S ACTIVE _ WHAT IT USES FOR SHELTER _ HOW IT REPRODUCES _ Carrying Capacity ee CARRYING CAPACITY is the largest number of organisms —__ - an ecosystem can support. The carrying copacityofan _ ecosystem is determined by limiting factors and by factors |_ such as the number of other organisms living in the ecosystem, _ For example, if a drought killed off a large portion of the ——————— Bs Scanned with CamScannerSe Qrass in the area, the number of sheep that can rely on thot grass for f00d will also decrease. The total number of __Sheep that the remaining grass can support is the new Carrying capacity, Biotic Potential : Without limiting factors, how quickly would o population grow? | The BIOTIC POTENTIAL is the highest rate of reproduction Possible by a species in ideal living, conditions. Dogs hove _ | higher biotic potential than humans because dogs give birth _ | to several puppies at once and humans usually _ only give birth to one child ot a time, Dogs are _ also able to reproduce within a year of being born, Humans obviously take a bit longer. Population Growth and Migration ‘ The population Growth rate depends on the number of births and deaths in the population, Zimbabwe has Qn annual human Population growth rate of 2.3 percent but Greece _ = has.o population growth rate of ~0.06 percent Re Scientists use FOOD WEBS to = L Show all. of the feeding relationships _ 7 and overlapping food chains, oP - ENERGY and / VA —_MATTERCYCLES _ ——Energy ond matter are constantly —___* = ~ ——being transformed ondrecyced ¥ = A” \ | ——through the environment. Energy Cycle_ ty —Energy enters food webs through __ —producers, which Produce energy. i iL from either sunlight or chemicals, Energy is stored _* — _—in tissues ond.cells, and this energy is passed on to consumers __ ——when they eat other organisms - -Energy is passed through ecosystems through food chains and __—— food webs. At each level of the food chain, most.of the energy. ——is transformed into movement and heat. Only about 10 percent. _0f the energy from one level gets passed on to the next. | — Scanned with CamScannerA wea SECONDARY TERTIARY ONSUNERS. DECREASE DECREASE ~\N- AMOUNT OF ENERGY ee CONSUMERS An ENERGY - PYRAMED shows the “the. energy ot each Feeding, level_ |_of an ecosystem, _ | Water Cycle =a a |-Water constantly gets: cycled through the environment—from___ —roin to rivers, oceans, and plants to the sky again through __ evaporation... and back again. Even animals consume and __ {release water as part of the water cycle Scanned with CamScannerligase is 18 percent nitrogen, plants and animals cant _Nitrogen Cycle ___Nitroggen is. used for building proteins, so itis one 12 of the m Most _ essential elements for all plants.and. animals. Although the _ _use nitrogen directly from the environment. Instead, they rely. __on. process called NITROGEN FIXATION, which.converts nitrogen gas into usable nitrogen compounds. The NITROGEN _ Scanned with CamScanner(CRAVESTAER AND RetuRN C2 “NITROGEN 7 To THE SOIL | _ CARBON CYCLE Pana | Carbon dioxide (CO,) and_oxygen (Oz) ore 7] | continually absorbed and emitted back into the environment through the CARBON CYCLE. In the atmosphere, carbon attaches _ to two oxygen molecules to create carbon dioxide, or CO; Organisms such as humans break down sugar molecules for energy through a process called respiration. In respiration, organisms breathe in oxygen and release C02. Scanned with CamScannerThe ocean cycles a lot of carbon dioxide through a variety of physical and biological processes. One way is that CO» diffuses into the water surface from the atmosphere. C0 also enters into the OCEAN CARBON CYCLE when tiny organisms like PHYTOPLANKTON use it for photosynthesis and become part of the ocean’s food chain. Furthermore, ocean life also produces waste, dies, and decomposes—all of which release CO». GREEK FOR “DRIFTING PLANTS? SUT REON LAND) Scanned with CamScannerre) 4 producer and primary consumer are at the bottom | of the food _____. Organisms use oxygen to burn sugar and release carbon dioxide through the process of __. G 4 00d —— shows alll of the complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. | “ €xploin commensalism. @ Most energy enters the ecosystem through the process of LLL --+ ==. il Give an example of cooperation. — a An energy —----—— shows the energy at each feeding level of an ecosystem. Mo oy Grass is 0 _------- because it makes its own energy source. Define “interdependence.” nm The type of consumer that eats both plants and animals Scanned with CamScannerCHECK vour ANSWERS chain Respiration Web oN (@) Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one ie organism benefits and the other is unaffected. {31 Photosynthesis o fin example of cooperation is when members of a herd alert each other to the presence of a predator. @ Pyramid Pee &, Producer ' | __[&) Predator i: ‘110, Interdependence is the reliance on other populations for | survival within a community. t \ 1! i Omnivore Scanned with