MNC526 : Elements of Mining

Technology

1
History of Mining:
From prehistoric times to present mining has played an important part in
human existence. Mining in its broadest context encompasses extraction of any
naturally occurring mineral substances –solid, liquid and gas- from earth or
other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes. The most prominent use of
minerals have been shown in following table:
Need or Use Purpose Age
Tools and Utensils Food, Shelter Prehistoric
Weapons Hunting, Defense, Warfare Prehistoric
Ornaments and Jewelry, Cosmetics, dye Ancient
decorations
Currency Monetary exchange Early
Structures and Shelter and Transport Early
devices
Energy Heat and Power Medieval
Machinery Industry Modern
Electronics Computers, Communications Modern

Nuclear fission Power, warfare Modern 2

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4
 Mining and Mining Engineering
•  Mining consists of the processes, the occupation, and the
industry concerned with the extraction of minerals from the
earth.

•  Mining engineering, on the other hand, is the art and the

science applied to the processes of mining and to the operation
of mines.

•  Access for extracting minerals from the earth is to drive

(construct) an excavation or an opening to serve as a means of
entry from the existing surface to the mineral deposit. Whether
the openings lie on the surface or are placed underground fixes
the locale of the mine.

•  The mining method specific details of the procedure, layout,

equipment, and system used for mining. This is unique as
determined by the physical, geologic, environmental, economic,
and legal circumstances that prevail at the site.
 MINING TERMINOLOGY
•  Rock
–  any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of
mineral particles
•  Mineral
–  a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having
an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical
composition normally in crystal form with distinct physical
properties
•  Ore
–  a mineral deposit that has sufficient utility and value to be
mined at a profit.
•  Waste:
–  the material associated with an ore deposit that must be mined
to get at the ore and must then be discarded. Gangue is a
particular type of waste. 6
 MINING TERMINOLOGY
•  Gangue
–  the valueless mineral particles within an ore deposit that must be
discarded
•  Shaft is a vertical opening/access to a mine driven from the surface to
the orebody which is used for transport of ore/manpower & ventilation
•  Adit is a horizontal or a nearly horizontal entrance to an underground
mine
•  Drifts/Cross Cuts are Horizontal or nearly horizontal underground
drivages to intersect orebody
•  Declines or ramps are spiral or inclined drifts driven underground.
•  Dip Angle at which the orebody is inclined with horizontal
•  Strike Main horizontal course or direction of a mineral deposit
•  Footwall Wall or rock below the orebody
•  Hangwall Wall or rock above the orebody
•  Raise A vertical or nearly vertical drivage from a level to upper level
•  Ore passes are sub-vertical chutes/openings for movement/transfer of
ore. 7
 MINING TERMINOLOGY
•  Stopes are openings from which ore is mined. These are at times
backfilled with cemented waste materials.
•  Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral
from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as
a stope.
Stoping is used when the country rock is sufficiently strong
not to collapse into the stope, although in most cases artificial support
is also provided.

METALLIC ORES
Those ores of the
•  ferrous metals (iron, manganese, molybdenum, and tungsten),
•  the base metals (copper, lead, zinc, and tin),
•  the precious metals (gold, silver, the platinum group metals),and
•  the radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium, and radium).
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 MINING TERMINOLOGY
Subdivision of the types of minerals mined
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
(also known as industrial minerals)
•  the nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the
production of metals
•  These include
–  phosphate, potash, halite, trona, sand, gravel, limestone,
sulfur, and many others.
FOSSIL FUELS
(also known as mineral fuels)
•  Includes the organic mineral substances that can be utilized
as fuels,
–  such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane,
gilsonite, and tar sands
–  However, petroleum explorations evolved into separate
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industry with specialized methods and stages
Economically Important Metal: Concentrations in
Earth’s Crust

Concentration
Metal (% by weight)
Aluminum 8.0 Note for
Iron 5.8 comparison:
Copper 0.0058 Silicon 28%
Nickel 0.0072 Oxygen 46%
Zinc 0.0082
Uranium 0.00016
Lead 0.001
Silver 0.000008
Gold 0.0000002
What is ore grade?
Ore grade is the concentration of economic mineral or metal in
an ore deposit and is expressed in:
· Weight percentage (base metals)
· Grams/tonne or oz/ton (precious metals)
Economically Important Metals: Typical Grades of Ore Deposits which is
economically extractable:
Typical Grade
Metal (% by weight)
Aluminum 30
Iron 53
Copper 0.5-4
Nickel 1
Zinc 4
Uranium 0.3
Lead 5
Silver 0.01
Gold 0.0001-0.001
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
As magma cools, more abundant metals (silicon, aluminum)
deposit first
Solidification of magma releases water - a hydrothermal
solution
Minerals precipitate from hydrothermal solution and deposit in
cracks or veins in rock

