~ EVERYTHING —_YOUNI TENC ACE ; Scanned with CamScannerThese are the notes from my science class. __Oh, who am I? Well, some people said I was the smartest Kid in class. _wrote everything you need to ace SCIENCE, __ rom the EXPERIMENTS to the ECOSYSTEMS, _ x ___ Stuff that's usvally on the test! Scanned with CamScannerSea ea Tee ae L tried to keep everything organized, so. I almost always: __¢ Highlight vocobulary words in YELLOW, __© Color in definitions in Seseeteinensscnieenereee/ See __* Doodle a pretty sweet Charles Darwin___‘ __and whatnot to visually show the big ideas. ___not so great at taking notes in class, this ___ a __ notebook will help. It hits all the major points. __\ a (But if your teacher spends o whole class. _tolking about something that's not covered, __ go ahead and write that down for yourself) __Now that Ive aced science, this notebook is YOURS, Im done with it, so this notebook's purpose in life is ia _40 help YOU learn and remember just what you need _ Scanned with CamScanner~_ynits: SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 1+. —1_Thinking Like a Scientist 2 _ 2. Scientific Experiments 14 _ 3. Lab Reports and Evaluating Results. 31 4. ST Units and Measurements 37 —5_Lab.Safety and Scientific Tools 47 _unit2: MATTER, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, and SOLUTIONS 54 ._Matter, Properties, and Phases 60 ~uwit3: MOTION, FORCES, and We 9. Motion 12 sear : —10.__Force and Newton's Laws « of Motion 49 fs M__Grovity, Friction, and More Forces in Everyday Life 109____ -12.__Work and Machines 119. Scanned with CamScannerunit 4: ENERGY 129_ 13_Forms of Energy 130 14. Thermal Energy 137 —15_Light.and Sound Woves_143. lb. €lectricity-and Magnetism_155 Scanned with CamScanneruwit.7: LIFE: CLASSIFICATION _and CELLS 291 28. Organisms and Biological. Classification 242 29. Cell Theory and Cell Structure 303 ae 30. Cellular Transport.and Metabolism 313. 31._Cell Reproduction and Protein Synthesis 324 units: PLANTS and ANIMALS 333 32. Plant Structure.and Reproduction 334 _ _33,_Animols: Invertebrates 345 _ 34. Animals: Vertebrotes 355 __ _-—__—_ _35. Animal and Plant Homeostasis .and Behavior 365 “SYSTEMS 373 36,. “Skeletal and Muscular Systems. 3 a 3 31__Nervous and Endocrine Systems 385 __ La -38._Digestive and éxcretory Systems 347 {__ 39. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 405 a 40._Immune and Lymphatic Systems 415. _41._Human Reproduction and Development 423 Scanned with CamScanner42, oe and Genetics. 134 eonceereeers 43, €volution 445 __44, Fossils and Rock Ages 457_ __ 45, History of Life on Earth 465 _unrt it; ECOLOGY: HABITATS, Syne ___INTERDEPENDENGH, and_ 743 RESOURCES 475 | 46, Ecology and Ecosystems 476 : 41. Interdependence and the Cycling of | energy __and Matter 985 __ ———————— __ 48, Ecological Succession ond Biomes 197 ___ 49, Natural Resources and Conservation 509. Scanned with CamScanneraces | | _& Chapter Jf eB THINKING LIKE A. SCE _ The BRANCHES of SCIENCE and _HOW THEY FIT TOGETHER LIFE SCIENCE, or BIOLOGY. —is the study of all living, things, like plants, animals, and_even single-cell organisms, _ EARTH SCIENCE | _deals with Earth —and space—things like _ planets, stars, and rocks, _ €arth science studies nonliving _ things and their history. PHYSICALSCIENCE is all_about matter and energy, the most basic building blocks | of the universe. Tt includes PHYSICS (energy interacting with. matter) and CHEMISTRY (matter and how it transforms). et Scanned with CamScanner__ Science is like thinking about the universe as a Lego world: _1. PHYSICS studies a single Lego and all of its. properties, like how it moves around and its energy. __all of the possible living _ things made out of Legos. 4, BARTH SCIENCE studies all the _| _ nonliving things in.the Lego world._ Scanned with CamScanner—SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. os —_Science is a way +o find answers to questions about the world | ——around us, Scientists. are very much like detectives, using _ evidence to solve complex puzzles, Scientists find evidence___| —by conducting experiments and making observations, The___| — Process used by scientists to research a question is called __ — SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, Trying to sind the_answers too. | —question is also called the SCIENTIFIC METHOD, __ ite ey +——. | tt Scientific inquiry begins with a questi —abovt the world around us and how it works, —_ffter_o question has been identified, the ne: —Step isto collect all of the possible information that _ 7 _ relates to that investigation by doing background research. _ —making, observations, and conducting experimen TTT IT __BACKGRO UND RESEARCH looks at the fi ndings of pa — Scientists to predict what will happen in an experimen: 1 —This prediction is colled o HYPOTHESIS: Scientists —testtheirhypotheses by makingOBSERVATIONS =| —and comparing them to their predictions, Observations _| —Feqvire using your senses—the way something