CamScanner-® Chapter GB & | OO ST ISI COLOGICAL SUCCESSION AND BIOMES ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Land is always developing and changing, # once-empty field can one day become a forest. The organisms that live in an area change with time as well, The development and change _ of an area over time is called ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. Primary Succession to Climax Community The process of succession. that begins in an area where there were previously no plants is called PRIMARY SUCCESSION. Primary succession usually begins with bare rocks such as lava, The First organisms +o move in are called (Sort of like the American pioneers. who were the first immigrant settlers to move. { { | | | | out west) Scanned with CamScannerSome pioneer species are:____ — _As pioneer species grow, they release acids that break down rocks, forming soil. (Soil is made of rock particles, water, and organic matter, which is dead organisms.) __As. the pioneer species die, they contribute_, organic matter to the soil. In time, the _ _—Soil becomes rich enough to support other _—plant life, such os grasses and herbs. __ | : ——The presence of grass and other plant ——————d ——life.drows small animals that eat plants to the area. As small_ - Onimals.move.in,.so.do the larger animals that prey.on the 4 ——Smaller animals. AL of these animals add nutrients +o the Soil_ through their waste and remains, which are. decomposed by | __— ———bacteria in the soil. The richer, older soil can support larger ___| —— plants, such as bushes and shrubs. These larger plants often. : —ovtcompete the ‘Smaller-plants, such as grosses. In time, ____— 111 the soil -gets.even richer untiLit-can finally Support trees, ___ : =" The-trees grow and multiply Untilthey outcompete many ae of the shrubs and bushes. The trees mature, and the land —Feaches a point where few.new species con COLONTZ€, or move into the area. When on area has reached this mature — —Phase, itis called. : ; But even in.a_— —climax community, changes and disturbances are happening — ——.all the time. 4. Single. tree. may die or blow over, creating — Scanned with CamScannernew opportunities for other _ |_organisms. # creek may flood, _|_or.a brushfire may start—all__ |_creating opportunities for new_ _| species to colonize the area. J Secondary. Succession. gusnientetaeadiamaunaeiaedneces _Unlike primary succession, where organisms need to start from___ _scratch, SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of an orea where soil already exists, Secondary succession usvally__ _| happens in an area thatrecently experienced a wildfire, _windstorm, insect attack, or other disturbance, —__| BIOMES - “4 BIOMES are regions that have similar_living and nonliving features, In other_words, biomes have similar ecosystems, ___ ——__| climates, ‘vegetation, cand wildlife. Scanned with CamScannerTundra - The TUNDRA is a cold desert, like the Arctic. Tundra biomes are generally treeless because the soil is not rich enough to support trees; subfreezing temperatures slow down decomposition, so it takes longer for nutrients to enter the soil. Lichens, moss, grass, and Small shrubs generally live in the tundra. Beneath the soil there is 0 layer of ground that _is always frozen, called PERMAFROST (like the words “permanent and “frost* combined) | During the short summer, when some plants grow and flower, the tundra fills with bugs, hawks, owls, Grouse, mice, lemmings, Caribou, reindeer, and musk oxen. The ALPINE TUNDRA is like the ARCTIC TUNDRA except that it is found in high-altitude places, { like above the tree line. on mountains, __ | Taiga and Coniferous Forests _ __The. TAIGA is south of the tundraond 18.0 cold, forested region. The trees in the _toiga are mostly CONTFEROUS TREES, _ which are trees that are Cone-bearing,_ ——Many remain green Year-round. oh the southern part of the taiga, the. trees = can be so dense that very litHe sunlight Gets to the ground, | Scanned with CamScannerplants live in this 4 Deciduous, Forest _ _|.& DECIDUOUS FOREST. contains o a 2 variety of mostly _ A Christmas tree is a | i SI i meaning few small Coniferous tree. Conifers have | waxy needles for leaves and _part.of the taiga. The || srow seeds in cones, _animals that live in the taiga include bobcats, wolves, | foxes, lynxes, rabbits, moose, elk, _|and_porcupines, —_|_decidvous.trees and plants. Deciduous trees are trees that = Th he decidvous forest 2 -|.biome has.along. _lose their leaves each year. Deciduous forests are located in_ ~|temperate regions, such.as the eastern coast _ ——|0F the United Stotes, Central Europe, and areas of Asia, Qrowing season -becouse it gets plenty of roin_ and has. pretty moderate temperatures, Raccoons, black |_bears, birds, mice, rabbits. _woodpeckers,.and foxes ore. some of the animals that live. in — deciduous forests. 