Metamorphic Ore Deposits

Concentration of minerals caused by high temperatures and
pressures near intrusions
Examples:
Lead-zinc deposits
Diamonds
Garnets
Hydrothermal and
Metamorphic Ore Deposits

Geyser or hot spring

Hydrothermal solutions
entering veins in rocks Ore deposit
zoning

Alteration of rocks by
heat and pressure

Intrusion
Sedimentary Ore Deposits
•  Accumulation, burial and petrification of vegetation, e.g.
Coal, Lime stone Deposits etc.
•  Deposition of dense, resistant minerals in streams, lakes
etc (Alluvial Deposits), e.g. Placer gold
•  Precipitation of minerals from ancient oceans (Evaporite
Deposits), e.g. Potash and salt deposits
Other Mining Terminology:
Shaft is a vertical opening/access to a mine driven from the
surface to the ore body which is used for transport of ore/
manpower & ventilation

Adit is a horizontal or a nearly horizontal entrance to an

underground mine

Drifts/Cross Cuts are Horizontal or nearly horizontal

underground drivages to intersect orebody
Dip Angle at which the orebody is inclined with horizontal
MINING TERMINOLOGY

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Incline entry into a seam.

16
Entry through a shaft

17
 Entry
through a
shaft

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Mine Life Cycle:
Using scientific principles, technological knowledge, and managerial
skills, the mining engineer brings a mineral property through the four
stages in the life of a mine i.e. prospecting, exploration, development
and exploitation. Recently, reclamations has been added as 5th stage
which is now considered as statutory obligation.
Prospecting :
Concerned with the discovery of minerals by geological investigations
Exploration :
Determining the economic aspects of the discovered mineral deposit
and mining feasibilities
Development:
Making an access to the mine and creating infrastructures or capacity
building
Exploitation :
Winning of minerals by designing of suitable method of mining keeping
in view the economics, safety, environmental and societal objectives
Reclamation :
This is an important and latest mining activity which has been made
mandatory in almost all countries. This includes post mining
activities such as restoration of pre-mining site conditions and
ensuring similar biological conditions.
In fact the terminology of sustainable mining is being frequently
used these days and is being insisted upon by the society and
the Govt. The objective is not only to make mining sustainable as
well to maintain the healthy environmental conditions so as to be
sustainable. This includes selection of suitable mining
technology and adoption of mitigating measures for the expected
level of air, water and land pollution so that the same does not
disturb the existing ecology, flora and fauna etc.
 Stage/
TABLEName)
1.3 Stages in the Life of a Mine
Stages in the life of a mine:
(Project Stage/ Procedure Time Cost/U

