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a. Keberadaan bahan tambang sifatnya setempat-setempat (temporary)

b. Merupakan sumber daya yang tak pulih, tak terbarukan (un renewable
resources)

c. Investasi di sektor pertambangan sifatnya high risk, high capital dan

jangka panjang karena besarnya biaya yang diperlukan untuk usaha
eksplorasi yang dapat memakan waktu belasan tahun dan belum
tentu berujung pada penemuan cadangan yang ekonomis.

d. Industri pertambangan berpotensi menjadi agen perubahan

(development agent) baik yang positif (penghasil devisa, kesempatan
kerja, multiplier effect, etc.) maupun yang negatif (perusakan dan
penurunan fungsi lingkungan hidup, pencemaran, etc.)
 Our Earth Resources
• Why you must have someone somewhere who
develops the resources you use every day:

3
Introduction to Mining

When mining activity are there ?

 In fact, most of the culture age of man, are associated
with and identified by minerals or their derivatives.

1. Stone age (prior to 4000 B.C.)

2. Bronze age ( 4000 - 1500 B.C.)
3. Iron age (1500 – 1780 A.D.)
4. Steel age (1780 – 1945)
5. Nuclear age (since 1945)
 Table 1. Man’s Use Minerals

Need or use Purpose Age

Tool and utensils Food, shelter Prehistoric
Weapons Hunting, defense, Prehistoric
Ornaments & warfare Ancient
decoration Jewelry, cosmetic Early
Currency Monetary exchange Early
Structures & devices Shelter, transport Medieval
Energy Heat, power Modern
Machinery Industry Modern
Nuclear fission Power, warfare
 ELEMEN OF MINING
There are various term and expressions unique to mining that characterize it as a technical
field (Gregory, 1983):

Mine : an excavation made in the earth to extract minerals.

Mining : the activity, occupation, and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals.
Mining engineering : the art and science applied to the processed of mining and the operation
of mines.

Some terms distinguish various materials mined. Geologically, one distinguish between the
following :

Mineral : a naturally occurring substance, usually inorganic, having a definite chemical

composition and distinctive physical characteristic.
Rock : a assemblage of minerals.

Economically, the distinction made between minerals is the following :

Ore : mineral that has sufficient utility and value to be extracted at a profit.
Waste or gangue : mineral that lacks utility and value when mined (gangue is more intimately
associated with ore than waste).
 ELEMEN OF MINING
When both geological and economic relationships are involved, the
distinguishing terms are the following :
Mineral deposit : geological occurrence of minerals in relatively concentrated
form.
Ore deposit : economic occurrence of minerals that can be extracted at a profit.

Convenient subdivision of commercial minerals, into tree main categories, is

made on the basis of primary constituent and usage:
1. Metallic minerals;
- Ferrous metals (iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten).
- Base metals (Copper, Lead, zinc and tin).
- Precious metals (gold, silver and platinum).
- Radioactive metals (uranium, thorium, radium)
2. Non metallic minerals/ industrial minerals: phosphate, limestone, stone,
sand, gravel, marble, etc.
The essence of mining in extracting mineral from the earth is to drive
or construct an excavation, a means entry, from the existing surface
to the mineral deposit. If the excavation is entirely open to or
operated from the surface, it is called surface mining. If the
excavations consists of opening for human entry driven below the
surface, it is called underground mining.
 Our Earth Resources
• Resource =
– Physical or virtual
entity with utility,
value, and limited
availability
• Ore =
– Materials that exist
in quantities that
can be extracted
and marketed for a
profit

10
Economic Uses of Minerals & Rocks
Energy Resources, Ores, Gems, and Building Materials 11
 Basic Concepts: Ore Minerals
• Resource
– Absolute volume of a mineral commodity in existence, independent
of economics and technology
• Reserves or proven reserves
– Known quantity of a resource available (produced at a profit)
– Dependant on current economic conditions (including demand) and
extant technology
• Concentration factor
– Ratio of ore material concentration to average crustal concentration
• Mode of occurrence
– A desirable commodity must occur in a mineral form that is readily
processed to produce the commodity
– Associated, unwanted mineral material (gangue) and waste after
processing (tailings) must be considered in economic assessment