looks | —Smells, feels, or sounds—to describe an event. Some > — observations are QUANTITATIVE ond made inthe formof | _ —MEASURENENTS, Some ore QUALITATIVE and based | — -on the qualities of something, The findings of the scientific _| one OrereferredtoosCONCLUSIONS, =—=—_s-//s§/ <5 (| Scanned with CamScannerSCIENTIFIC INQUIRY the strategy used for scientific investigations a OBSERVATION using all of your ientifi : senses and scienti ie thefindings of instruments to describe SOS : your scientific athing or event ace investigation Scanned with CamScannerA MODEL is o representation of something that's 400 small, too big, or too expensive to observe in real life. Since models | —simplify things to. make observing and thinking aboutthem -—easier, they ore very useful tools for scientists, These area _ —few types of models PHYSICAL MODELS. like a globe or a diorama 4 COMPUTER MODELS, like o simulation of _| } changing weather patterns or 3-D simulations _| oF people or places -__WATHENATICAL MODELS, — —like the equation of 0 line oro, - —business using past.costs to = - predict future costs _ Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner__After making many. observations, scientists. develop. ideas to_| eae | Seo —— explain how and why things happen. Scientific ideas startas i —— PREDICTIONS, and evidence may or may.not support them. | ——is_o proposed explanation that has been extensively tested _| and is based_on many observations. and experiments, scientists can develop a THEORY. # theory | —fr scientific KAW) like 0 theory, is based_on many observations._| i ——flow is o.rule that describes how something i ——behoves, but not necessarily why it behaves thot way ——for example. STR TSAAC NEWTON observed th objects naturally fall to the ground. To descril eal this pattern, he come up with the law of univers« ; gravitation. This law predicts the motion of object | Under the force of gravity but doesnt explain why. Lai Es — objects movethotwoy Scanned with CamScannerCHECK your KMOWLEDEEL ____{3] What ore the three. main branches of science, and what.does___ “A 13, Whats 0 hypothesis? each study? | What are the basic steps of scientific inquiry? ____ [4i)|z¢ your observations do not support your hypothesis. what ——— | should you do? 1 i ___(5) How is evidence used in scientific investigatia 2 ____[6)) compare and contrasto-theory ond.o Jaw. —ai [What are models, and why are they.used in science? _________ ___[3)| Give an example of a physical model..o computer mode), ___ _____| anda. mathematical model ______________—_— GonnsnEs= > sy Scanned with CamScannerCHECK your ANSWERS (Life science (or biology) is the study of living things; earth science is the study of the earth and space; and physical science is the study of matter and energy. 2) Asko question, do background research, make a hypothesis, test Your hypothesis, analyze results, draw a conclusion, and share results. Or, if your hypothesis is proven false, make a new hypothesis and start again, t's an educated prediction that can be tested. Moke a new hypothesis based on Your observations and. begin the process over again. | (B Evidence—observations and data—can either support or oppose © hypothesis. 1G, # theory explains why something happens. # law identifies what happens in nature but doesn't necessarily explain why it happens. if (7, A. model is a representation of something, Models are used in science ___ tohelp us think about things thot are difficult to observe in real life. | [& PHYSICAL MODELS: maps, globes, and dioramas COMPUTER MODELS: 3-D simulations oF people or places and simulations of moving weather fronts ~ MATHEMATICAL MODELS: equations, such as the equation of a tine, and mathematical simulations, such as business proposals 48 has more than one correct answer, oe Scanned with CamScanner be rele,SCIENTIFIC ~ EXPERIMENTS —Q 3 oe Some good starting points for designing an experiment: 4. OBSERVE something you are curios about. _2. ALTER o previous experiment to develop _.__ — Your own cee Plans. eS Scanned with CamScanner—_An experiment requires a detailed list of steps, or o PROCEDURE, and a list of meee ~_Materials needed to conduct the ——.-2xperiment, Another scientist should | EROCEDURE, a step-by-step list of __be able to repeat the experiment _ how to carry out the based on your procedure steps | experiment alone, no matter where he or she | ___—is. This ollows other scientists to evaluate your resvlts,_ -0 CONTROLLED. ning an experiment more ___than_once: first without ———thanging any factor: {this experiment is called = the CONTRODW and then a second time, changing only the ___factor_you want to observe, _____In_a controlled experiment, th _____ factors that are held constant. ____are called CONSTANTS. ____they.dont affect the outcome _ 7 £ the experiment. A VARTABLI e _——is.a factor thot can alter your zea ———experiment's results—o controlled experiment allows you to ____test the influence of the variable, Scanned with CamScanner| In