Stage/
(Project Name) Procedure Time Cos
(Project Name) Procedure Precursors to Mining Time Cost/
1. Prospecting Search for ore Precursors to Mining 1 — 3 yr $0.2 — 1
(Mineral deposit) a. Prospecting methods Precursors to Mining or $0.0
1. Prospecting Direct: physical
Search for ore 1 — 3 yr $0.2
($0.05 —
1. Prospecting (Mineral deposit)
Search for
geologic ore
a. Prospecting methods 1 — 3 yr or —$
$0.2
(Mineral deposit) a.Indirect:
Prospecting methods
geophysical, or $0
Direct: physical ($0.
8 INTRODUCTION Direct:
TO MINING
geochemicalphysical ($0.0
geologic geologic
b. Locate favorable
Indirect:loci
geophysical,
Indirect: geophysical,
(maps, literature, old mines)
TABLE 1.3 Stages geochemical geochemical
c. Air:inaerial
the Life of a Mine
photography,
b. Locateb.favorable
Locate favorable
loci loci
airborne geophysics,
(maps, literature, old mines)
(maps, literature, old mines)
Stage/ satellite
c. Air: aerial photography,
(Project Name) d. Surface: c. Air: aerial photography,
ground
Procedure Time C
airborne geophysics,
geophysics,airborne
geologygeophysics,
satellite
e. d.Spot anomaly,
Surface: analyze,
satellite
ground
evaluate d. Surface:
geophysics, geologyPrecursors to Mining
ground
2. Exploration Defining
e. Spot extent andanalyze,
value
geophysics,
anomaly, of
geology 2 — 5 yr $1 — 15
1. Prospecting
(Ore body) ore Search for ore
(examination/evaluation
evaluate
1 — 3 or
yr $0.2
$0
e. Spot anomaly, analyze,
(Mineral deposit)
2. Exploration a.Defining
Samplea. Prospecting
(drilling
extent andor methods
value of 2 — 5 yr ($0.22$1 —or
—
1
excavation),
evaluate
assay, test
(Ore body) Direct: physical
ore (examination/evaluation ($
2. Exploration
b.a.Estimate Defining
tonnage extent
and and
gradevalue of 2 — 5 yr or$1$0
—
geologic or
Sample (drilling ($0.2
(Ore body)
c. Valuate ore (examination/evaluation
deposit
excavation), (Hoskold
assay, test or $
Indirect: geophysical,
b.formula
Estimate a.
or Sample
discount
tonnage (drilling or
and grade ($0.
geochemical
c.method): excavation),
Valuate present
deposit assay, test
(Hoskold
value b. Locate
! income favorable
" cost loci
formula b. or
Estimate
discount tonnage and grade
Feasibility
method): (maps,
study: literature,
make
present old mines)
c. Valuate deposit (Hoskold
decision c.to!
value Air: aerial photography,
abandon
income orcost
develop.
formula" or discount
 value ! income " cost
Stage/ Feasibility study: make
(Project Name) decision to abandon or develop.
Procedure Time

Mining Proper
Precursors to Mining
3. Prospecting
1. Development Opening
Search forup ore deposit for
ore 12——35 yr
yr
(Prospect)deposit)
(Mineral production
a. Prospecting methods
a. Direct:
Acquirephysical
mining rights
geologic or lease), if
(purchase
Indirect:
not donegeophysical,
in stage 2
geochemical
b. File environmental impact
b. Locate favorable loci
statement, technology
(maps, literature, old mines)
assessment,
c. Air: permit
aerial photography,
c. airborne
Constructgeophysics,
access roads,
transport system
satellite
d. Surface:
d. Locate surface
groundplant,
geophysics, geology
construct facilities
e.
e. Spot anomaly,
Excavate analyze,
deposit (strip
evaluate
or sink shaft)
2. Exploration Defining extent and value of 2 — 5 yr
(Ore body) ore (examination/evaluation
Stage/
(Project Name) Procedure Time

4. Exploitation Large-scale production of 10 — 30 yr

(Mine) ore
a. Factors in choice of
method: geologic,
geographic, economic,
environmental, societal
safety
b. Types of mining methods
Surface: open pit, open
cast, etc.
Underground: room and
pillar, block caving, etc.
c. Monitor costs and economic
payback (3 — 10 yr)

Post-mining
5. Reclamation Restoration of site 1 — 10 yr
(Real estate) a. Removal of plant and
buildings
b. Reclamation of waste
and tailings dumps
c. Monitoring of discharges
Major steps for opening of a new Mine and obtaining
Clearances at various levels:
1.  Allocation of a Coal/Lignite Block(Part A & B in Schedule I of
MMDR Act 1957) by GoI, Ministry of Coal and Mineral Block
(listed in Part C of Schedule I) by State Govt- mostly online
2.  Regional drilling with borehole logging
3.  Preparation of Geological Report(GR) incorporating land profile,
mineral structure, geological features, physico-mechanical
properties of mineral and host rocks, grades of mineral at every
stage etc.
4.  Preparation and approval/adoption of Feasibility Report/Project
Report/Detailed Project Report/Mining Plan- online
5.  Confirmation of Mining Method with finalization/ Exploring the
procurement of initial equipment
6.  Arrangement of Financing- Equity, Debt, Joint venture,
consortium etc. so that cost of capital is minimal 24
7.  Land Acquisition & obtaining Mineral Right(Mining Lease) from
state govt under MMDR Act 1957 and MCR 2016. wherein
•  Tenancy Land acquisition is done under RFCTLARR Act 2013
(through State Govt.)
•  Forest Land is acquired under F.C.Act 1980
Mineral right/ Mining lease is not required if land acquition is done
under CBA Act 1957(all right) but applicable to Govt. Companies only.
7.  Filing of Environment Impact Assessment(EIA) & approval of
Environment Management Plan(EMP) under
•  Environment Protection Act 1986( in Form 1)
•  EIA Notification 2006(Submission & Issue of ToR)
•  Environment Protection Act 1986(Submission of EMP & Issue of
E.C.)
8.  Consent to Establish under Air(Prevention & Control of Pollution
Act (1981 amended in 1987) & Water(Prevention & Control of
Pollution Act (1974 amended in 1988)