13
 Basic Concepts: Ore Minerals
• Ore deposits require
– Source for metals (or other elements)
– Means of concentrating elements into usable quantities

• Types of Ore Deposits

– Magmatic (cumulate, lode, pegmatite)
– Hydrothermal (porphyry, vein, skarn,
exhalative, epigenetic)
– Sedimentary (placer, BIF, laterite, evaporite)

• Ore Minerals
– Native elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, diamond, sulfur)
– Sulfides and sulfosalts (pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena)
– Oxides and hydroxides (magnetite, chromite, corundum, hematite,
rutile, casiterite)
14
 Magmatic Ore Deposits
• Directly crystallize from • Cumulates
magma – intrusive or
– Dense minerals settle out in
extrusive ultramafic magma chamber
• Occur as: – Chromite, magnetite, platinum
– Accessory minerals group elements
– Disseminated deposits
• Lode deposits
– Ore in many small veins
– California gold deposits
• Pegmatite
– Felsic plutons; late stage
crystallization of magma
– Rich in incompatible
elements: Li, Cs, Be, Sn, &
U
15
 Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
• Involve fluids
– Released from crystallizing magma
(felsic plutons)
• Occur as
– Widely disseminated vein networks
• Porphyry
– Alteration of country rock by late,
hydrothermal fluids
– Cu, Mo deposited as sulfide minerals in veins
• Skarn
– Fluid alteration of carbonate country rock during contact
metamorphism (metasomatism)
– Fe, Pb, Cu, Mo as sulfide or oxide minerals
• Epigenetic
– Ore bodies not physically associated with the magmatic body that
produced the hydrothermal fluids 16
– Pb-Zn and Au-Sb deposits; Upper Mississippi Valley lead zinc district
 Sedimentary Ore Deposits
• Concentration of ore minerals due to
– Weathering (laterite, supergene)
– Sorting due to gravity (placer)
– Chemical precipitation (BIF, evaporite)
• Laterite
– Tropical weathering to a residuum of
Fe2O3 & Al2O3
– Preserved in the geological record as
bauxite
• Placers
– Dense, heavy minerals become
concentrated in stream bottoms
– California gold deposits
• Banded Iron formation
– Formed in a O2 poor, early earth
atmosphere, >2 billion years old
– Fe as hematite 17
 ORES
• Gold in W.A. is mined
from tellurides, chlorites,
quartz veins and in • Copper is found in cuprite,
copper ores at Telfer malachite and azurite
• Gold nuggets are native • Native copper is rare
elements.

• Diamond in W.A. is mined

• Iron ores consist of haemetite, from volcanic plugs called
magnetite, pyrite and limonite Kimberlite pipes.

Crystalline
Haemetite is
used to make
jewellery
• Only a few minerals are rock forming and most rock is made
from a combination of the commonest of these such as
feldspars, quartz, mica, olivine, calcite, pyroxene and
amphiboles
 ROCKS AND MINERALS!

Beth Carter, White Knoll Elementary

Lexington School District One
 Examples of Minerals
Quartz Calcite
Iron

Hematite Diamond
Rocks are made of minerals. Some
rocks are made of just one, while
others are made of many.

Granite is a rock that is

made of three minerals.
 How Rocks Form

Flowing water, exploding volcanoes,

and heat and pressure from inside the
Earth all form the three types of
rocks.
 The Three Types of Rocks

Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock
 TAHAPAN PERTAMBANGAN
PROSPEKSI/PENYELIDIKAN UMUM
Pra –
EKSPLORASI Konstruksi

TIDAK LAYAK STUDI KELAYAKAN LAYAK

Tahap Kons-
ARSIP operasi PERSIAPANPENAMBANGAN truksi

1. Pembongkaran PENAMBANGAN
2. Pemuatan
3. Pengangkutan Tahap
RE- PENGOLAHAN
produksi
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MASI EKSTRAKSI METALURGI

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