order to test only.one factor. all other factors in the = iE experiment ore held constant—this ensures thatthe changes = you observe. are. caused by the. one. variable, yov changed. |_Different variables play different roles: ___ Scanned with CamScannerGoldfish Exper _Every couple of weeks, the teacher has to buy a new goldfish after the earlier one has died. The class comes up with a hypothesis that the goldfish is not getting the right amount of food, They devise an experiment to test this factor alone, holding all other variables (type —of fish, tank size, water quality, | CONSTANTS 1. Type of fish io 2: lanlkesizeuaaae 3. Water quality 4-Water temperature woter temperature, food type, and location) as constants. In this experiment, the _1—5-Food. type —— independent variable is how 6. Location = ___ frequently they feed the ‘ sara’ fish (either once o day or once every other day), and the a dependent variable is the health of the fish after two weeks. _ FEED EY, OTHER ee) CUKE USUAL) Scanned with CamScannerCOLLECTING DATA . __Good dota is specific and detailed. Data with quantitative ___ __descriptions, or measurements, is often helpful. Good data____ ___.is also accurate. Observe and measure things carefully. Tt is__ ________ easy to Forget things, so in order to ensure accuracy, record. __ _—_data_and_ observations during, +he experiment instead of __ after. Without reliable data, __conclusions are meaningless! ANALYZING and : PRESENTING | : pA |_Here are some .common.ways.. . el to. organize_and display. datos — Tania present data inrows.and_columns. Because ____| the numbers are side by side, tables « can_be read quickly __and_numbers.can be easily __ ompared. #table is the best ___woy to record data DURING. | __onexperiment Scanned with CamScanner_Once you've collected data in a table, turn it intoa GRAPHto ___Make the information easier to see. = ft __LINE GRAPHS show the relationship between two sane Gulag ___Voriobles—one plotted on the x-axis (the horizontal line), __ __the other on the y-axis (the vertical line), & SCALE on each a ___axis shows the intervals of measurements. The scale should 90 up in EVEN INCREMENTS, for example: ceceeee Snaanaeee oe ve or 610.1520. not 2.6 Ge = -—bine graphs h elp to show how one vari lable offects another, or J }—In-other- words. how the. dependent variable. changes because i — of the independent variable, The independent variable is — on the. X-axis. and the dependent variable is on the Y-axis. an ———-Line graphs work. best for experiments that show continuous ae change over time, such os the growth of a plant or the : ——occeleration of a race cor. ae — ae | Scanned with CamScannerA. SCATTER PLOT is 0 type of line graph that shows __ ________the relationship between two sets of data. Scatter plots __ graph the data as ORDERED PAIRS (these are simply pairs of numbers—but the order in which they appear together. = | matters) | After a math test Ms. Phinney asked her students how many hours they studied. She | recorded their answers, along with their test scores. Scanned with CamScanner_ To show Tammy's data, we mark the point whose _——-volve is 4.5 and whose y-vaive is 10, | seen css n asa pte Pen 4 . Students can see if there is.a relationship between the number. i of hours studied and test scores, The scores. generally go.UP. =] _--08-the hours spent studying go up. This shows that there is a —— _—relationship between test scores and studying, Scanned with CamScanner| We.can draw a line on the graph that roughly describes .___. | the relationship between the number of hours studied and____ test scores. This line is known as the LINE OF BEST FLT. co aoe because it is the best description of how the points are related sszett | to one another. None of the points lie on the line of best fi __ but it's okay! This is becouse the line of best fit is the line that est describes the relationship of all the points on the graph. Fe BAR GRAPHS present the data os rectangles of different fs —_ heights, Each rectangle represents o different part of a Z _|_ category, or variable, such as type of pet or favorite. ice |_eream flavor. The 4oller the rectangle, the larger the number. Most POPULAR TYPE OF PET 20 | | p06 BIRD CAT LIZARD Favorite Pet Scanned with CamScannerve | a? | | __You can think of o CIRCLE GRAPH like o pie cut into slices | —(Circle graphs are_also sometimes called PLE a ‘OF THE(20 STUDENTS IN CLASS, chose CHOCOLATE chose VANILLA W chose COOKIES {CREAM @ chose STRAWBERRY __DRAWING CONCLUSIONS __Did your results support your hypothesis? T¢ not, how would _you_change your hypothesis to fit your results? Sometimes —_—}———~ __conclusions aren't immediately -opparent and you will have to} a | ___IINFER, or use_observations and facts, to reach.o_conclvsion | __about something you may not have directly witnessed ——— __ For example. if you want to find out what Q _——_Tyrannosaurus.rex ote, you might observe the __YDp __types of fossilized droppings that could