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Sequence of Mine Development Activities…..Contd.
10.  Consent to Operate under Air(Prevention & Control of Pollution
Act (1981 amended in 1987) ) & Water(Prevention & Control of
Pollution Act (1974 amended in 1988)
11.  Obtaining Mine Opening Permission from Coal Controller
Organization under Ministry of Coal, Govt. Of India
12.  Obtaining other statutory permission from Directorate General of
Mines Safety, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization, GoI
13.  Access from main road, laying of railway track, HT transmission
line, communication lines/mobile towers etc.
14.  Access from surface i.e. Shaft Sinking/Drivage of Inclines/Adit for
transportation, construction of magazines, substations for power
Supply, Machinery erection yard, Workshops
15.  Sand Stowing Plant(if required), Sand Preparation Plant(if
required), Service/ Workshop, administrative office etc.
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16.  Housing/Transport/Medical facilities etc

17.  Construction of Mineral Processing Plant/ Coal Handling

Plant/SILO/Rapid Loading System/Railway Siding Siding/
Linking with Trunk/Main Line & provision of Stock Piling
18. Procurement of Mining Equipment of Development &
Exploitation as well Support Equipment
19. Recruitment & Training of Work Force
20. Other development works

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Stages and Schemes of Mineral Exploration:
-  Favourable areas identified by prospecting must be delineated by
exploration techniques
-  once located the mineral deposits are sampled thoroughly and impartially
and the samples analyzed for grades etc.
-  the sampling data are utilized to prepare an estimate of tonnage with
extent of deposit, as well grade from which the present worth of the
deposit can be calculated and recommendations made regarding the
economic feasibility of mining
Resource: It is a concentration or occurrence of mineral in such a form and
quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction
A mineral Reserve is the economically minable part of a measured or
indicated mineral resource that are economically minable at a given time.
It is to note that these two terms have the same relationship as
mineral deposit and ore deposit: that is all reserves are resources just as all
ore deposits are mineral deposits.
A reserve can become resource overnight if the market price for the
mineral in the deposit drops suddenly. 28
Measured mineral reserve: That part of a mineral resource for which
tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade, and mineral
content can be estimated with a high level of confidence. The data
must be based on detailed and reliable information from outcrops,
trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes. The location of the data points
must be spaced closely enough to confirm geological and or grade
continuity

Indicated Mineral Resource: That part of a mineral resource for which
the tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade, and
mineral content can be measured with reasonable level of confidence.
Data are gathered from similar points but locations are widely spaced
to confirm geological and or grade continuity.

Inferred Mineral Resource: That part of a mineral resource for which
tonnage, grade and mineral content can be estimated with low level of
confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but
not verified.

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30
Ore Reserve Estimation:
Exploration has 2 objectives:
• 
Quantitative &
• Qualitative assessment of ore to classify into 3 geoeconomic
categories i.e. measured/proved, indicated and inferred resource
Ore Estimation is done by 2 methods
1.  Classical methods
-  Area of influence /volume of influence/polygon/extended area
method
-  Included area /volume/triangle method
2.  Weighting Method
-  inverse distance weighting method and
-  geostatistical method
Both the weighting methods give a higher weight to samples in the
immediate vicinity to determine the assigned grade of the area or block
on a statistical basis. The weights assigned are reduced as the samples
used for estimation of reserve get farther from the block to be estimated.
These methods are statistically superior to the classical methods for most
reserve estimation.
31
Polygonal and Cross-sectional Methods:

Polygonal and cross-sectional methods are related methods in

that each ore interval is assigned its own polygon of influence.
Polygons are drawn on plan maps based on the perpendicular
bisectors of the line between each drillhole. The size and shape
of the polygons may be limited, if desired, by a maximum
distance from each hole. On cross sections, the polygons are
usually drawn one-half the distance from each drillhole. The
distance from a drillhole may also be limited to a maximum
distance in the cross-sectional method.
A computer approximation of the polygon method is the
nearest neighbour estimation. This method requires superposition
of a rectangular grid of blocks over the drillhole. The grade of the
nearest sample is then assigned to each block. This method will
closely approximate the polygon method if the block size is not
more than 25% of the average drillhole spacing.

