MINERAL

FORMATION
Mineral Formation
Examples of minerals that crystallize from
magma
Diamond Oxides of iron
Mineral Formation
Examples of minerals that crystallize from
magma
Copper Nickel
Mineral Formation
Examples of minerals that crystallize from
magma
Platinum Chromium
Mineral Formation
• Magma
• Very hot gases or vapors escaping from the cooling magma
(Take Note: Magma normally contains gases or vapors which
cannot escape because of confining pressure)
Mineral Formation

Sulfur results from

the cooling of
mineral-rich gases
Mineral Formation
• Water vapor in the cooling magma often condenses to a
very hot water that dissolves many minerals.
Some minerals that may form from Solutions
Gold Silver Tin Uranium
Mineral Formation
• Water vapor in the cooling magma often condenses to a
very hot water that dissolves many minerals.
Some minerals that may form from Solutions
Pyrite Opal Calcite Quartz
Mineral Formation
• Rocks may break down and change the composition of their minerals
to form new minerals.
Mineral Formation
• Rocks also break down and its minerals are dissolved,
transported and deposited without change and its
composition.
• Halite (table salt), copper, iron, aluminum, nickel and
phosphorus are examples of minerals which have been
formed by removal of soluble minerals from rocks by
ground water. (LEACHING)
• Large deposits of gypsum, halite, bromine, magnesium,
and potassium are formed as a result of evaporation of
water from seas and lakes.
Mineral Formation
• Large deposits of limestone have been formed by the
accumulation of the remains of mollusks and corals in
lakes and seas.
• Sponges and diatoms form minerals from silica which
they remove from the water.
• Limonite (iron oxide metal)-partly the result of the action
of bacteria on iron metals.
• Some iron deposits are found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks
• Most iron deposits are found in sandstones and shales
Mineral Formation
• These ancient bacteria removed dissolved iron from sea water and changed it
to solid form.
• For hundreds of millions of years thick layers of iron piled up, forming the
iron deposits.
• Minerals may accumulate as a result of erosion of existing rocks on the
earth’s surface.
ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS (Material deposited by rivers. It consists of silt, sand, clay,
and gravel, as well as much organic matter)
• Gold, aluminum, iron
• Earliest known diamonds came from the alluvial deposits of India and
Borneo
• At present, the alluvial deposits of Africa furnish some of the world’s annual
production of diamonds
Mineral Formation
• 2000 known minerals
• More than 100 are of economic importance
• A mineral deposit from which a metal may be
extracted profitably is called mineral ore.
• Ores are rocks or mineral deposits from which metals
such as gold, silver, copper, platinum or lead can be
obtained commercially.
Do you know where these
mineral ores are obtained?

Areas where diggings are made

to extract mineral ores are
called mines.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
The important iron sources of the Philippines are those in:
• ILOCOS NORTE • MARINDUQUE
• CAMARINES NORTE • ZAMBOANGA
• COTABATO • SAMAR
• NUEVA VIZCAYA • BULACAN
• SURIGAO • DAVAO
• CAGAYAN VALLEY
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Nickel is much more economical to mine and process than iron.
• A rich nickel deposit is found in Nonoc Island, Surigao del Norte.
• Nickel is believed to be found in Davao Oriental, Palawan,
Romblon, Samar, Camarines Norte and Occidental Mindoro.
• Copper, gold, silver, chromium and mercury are the other major
metals mined in the country.
• Galena is an ore from which the metal lead is obtained.
• The principal gold and silver deposits are found in Benguet,
Camarines Norte, Masbate, Bulacan and Surigao
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Gold can also be obtained from copper
concentrate produced by mines in Cebu,
Negros, Benguet, Davao, and Zamboanga
del Sur
• Chromite of commercial quantity and grade
are found in Camarines Sur, Occidental
Mindoro, Zambales, Negros Oriental and
Bukidnon.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
•Mercury ore reserves are located in
Albay and Palawan.
•The only mercury producing mine in the
country is in Tagburos, Puerto Princesa,
Palawan
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The most productive copper mines are found in Benguet and Cebu.
• High grade copper is also found in Samar, Agusan, Isabela, Zambales,
Antique, Capiz and Marinduque.

Diorite is a coarse-
grained intrusive
igneous rock. It
contains large
interlocking,
randomly oriented
crystals.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Lead, zinc, platinum, molybdenum and cobalt
are the minor metals mined in the country.
• The biggest lead ore reserves are located in
Ayala, Zamboanga City.
• Zinc deposits are found in Benguet, Zamboanga
City, Camarines Norte, and Samar.
• The only platinum producer in the Philippines is
in Sta. Cruz, Zambales.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Molybdenum deposits occur in Batangas,
Camarines Norte and Negros Occidental.
• Cobalt is obtained as a secondary product in
the processing of metals like copper, nickel,
lead, zinc and gold.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Molybdenum deposits occur in Batangas, Camarines
Norte and Negros Occidental.
• Alloys
• Catalysts
• Lubricants
• Pigments
• Fertilizer
• Cobalt is obtained as a secondary product in the
processing of metals like copper, nickel, lead, zinc and
gold.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Our non-metallic minerals include dolomitic
limestone, feldspar, silica and clay.
• Limestone is used for making clayware and
is found in Cebu, on the eastern sides of
Negros and in Angat, Bulacan.
• Feldspar- important in the manufacture of
tiles and ceramic toilet ware abounds in
Ilocos Norte and Pampanga.
 DISTRIBUTON OF KNOWN
MINERALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Silica found in the alluvial sands of Palawan
and the silica rock of Sagay, Negros
Occidental are principally used for making
glass.
• Kaolinite ( white clay) also used for pottery is
found in Ilo-ilo and Camarines Sur.
• Marble for building construction is found in
Romblon
The Many Uses of Minerals

• spears and arrowheads

• Carving pipes and bowls
• Producing colors
• Season and preserve food
• Jewelry
• Tool-and weapon-making
The Many Uses of Minerals
•Minerals were used more with the
coming of art and engineering.
•Machinery like steam engine and
cotton gin developed further the
need for mineral resources.
The Many Uses of Minerals
•Wars added to the demand for
mineral resources. (e.g. to
produce one tank, the iron
needed was nine times that
used to make a big car.)