501 Scanned with CamScannerTemperate Rain Forest ‘TEMPERATE RAIN ‘FORESTS ore forests in temperate regions (temperatures around 50°F) that receive a lot of rain—such as forests in New Zealand and some parts of the United States, like Washington State. Black bears, | Cougars, and amphibians are a few of the species that live in temperate rain forests. Tropical Rain Forest are located near the equator. They have warm temperatures and get lots of rain. Tropical rain forests house more species than_ any other biome. Some examples of the species that live in tropical rain forests include monkeys, jaquars, leopards, snakes, beetles, ants, crickets, parrots, and toucans. Scanned with CamScannerThe rain forest is separated into levels. €ach level provides a different habitat for animals. EMERGENTS: ot the treetops of the tallest trees that home to birds and insects Scanned with CamScanner___temperote and tropical ——regions, but they get less rai __than tropical and temperate _——rain forests. Grasslands are. _too.dry for trees, but they _——Can still supporto, Noriety.of grosses__| A: _ond smaller plants, Many animals of the | _ areas in temperate _-—-grasslands and savannas are grazers, | and tropical regions ; . % that don’t receive _——Such_as bison.and prairie dogs. much rain _-__Desert. ad = ___‘DESERTS. ore.oreos with very litte ute _——-Fain.and usvolly extreme temperatures, -@: _——like hot days.and cold nights. Cacti, z » _-—bushes, kangaroo rats, lizards, Snakes, vultures,and _—armadillos are some of the _ tee _-—-organisms thot have odapted to the dry i _— Conditions. With so litHe moisture in the pail DESERT = ground, Plants hove to Space. out to reduce very dry land that _- Competition. Many of the animals survive _ gets both hot and _-.by hiding under rocks during the hot day Cold temperatures _-and being active during the Cooler nights. . 504 ee SES Scanned with CamScanneralligators, turHes, cranberries, and more. They. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Streams, Rivers, Estuaries Faster-moving streams usvally have more oxygen, so they can support fish species and insect larvae. Slower-moving, Streams allow more sediment to settle at the bottom, _providing nutrients for plant growth, | Places where freshwater rivers flow _intooceans are called ESTUARIES, Nutrients deposited by rivers make them =” -|-very fertile. Snails, shrimp, crabs, and_clams are some of the | Species that live in estuaries. If sediments pile vp enough = -here,oriver DELTAconform {Lakes and Ponds : - Many fish_and plants live in ponds.and a | lakes, Reeds and cattails are plants that_ & i |-live along the edges of ponds. Migae.and $e ~PLANETON, single-celled algoe, live near the water's surface, Plants generally survive better in shallower water, so ponds _ ond shallow lakes have the most plontlife. = “| Wetlands <> memneoe ait -WETLANDS, also known as swamps, are rich & in animal_and plant life such.as beavers, _ i ~—}-Ore important Filters" in the ecosystem, too. Scanned with CamScannerSALTWATER ECOSYSTEMS Most of the water on oy arth is saltwater. SALTWATER ECOSYSTEMS. are mostly in oceans, but ~__ they are also in ~___ saltwater lakes. The ocean is divided into three zones: 1, OPEN OCEAN ZONE: The largest ocean zone is divided into layers depending on depth; different organisms live ot different depths. Animal larvae and plankton live near the surface, the highest level in the open ocean zone. _ | 2.INTERTIDAL ZONE: Seashore that is covered in water ot high tide but not ot low tide. Snails, barnacles, crabs, _ —and other shelled animals live in intertidal zones. 3. CORAL REEFS: Coral is a Small animal that grows intertwined with other coral and the calcified shells and skeletons of dead coral. Coral reefs are huge entwined Structures. Coral reefs provide a habitat for a wide diversity _of organisms, such as Starfish, fish, Shrimp, and sponges. ! Scanned with CamScannerees succession often happens on a newly formed volcanic island. : Bb @ Define “pioneer species." (3. After a forest fire, an area is redeveloped through Sasaseso succession. Define “climax community.” 8 Phe ttt is the biome that \ houses the largest number of species. \ 7 a Describe a coral reef. _ its leaves in the fall, anda _-________ ____ — always remains green. The ______ is the biome just south of the tundra, home to coniferous forests. ce The mojority of saltwater and freshwater organisms [. live near the _--_-__ of lakes or oceans. Why dont grasslands have any trees? a BIS Scanned with CamScannerCHECK your ANSWERS Go Primary The first species to enter an area a Secondary f ic] * place that has been fully colonized where few new Organisms can move into Tropical rain forest Coral reefs are interlaced underwater structures made t i | | OF live coral built onto the calcified shells and skeletons of | dead coral. | 1D) Deciduous tree, coniferous tree 1B) Taiga “@ Surface Grasslands can't support tree life because of the ary _. conditions. Scanned with CamScannerae __| NATURAL RESOURCES —— | ANATURAL RESOURCE is anything found in nature thot is ~ resource, Humans -_oil, cotton, gold, and trees are all natural