32
33
erical

Hole Grade Area

1 0.12 39.4 Total Area = 333.7

) 2 0.21 37.6
3 0.17 42.0 Total Area x Grade = 71.39
erally 4 0.50 37.7
done 5 0.33 33.8 Average Grade = 0.2139
thods 6 0.05 50.1
e the 7 0.26 46.8
8 0.15 46.3

Fig. 5.6.12. Computation of an estimate using the polygonal method.

maps
Ore reserve estimation using Polygon Method 34
arallel
 Triangular Method: The triangular method is similar to the polygon method except
that areas of triangles are estimated, and the grade of each triangle is based on the
average of the grades at each of the corners of the triangles.
The geometric methods have the advantage of simplicity and ease of
implementation. In addition, they will provide an unbiased estimate of the average
grade of a deposit at a zero cutoff grade. A resource estimate using a geometric
method provides a quick, inexpensive check to verify nonbias of a more complicated,
computer-generated resource model.
RESERVE/RESOURCE ESTIMATION 353

Triangle Grade Area

e cross-sectional

35
MINE DEVELOPMENT:
Mine development essentially involves driving primary and
secondary horizontal openings so as to reach the mineralized zone
and make it amenable by suitable method of extraction. It may be
noted that the development layout depends on the method of
extraction. A considerable length of development drivage is required
before a deposit is finally extracted.
Primary Development: The primary development drivages are
meant to provide access to the mineral deposit, to provide transport
for men, material and the mineral and to carry air for the ventilation of
the underground workings for men and machines. These also
accommodate pipes and cables leading to the underground workings
for transmission of compressed air, power, water and backfilling
material i.e. sand etc.
Secondary Development: Secondary development openings can
be driven within the deposit, as in practice in flat - lying coal seams
(e.g., drifts, entries, crosscuts), or outside the deposit, as is generally
practiced in three – dimensional ore bodies in metal mines (e.g.,
adits, tunnels, drifts).
METHODS OF MINING
•  Geo technical parameters vary in coal mining & hard rock mining
which decides method of mining.
•  Techno economics plays an important role whether surface mining
methods can be deployed or not. If not possible, in underground
mining whether open stoping or cut and fill metheds will be
depoyed.
•  The mining method selected for exploitation if decided on technical
considerations mainly depend on the characteristics of
•  the mineral deposit and
•  the limits imposed by safety, technology, environmental
concerns, and economics.
•  Geologic conditions, such as the dip, shape, and strength of the
ore and the surrounding rock etc play a key role in selecting the
underground mining method.
Accordingly, Mining Method i.e. Surface/Open Cast/Open Pit or
Underground mining is decided
37
Surface Mining Vs Underground mining:
After ascertaining the presence, extent and economics of the
mineral deposit it is to be decided whether it will be worked by
surface mining or by underground mining.
•  Shallow deposits are extracted by surface mining or
opencast mining methods. In this method, the overburden
(i.e. the material lying over the deposit) is removed to expose
the mineral, which is then extracted.
•  But if the depth of the deposit is such that removal of the
overburden makes surface mining uneconomical,
underground mining methods have to be used.
Mine Entries: If underground mining has to be done, we have
to choose the mode of entry initially, whether by
-  Vertical shaft or by
-  Inclined Shaft or by
-  Adit or by
-  Slope/Incline/Decline
Vertical Shaft: Suitable for
•  Excavation of circular cross section with skip
winding
•  Deep flat deposits(<300)
•  Steeply Inclined(>700)
•  Bad Natural Condition
•  Moderate Production Capacity
•  Long life
Inclined Shaft:

Characteristics/Suitability:
•  Excavation of normally rectangular
cross section with haulage or
Belt conveyor
•  Moderately inclined deposit(300 to
700)
•  High Production Capacity
•  Moderate mine life
•  Less horizontal development
•  Exploration during drivage only
Slope or Decline:

Characteristics/Suitability:
•  Excavation of normally rectangular cross section
•  Suitable for shallow to medium depth deposit
•  Long life
•  In declines trucks can be deployed at a gradient of 12 to 14%
•  Trackless Mining with high production possible through declines
•  In slope/inclined shaft/incline haulage or conveyor can be
installed at a gradient of 16%
Adit or Drift:

Characteristics/Suitability:
•  Hilly terrain
•  Level drift from foot of hill to
intersect the deposit
•  Outcrop above loading level
•  Sufficient space available at mouth
of adit for surface infrastructure
•  Cheapest mode of entry
•  Can be equipped with locomotive
haulage , conveyor for high
Production
Vertical Shaft Vs inclined shaft:

The main deciding factors are:
(i)  type of mineral deposit and
(ii)  depth of the deposit.
•  For coal or other flat-lying formations, generally the depth is the
deciding factor. Where such a deposit lies at a depth not
exceeding 300m, Inclines are usually employed.
•  But at greater depths, Shafts are the usual choice.
•  If the ore-body is vertical, obviously Vertical Shaft is a natural
choice. We can have the shaft in the ore body itself if the ore
body is strong because shaft has to be a stable and long lasting.
But this may lock up a lot of the mineral for the protection of
the shaft.
•  For inclined deposits, the choice will depend upon the dip of the
ore body. Vertical Shafts require cross-cuts to be driven to the
ore body. If we sink a vertical shaft in the footwall, the length of
the cross-cuts increases as the depth increases.
•  So, to minimize the aggregate length of the cross-cuts we can sink a
inclined shaft in the footwall parallel to the ore body. such a shaft
has the advantage of short length of x-cuts, stable, quick access, less
expenditure on the short x-cuts
•  If the deposit has a uniform dip, the vertical shaft should intersect
the deposit at half the ultimate depth of the mine so that the
aggregate length of the X-cuts is the shortest. (Say 500 m is the
ultimate depth – shaft should intersect the vein at 250 m depth). In
this case the upper part of the shaft is in the hangwall but extraction
of the ore body may damage the shaft. Because the shaft has to last
till the full life of the mine. So, we have to keep a safe margin
between the workings and the shaft or we have to adopt a suitable
method of mining so that the shaft is not affected by the workings.
•  When the dip of the ore body is not uniform the inclined shaft can
not be parallel to the orebody because this will reduce hoisting
capacity and increase the cost of operation. For the most
economical hoisting, inclined shafts should be straight. A few bends
of slight curvature may not have serious effects but a shaft cannot
afford to follow the deposit of irregular dip.
 Location of Vertical or Inclined Shaft:

For Choosing between a vertical and a inclined shaft, the overall economy
has to be worked out.
Fig.2: Location of primary opening (Shaft / Incline shaft)
•  Generally, inclined shafts are used for comparatively flatter to inclined
ore bodies(up to maximum 700).
ain disadvantages
•  Beyond of inclined shafts 70
700(between are:
0 & 900) vertical shafts are more economical.

To reach a certain
•  An depth,
inclined an inclined
shaft is largershaft must behence
in length longer than a vertical
costlier shaft. more
and requires
maintenance. The production capacity of a mine with inclined shaft is
Hoisting speed
having – In25%
general, hoisting
less than thatspeed
with in
a an inclined
vertical shaft
shaft of is less than
same crossthat in a vertical
section.
shaft (but the loss in speed can be partly compensated by increased load).
•  The latest trend is to sink vertical shafts for obvious advantages of
Hoisting capacity
efficient –winding
For two with
shaftsoptimal
of the capex
same cross
and section
opex. and lengths, an inclined shaft
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VERTICAL SHAFTS VS INCLINED SHAFT / INCLINES:
Important Parameters For A Mining Shaft Inclines
Project
Time requirement for completion More Less

Capital cost More Less

Continuous transport of mineral Cyclic Continuous

Capacity of coal transport Limited Large

Operational cost More Less

Resistance to ventilation Less More

Length of cable, pipeline Less More

Possibility of uncertainty Less More

Impacted by geological factors

Loss of coal in protective pillar Less More

Environmental problem More Less 48