resources. Natural —{resources that.can be recycled or replaced by nature. -|-to,replace ore called NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES. 2 Unfortunately, much of the energy we use to power our __ ~-impact on the = ~}-20Vironment—too _ ~~ )-0F pollution, |_vseful to.us and +o animals. Water, sunlight, food, air, crude Quickly (within 100 years or.so) ore colled RENEWABLE Resources that can take up to millions of years___ everyday lives comes from fossil fuels, a nonrenewable. have QO. huge _ ~oFten in the form _ Scanned with CamScannerSOIL POLLUTION and EROSION The average person in the United States produces ane 1,000 pounds of garbage o year. And most of it goes into LANDFILLS, areas of land where we deposit our garbage. By cutting down trees and plowing fields, humans leave land More susceptible to erosion, or the wearing Owoy.oF soil by rain, rivers, and winds. rosion moves and washes away loose __ Soil, which ends up in rivers or streams, where itcan cloud _ | = ___the. water. This prevents organisms such as plankton from__ _| "——eceiving sunlight for_ photosynthesis, which in turn affects _ ~—the whole food chain! Plus, erosion means that harmful __ fertilizers and chemicals Srom farms can get washed in ——Tivers.and oceans, affecting, entire ecosystems, __WATER POLLUTION. sd _—Hormful chemicals from.our homes, farms, and factories __ ~ S2ep.into.our-water sources. Sometimes raw sewage gets ——mixed into the waterways, Ocean water gets contaminated —oS rivers and streams flow into. Oceans, carrying their 7 — Pollutants with them. Oil tankers carrying oil across the Scanned with CamScanner_| ocean. sometimes have huge oil spills thot Kill thousands upon _thousands of organisms __ _such as birds and fish. _| Dead Zone ™ _Woter contaminants couse major problems for aquatic life. __| Fertilizers and raw sewage couse algoe to grow ropidly. When _____- _ algae die, bacteria break them down. However, these bacteria ___ __|_consume.so much of the water's oxygen that fish and other _|_aguatic organisms can't survive, causing o DEAD ZONE [AIR POLLUTION ______—— We pollute air when we burn wood or fossil fvels. Sunlight.” reacts with air pollutantsto create SMOG, a combination of ~|-Smoke and fog that.can. make it difficult to breathe and.can __ + irritate eyes. Alot of air pollution comes from.avtomobiles : that burn gas or diesel. fir_pollution also.comes from power... : ven biofuels... 3 -Plants that burn coal, natural. gas..or.e' ay Scanned with CamScanner__ Greenhouse Effect _____—— Gases in the atmosphere, such os. carbon dioxide, — 7 _ trap heat from the sun's radiation. They help to. worm our | __ planet But too much greenhouse gas in the environment is ___cavsing our planet +o heat vp too much—this is called the __ ___greenhouse effect. Global warming, is causing the ice_caps to_ melt, water levels to rise, and weather patterns to become _ _more extreme, Even though you ¢ can't see the extra COz in the __ __oir, it is still very harmful air pollution. _AcidRain "Pollutants in: the. air, such os sour ond Es AL. / yy __hitrogen oxide from automobile exhoust react with water in the atmosphere to produce ACID _| RAIN | a {rain that is acidic). It destroys plant-life by washing away | nutrients from the soil, and it can turn lakes and ponds _ —— acidic, which causes fish. and other. organisms to die, Acid rain -can.even damage buildings and statues, especially if Hhey're ——mode of limestone or otier carbonaceous rocks, _ - Ozone Depletion aa The ozone layer is a layer of gas in the atmosphere that protects humans and animals from the sun's 7 harmful UV rays, which Cause sunburns and skin cancer, Scanned with CamScannerChloroflvorocarbons (CFCs) are air pollutants that destroy the ozone layer. CFCs leak into the environment from freezers, air conditioners, and aerosol spray bottles. CONSERVATION _ How can you help prevent the horrible effects of pollution? Pollute less and be conscious of your energy use. & good rule to follow for conservation is The Three R’s: REDUCE: Reduce the amount of trash you produce and the amount of energy that you consume. This is the best way to conserve natural resources and reduce pollution. Reuse: Buy products that you can use more than once. Try to avoid disposable items that use up natural resources and produce extra trash. Recycte: Recycling is a process that reuses and changes used materials into things that can be of use. Although it requires energy to recycle things. overall, recycling saves energy as well as landfill space and reduces our need for More natural resources. Lots of things can be recycled: Plastic, metal, glass, paper, and compost. Scanned with CamScannerPLASTIC bottles and __containers can be recycled into all sorts of products: rope, carpet, fleece, paintbrushes, and more! _ METAL in the form of aluminum soda __cans, food cans, steel, iron, and copper __ can all be melted down and reused. _* large portion of the steel used in building skyscrapers, _appliances, and cars is recycled, Scanned with CamScanner_ GLASS: from bottles ~ or jars can be metted __down to form new __boHes or jars, _ PAPER. can be recycled into other _paper products, such os toilet paper,___ -sacsiboord. paper towels, newsprint aves both moet BY —oand water! a ORGANIC. MATTER: such os frvit ond vegetable _ scraps, leaves, and grass, can be CONPOSTED _ (turned back into soil). Composting saves: Ct — __space and produces good, fertile soil that can be _ Scanned with CamScannerBIODIVERSITY refers to the variety of life on Earth and the types of ecosystems that these species create. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES are the positive benefits that wildlife and ecosystems provide to people, such as soil formation and nutrient recycling. For example, wetlands are crucial for water purification—they can remove 20 to 60 percent of metals in water and eliminate lots of nitrogen entering the water. Because biodiversity and ecosystem services are in danger, scientists are engineering ways to balance our ecosystems, such as restoring wetlands and creating BIODIVERSITY PARKS—special environments designed to support diverse life forms. Scientists must present ideas that are affordable, socially acceptable, and scientifically sound in order to support the ecosystems | and biodiversity necessary for | our planet and humankind! | Scanned with CamScanner| ee 77 ne | — Sl CMECK vor gWowLenee Match the term with its correct definition: Qo Recycle Coal, natural gas, and crude oil— (2, compost all sources of energy i — {B) cottecting organic matter and allowing i = BG Fossil fuels it to decay into soil cid rain {e)coses such as carbon dioxide thot trap heat aa in the atmosphere i a B caw tT {b}an area of land where garbage is deposited - = & fossil fuels, metals, and minerals—resources | — Renewable thot can toke up to millions of years to replace aa ibrar J chemicats found in freezers, air conditioners, — Landéill and oerosol spray bottles that degrade the =aae i) Deod cant ozone layer ~ {ean area of water depleted of oxygen where 7 cH Nonrenewable almost no aquatic life can live (caused by f = resources runoff of fertilizers and raw sewage) -— to, The three When air pollution reacts with water in R's of the atmosphere to produce rain that can = conservation damage plants, organisms, and even cy Chlorott buildings lorofluoro- 5 ‘ Is carbons (CFCs) [eeprocessing materials to be reused a: something else (Resources that can be replaced or recycled \ Quickly (within 100 years or so) a Mpeduce, reuse, recycle a Scanned with CamScannervr ; CHEEK Your ANSWERS _/ 1 B A HW @c @4 do \ Bc i me | 10. k | ae | } Scanned with CamScannerg INDEX g active cellular transport, 315 active cycle (viruses), 299 active immunity, 471-418 adaptation, 305, 447-448 adenine, 326 alternating current (ac), 43 alveoli, 401 amber, 454 amino acids, 318 amniotic, 359 amount of substrate, in SI system, 31 ampere (#, 37, 163, eB ‘Omphibians, 358 amplitude (waves), 4-15 arial cells, 305, 307-310 ‘animals choracteristics of, 345, LD homeostasis and behavior in, 367-370 invertebrates, 27, 345-452. ‘0s Kingdom, 271 seed dispersal by, 341 vertebrates, 297, 355-362, ‘weathering caused by, 252. annelids, 348 antibodies, 4M ‘anus, 399, 400 ‘appendages, 348 ‘arachnids, 351 archoebacteria, 298 Archimedes principle, Te arctic tundra, 500 arteries, 410-41 arthropods, 27, 348-351 ‘asexual reproduction, 323-325, 346 asteroids, TAO 236, 239 astronomical unit (av), 184 Barren background information, in lab report, 32. research, 4-5 bacteria, 52, 53, 298, 219 bacteriophage, 300 balanced forces, 104-105 all-and-socket joints, 382 basalt, 242 base units (SD, 31, 38 batteries, Tot, ob beaker, 54 Scanned with CamScannerbinary fission, 323 binomial nomenclature, 214 biodiversity, Sto biological classification, 293-300 biological materials, 52-53 ical waste, 41 biology, 2. See also life science biomass, 180 biomes, 480, 499-504 biosphere, 416, 471, 480 biotic factors, 477, 479 birth Ghoman), 428, 428 block dwarfs, 212. black hole, 212 bladder, 402 blood, 408-409 cancer, 420 candela (cd), 31 503 | in ST system, 37 copia, 4m a2 carbohydrates, 401 carbon cycle, 287, 493-494 carbon dating, 460 carbon dioxide, 260 carbon Fims, 458 520 cordiac muscles, 378 carnivores, 362, 488 panne 334 ing capacity, 481-482 corte 354-351, 377 costs, 454 call cycle, 321322 call division, 321-322 call membrane, 306, 31 call phones, 156 call reproduction, 321-330 calls, 303-310, 340, 314 cellular metabolism, 315-318 callvlar respiration, 316-31, 405 cellular transport, 313-315 caliulose, 306 call wall, 306 Celsivs (0, 40-41, B8-B9 Cenozoic era, 466, 461, 41-412 centi- (0, 38 centipedes, 351 central nervous system (CNS), 386, 387 centripetal Force, TS cephalothorax, 350, 351 cerebellum, 387, 388 cerebrum, 387, 388 Ceres, 169 cesarean section, 428 Chadwick, Sir Jomes, 62 changes in matter, 63, 4 chemal bonds, 7 chemical changes, 64 chemical digestion, 398 chemical ). 4 chemical engineering, 24 chemical forias, 60 chemical properties of matter, 63-64 chemicals, 50, 51,52 chemical 4 Scanned with CamScannerclimate, 281-288, 349, 478-479 climate change, 285-288 climatologists, 284 climax community, 497-499 clock, 44 closed loop, 14 dlovds, 273-274 cnidarians, 346-347 cool, 458 co-dominant traits, 440 continental drift, 241-245 continental plates, 243, 244 convective zone (oF sun), 216 convergent , 243 converting SI units, 34 cooperation, 485 cooperative behavior, 370 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 224 coral regs, 506 core (oF sun), 216 Coriolis effect, 271 (ro-Magnons, 453-454 crust (oF Garth), 235, 239-248 Continental drift, 241-245 deposition, 256 earthquakes, 245-248 erosion, 254-255 minerals in, 228-231 mountain building, 237-240 Yocks in, 231-235 soil, 253-254 ‘topographic maps, 256 volcanoes, 248 weathering, 25-253 crustaceans, 351 structures (minerals), 228 current, electric, 163-104 cuticle, 335 ‘aytoplasmn, 306-307 cytoskeleton, 306-301 Dawe Dalton, John, 62 Darwin, Charles, 446 data ‘nalyzing and presenting, 5-20 collecting, 15 data, 4 in lab report, 32 quoniitative, 5 521 & Scanned with CamScannerdoughter cells, 322 dead zone, Stl deca- (da), 38 deceleration, Io deci- (d), 38 | deciduous forest, 499, 501 direction, %4-%6, 99, 100, 104, 120-121 | discontormity, 462. diseases, 418-420, 441-442 ~ distance, 31, 42, %3, 14 divergent boundary, 242 E ors, 31-39 forth, 186 259-2 characteristics of, 177-198 dimote of, 281-288 crust of, 239-248 ‘on, 200, 201 evolution of, 461-472 of life on, 405-472 motion of, 198-201 resources of, TT1-180 seasons on, 199-201 solstices on, 200 structure and composition of, 235-236 +ides on, 205-206 itt of, TIB-200 weather of, 269-278 €arth-centered model of solar system, 223 , 245-248, 278 Earth science, 2, 3 | Work as, TLe ag (reprccton 325, 340, 360,39, 340 elastic energy, 53 electrical circuits, Yo4-W91 electrical energy sources, TIS-180 electrical engineering, 24 electric charge, 154-160 a ic current, 31, W3—W9 electric discharge, el electric. BS electric Fields, Vol electric. forces, 1H, 160 Scanned with CamScannerelectricity, 69 conductors, W2 electric charge and force, 61-140 electric. current, 3-109 electric Felds, el electromagnetism, 110-172 induction, Wl-W2, insvlators, 12 lab safety when working with, 53 resistors, 12. change in, 64 conservation of, in electrical circuits, W ‘thermal, 151-40 work as, 126 energy cycle, 490-451 energy levels (atoms), 5 enaymes, 317 eons, 465, Hole epicenter ( Me epidermis, 338, 371 epiglotts, 406, 407 epithelial #issue, 315 epochs, 445 equilibrium, in diffusion, 34-35 equinoxes, 200-201 eras, 405-461 ris, 169 erosion, 232, 254-256, 510 esophagus, 398, 379 ‘estimation, 33 estivation, 364 estrogen, 344 estuaries, 505, eubacteria, 279 Faults, 240, 245 feeding relationships. 487 Scanned with CamScannerinstincts, 368 insulators, 12 insulin, 344 intensity of sound, 155 interdependence, in ecology, 485-490 interference, 148 interferons, 300 interneurons, 369 interphase, 322 intertidal zone, 50° intrusion, 461 intrusive igneous rocks, 233 |_ invertebrates, 247, 345-352 involuntary muscles, 371 ionosphere, 262, 263 ions, Ti, HO irregular goloxies, 2% irregplar Solids, volume of, 43 180 (prefix), 278 isobars, 271, 278 isotherms, 278 isotopes, % Dwr jet stream, 27-272 joints, 381-382 joules (9), 14 Swpiter, 185, 187 x Felvin (4), 31, 40, 41, BB, Ba. Klo- 38 Kinetic. energy, BES Kinetic friction, 1 Hingdoms, 253-294 Baw lab instruments and tools, 54-56 ; PE reports, 31-33 safety, 47-53 lakes, 505 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 445 land breeze, 272 landfills, 510 ' lege 285 intestine, 399, 400 larvo, 350, 351 larynx, 406, 407 latitude, climates lava, 244 no oe 526 laws), 8 conservation of energy, 130 conservation of momentum, 102 inertia, 101-102 motion, 101-106 reflection, 47 learned behaviors, 368 leaves, 338 31, 40 lens (eye), 340 lever, 123-124 lichen, 498 fe biological classification, 293-300 cell reproduction, 321-330 cell theory and structure, 303-310 cellular metobolism, 315-318 cellular transport, 313-315 organisms, 292. protein synthesis, 328-329 lige cycle (stors), 209-212 life science, 2, 3 ligaments, 381 light, 160, 152, 163, 28 light i a ising, light waves, 140, 144, 153, 221 light-years, 194 like charges attract, 113 limiting factors, 481 line of best Fit, 19. Linnaeus, Carolus, 294 liquids, 6-08 Lucy, 453, longs, 405, 411 luster (minerals), 229 Scanned with CamScannerHic forces, 1I3-M4, 9-12 ism, 63, W172 13, 1H pitude, 247 Of forces, 49 Of seismic waves, 247 main sequence star, ZI mole reproductive system, 423~424 malleabilty, 63 mammals, 340-362. mammary glands, 360 mantie (of Earth), 235, mops, 256, 271-278 Mars, 185, 186 marsupials, 361 mass, 40 ‘and acceleration, 103 atomic, 14, 1 conservation of, 65 ond energy, 52 measurement fools For, 43-44 ‘and momentum, 102 in ST system, 31 weight Vs, 40 mass movement, erosion by, 244 materials list, in lab reporf, 32 materials, synthetic, mathematical models, mating behavior, 310 matter, 60-68, 143, 144 measurements), 4, 5, 32, 33, 31-44 mechanical digestion, 397 ‘mechanical , BBS mechanical engineering, 24 mechanical woves, 43, 144 mechanical weathering, 252 mega- (M), 38 melting, 67 melting point, 63 Mendel, Gregor, 436-431 Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich, 75 meniscus, 42 ‘menstrual cycle, 426 Mercury, 185, 186 ‘meso (prefix), 261 ‘mesosphere, 261, 263-265 Mesozoic era, 4b, 441, 410-471 messenger RNA (mRNA), 324 metabolism. See celivlar metabolism ‘metal, recycling, 514 metamorphic. rocks, 231-234 metamorphosis, 350 meteorites, 141 meteoroids, 191 meteorologist, 271 meteors, Fi meter (m), 37, 93, 119, 46 meters per second (m/s), 93, 95, Wo meters per second squared (m/s'), 95 meterstick, 42 micro- (1), 38 microscope, 5b microwaves, 151 riddle ear, 341 migration, 310, 448-449, 482 mid climate, 284 Milky Way galaxy, 216 mili (mn), 38 millipedes, 351 mineral replacement, 458 minerals, 228-231, 401 mitochondria, 308 mitosis, 321-323 mixtures, 84-85 mobility, of animals, 345 models, 6, 61-62. modern atomic model, 61 molds, 459 mole (mol), 31 molecular compounds, 18-80 molecules, 18-80 molluses, 348 motting, 349 momentum, 101-102 monotremes, 361 moon, 201-206 moraines, 256 mosses, 48 motion, 92-6, 101-106 ‘acceleration, 95- of forth, 19-201 in Earths crust, 239-248 Forces affecting, 101-106, 109-Me and friction, 112 inertia. and momentum, 101-102 laws of, 101-106 of the moon, 202-204 relative, 42-93 speed, 3 527. Scanned with CamScannervelocity, 4 motor neurons, 386 motors, TT — mountain building, 239-240 mountains, climate and, 284 mouth, 398, 399 modflows, erosion by, 244 ‘multicelivlar organisms, 310, 345 muscles, 371-378 muscular system, 377-318 musculor tissues, 315, 318 mutations, 327, 448 _ Mmotvalism, 486 natural resources, 509-513 nephrons, 402. Neptune, 185, 188 nerve cord, 355 nerves, 385, 389-390 nervous system, 365-392 nervous tissue, 315 net Force, 100, 103, 104 neuron, 38% revtrons, 61, 76, TT neutron star, 212 newton (Ni), 37, 100, 1A Newton, Sir Tsoac, 8, 100 Newton's lows oF motion, 101-106 niche, 479, 481 nitrogen, in atmosphere, 260 nitrogen cycle, 492-493 nitrogen fixation, 492 nitrogen fixers, 492 noise, 154 rnonconformity, 462. nonfoliated metamorphic rock, 234 noninfectious disease, 420 nonrenewable energy sources, Tie-171 nonrenewable resources, 509 528 nonspecific immunity, 415-471 nonvoscular plants, 335, 337 north pole, magnetic, 16" North Pole, of Earth, TIO nose, 392 notochord, 355 nuclear energy, 14, Tie nuclear fission, 134 nuclear fusion, 209, 211 nuclear membrane, 307 nuclear power, 171 nucleolus, 307 nucleus, atom, 1 nucleus, cell, 307 nutrition, 400-401 nymph stage (insects), 350, 351 ocean carbon cycle, 494 oceanic plates, 243-256 ‘odor, change in, ‘ohms (2), Ta, 18, 168 Ohms Low, 18 olfactory cells, 392 order, 293-295, ordered pairs, 17 Ores, 230 organelles, 364-309 organic matter, 231, 515, os - calls of, 303-310, so in ecosystems, muticeition 0. Single cell, 303, organs, 310, 314 Sa 30, 315. See also human Scanned with CamScanneroriginal remains, 45% origin of the universe, 219-221 oscillating model theory, 219 oscillations, 43 osmosis, 314-315 outer core (of Earth), 236 outer ear, 341 ovter planets, 185, 187-188 outer space. See universe ovaries chomans), 394, 425 ovories (plants), 340 owlation, 425, 426 oxidation, 253 oxygen, in atmosphere, 260 ‘ozone, in atmosphere, 260 ‘ozone depletion, 512-515 ozone layer, 261-264, S12 Pawnee Paleozoic era, 4b, 461, 464-410 palisade layer, 339 pancreas, 344 2a paper, recycling, 515 parallel circuits, 165 parasite, 481 parasitism, 467 parent cells, 322 Pascal (Po), 88 reste eat transport, 314-315 4-418 pathogens, 45 penis, 424 period (Periodic Table), 14 Periodic Table, 1-14 periods (geologic time scale), 465, 4blo persian 30 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 386-367 peristalsis, 396 ermagrast, 500 erson on fire, 50 Pharyngea! sit, 355 Pharynx, 406, 401 Phase changes in matter, 1-68 Phases of the moon, 203, 206 Leiba 435, 430 Phloem, 33 Photosynthesis, 29%, 31, 334 Phototropism, 366 Photovoltaic colectors, 18 > phylum, 295-295 physical changes in mater, 63 physical models, © physical properties, 62-63, 229-230 physical science, 2. See also chemistry, ies physics, 2, 3 phytoplonitton, 494 pie charts, 20 pioneer species, 477-498 pistil, 340 pitch, of sound, 155-156 pituitary gland, 393 pivot joints, 381 placenta, 361 placentals, 361 planets, 110, 185-184 plankton, 505 plant acids, weathering by, 253 plant cells, 305, 309-310 plants, 342. homeostasis and behavior in, 346-367 Kingdom, 29% mechanical weathering by, 252 rnonvascular, 335, 337 reproduction in flowering plants, 340-342 seedless, 337 with seeds, 338-342 structure of, 334-339 vascular, 335-331 plasma, 40% plastic, recycling, 5!4 platelets, 409 plates (tectonic plates), 239 plate tectonics, 241-245, Pluto, 189 polar climate, 284 Polaris, 24 polar zone, 282 pales, magnetic, 104 pallen, 340 pollination, 340-342 polivtion, 510-515 ponds, 505 population density, 480 population(s), 479-482, 485-410 potential energy, BI-B4 power, 12, wa-I08 power sources, le4. See also electrical energy sources 524 Scanned with CamScannerradio telescopes, TAZ rodio waves. 144, 51 roin forests, 499, 502-503 roin shadow, 284 romp, 121 reactant, 66 reactivity, 63 recessive allele, 435 recessive genetic diseases, 441-442 rectum, 39°, 400 58-55 red blood celts. 409 redshift, 221 reducing, trash and energy use, 5B reference point, for relative motion, 12 reflection, 17 refraction, 47 regeneration, 324 rehyaration 34-36 relative dating, 235, 460-401 relative humidity, 269, m relative motion, 12-93 reproduction, See also human reproduction in call, 321-330 in flowering plants, 340-342 in invertebrates, 346, 341, 351 in seedless plants, 331 in vertebrates, 351-369, 341 Tock ages, 460-462 Fock cycle, 231-233, di Scanned with CamScannerrotation, of Earth, 198 rounding numbers, 33 roundworms, 347 runoff, 254, 2olo Rutherford, Ernest, 62 s safety, engineering solution and, 26. os cn tb Sa scatter plots, TI-H science, branches of, 2-3 scientific experiments, I-28 analyzing and presenting data, 15-20 collecting data, 15 ing, 4 drawing conclusions, 20-22 neering design process, 23-28 ina Scientific ideas, 8 Scientific inquiry, 4-8 Scientific investigation branches of ‘science, 2-3 evaluating scientific results, 33-34 lab instruments and tools, 54-56 lab reports, 31-33 lab safety, 47-53 measurement, 49-44 stlentifc experiments, 1-28 thinking like 0 scientist, 2-8 ‘Sentific method, 4. See also scientific sory ‘Sdentific tools, 54-56 Scree slopes, 256 _— serew, 123 scrotum, 424 sea breeze, 272 seafloor spreading, 242-243 seasons, 199-201 second (3), 37, 93, 95, 121 secondary consumers, 48% secondary succession, 497-499 secondary waves (S-waves), 246 second-class levers, 124 sediment, 232, sedimentary rocks, 231-235 seedless plants, 337 seeds, 338-342 segmented worms (onnelids), 348 seismic. waves, 246-241 seismographs, 241 selective breeding, 449 selectively permeable cell membrane, 306 semen, 424 ‘sex-linked diseases/disorders, 442. ‘sexual reproduction, 324-325, 328, 340 sharp objects, 51 ‘sheet erosion, 254 sheet flow, 254 shower (after lab accidents), 49. ‘sae, aS property of matter, 63 skeletal muscles, 378 skeletal , 39-382, kil required, engineering solution and, 26 sin, 316-371, 392 ies Be sliding, friction, ‘small intestine, 399, 400 ‘smog, SI! 531 Scanned with CamScannercid smoking, 407 smooth muscles, 318 sol, 253-254, 478, 510 sail horizons, 253 solar system, 184-191, 222-224 F solids, 42-44, 64, W608 solstices, 200, 201 solubility, 63, 8b solute, #5 solutions, @5-87 states (or phases) of streak (minerals), 229 streams, 254, 505 structural clues to evolution, 451 subduction, 243-244 subduction 2one, 244 Scanned with CamScannertemperature control, in animals, 368 tendons, 378 terminal velocity, 13 terrestrial planets, 165 tertiary consumers, 48% testes, 314, 424 testosterone, 344 Thomson, Sir Joseph John (J. J), 62 thorax (insects), 349. The Three Rs, 53-55 thunder, 2% thonderstorms, 2% thymine, 326 thyroid gland, 33 ‘3 poe TH fides, 205-206 time, 41 ‘and acceleration, 95 measurement tools for, 44 measuring, 41 in ST system, 31 and speed, 93 and velocity, 44 ‘time required, engineering solution and, 26 ‘ime scales OF ‘fel, 465-407 tssves, 310, 34, 35 4itle OF lab report, 31 tongue, 392. tools trade winds, 271 traits, 434-436 transfer RNA (RNA), 329. transform boundary, 245 transpiration, 265, 30-361 transport, in plants, 38% transverse waves, 160 ‘twins, 421-428 v Ultraviolet waves (UV rays) 152 ‘umbilical cord, 36 ‘unbalanced forces, 104-105 evidence of expansion of, 220-221 Formation of our solar system, 222-223 gplaxies in, Ze Fistorical theories of solar system, 223-204 origin of, 211-221 ‘our solar eA Scanned with CamScannervoowms, 113, 44 ina, 425, ‘Lo valence electrons, 77 valence shells, 79 ‘vaporization, 68 vapors (gases), o-U8 variables, 12-4 variation, 447 vascular plants, 335-337 propagation, 324 veins, AT, 412 velocity, 44, 95, 102, 104, 18, BE Venws, 185, 186 vernal x, 200, 201 vertebrates, 297, 355-362 | structures, 451 voltage, | volts (V2, Wo, 8 volume, 37, 40, 42-44 voluntary muscles, 371 Wanner warm front, 275 waste disposal, 50-51 woter, 254, 283, 341, 478 later cycle, 265-26, 41 water palivton, 510-511 sound, 154-156 , 150 fsunamis, 247-248 wove speed (v), Ho-¥7 weather, 269-218. See also climate ‘ir masses, 215-2% ‘ir temperature, 269-270 clouds, 273-214 dew point, 273 winds, 270-211 humidity, 272-273 hurricanes, 271 jet stream, 271-272 local winds, 272 - 4 iting, 271-278 severe weather, 216-271 thunderstorms, 21 tornadoes, 2% weather fronts, 215-216 ing, 232, 251-253 weather maps, 271-278 wedge, 122-123 , Méred, 241 weight, 31, 40, 110-M wetlands, 505 wheel and axle, 125 white blood cells, 409, 4Ne-4N1 white dworfs, 212 wind power, 160 wind(s, 255, 210-272, 341 wires, in electrical circuits, W4 ‘work, TA-Zo Krew x-axis, Yo — Scanned with CamScanner