be __| ee”, ee ae — 7 es etl Scanned with CamScanner___| found near_o_T_rex's fossils. If you see crushed bones, you = _might infer thot the T_rex ate smalleranimals or dinosaurs. —— \When you need to infer, it can help to look at background = Ss |_information and do further research. ee |_conclusions are.also.a. place tobe critical of the experiment |_and sindings: Were there. any errors in measurements Or otherwise? Was the procedure followed correctly? How = ____ precise is your equipment? Even if you carried out the ___| experiment error free, the results aren't always the same. ___- constants are hard to hold perfectly constant. Unwanted | variables may be affecting your results. In order to.ensure—— | __|_-tha# gindings are accurate, conduct several trials.of the |_experiment. ____| gob wonted to investigate the effects of plant __ coho | gertilizer. He boughtthree identical plants ond gave _plant:1 sertilizer every. morning. plant 2 fertilizer —_______. L | once a. week, and he kept plant.3.s the control (he didn't give _ it any fertilizer) i | Bob.watered.each plant once every morning and set all three _ - on the windowsill. so they all would have the same amount of -——{-Sunlight. (The sunlight and water are constants) ___ | | Scanned with CamScannerHe measured the height of each plant once a week and _ recorded it ina data table. In order to.analyze the data, _ Bob graphed the results. He plotted height versus time for och plont: a PLANT HEIGHT 7 -— =< = Plant 3 With the help of his data.and graph, Bob concluded that plants _ —— given fertilizer every day. grow four times as quickly os.plants__ —___thatore not fertilized. Using the evidence that plant 1. grew__| —__more quickly than plant 2, he also concluded that providing aS fertilizer daily instead of weekly makes the plant grow fastel | Scanned with CamScanner, ENGINEERING iso branch f scientists use scientific inquiry AS ta, es THE ENGINEERING SY DESIEN PROCESS _of science that studies the _design, building, and use of machines and structures in order to invent new products _| that solve problems. Just as __ ENGINEERING a branch of science that studies the design, building, and use of machines and structures to’ solve real-world problems = = to investigate questions, ENGINEERS 1 use. the ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS to solve problems through invention, design, and innovation. For example, engineers are currently. developing pavement that. can collect solar energy and use__ —tt-to light roadways; this innovation can potentially solve a ____- numberof problems—it can help light up.roads for safer _night-time driving, it uses renewable energy todo it_and it_ _cuts the cost of lighting roadways. To get to a. solution like this one, however, engineers usvally follow.a.certain_path. Scanned with CamScannerae | The major branches of engineering ar | _— —t™ MECHANICAL: deals with mechanical power and | = designing mechanical systems, machines, and tools; -_ >» studies forces and motion — CHEMICAL: works with raw materials and chemicals; i discovers new materials and processes CIVIL: includes designing and constructing buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and more ELECTRICAL: studies electricity and the design of i electrical systems such as computer chips And there are many more types of engineering: computer, 1 space, biomedical, automotive, manufacturing, geological, et ———ustas scientifi inquiry hos specific steps to carefully ete i Onswer_o.question, the engineering, design process hos | ———-system to help guide an engineering project. The engineering, [ —— _— design process begins with.o problem. or need that.can be ———Solved by design. For example. oceonographers may want — — to explore and learn obout deep seabeds, but divers have ____ — 0 hard time. moving in the deep, fast-moving currents, | — An engineer would do BACKGROUND. RESEARCH onthe problem, determine oll of the DESIGN SPECS ay | Z Scanned with CamScanner— (CUEEEL your aisstsERS J, / We ; fic Ga | PIGEONS SQUIRRELS RABBITS CATS oD You can't draw a line Graph becouse there is no data to i; compare the number of animals to, such as time of day. Scanned with CamScannerChapter 3) PRT II SS — LAB REPORTS. ZF AND AAR : EVALUATING RESULTS It's important to share your. results with, other_scientists so___ they can learn from_your work, critique it. and build upon it__ | That's how science knowledge grows. There are many ways _| to. communicate your. -experiment.and findings +o. others, | The most.common way is to write. LAB REPORT. _ “What was the purpose oe or *What is the question.Im trying to.onswer™ fy Scanned with CamScanner= BE BACKGROUND INFORNATION: definitions of key words | | ona explanation of key concepts SET Spearman ~_{] WYPOTHESIS: the Predictions you were testing ~ MATERIALS AND EQUIPHENT: a list of the materials ~—£ and equipment Necessary to carry out the experiment, {You could even add a sketch or description of the setu P. PROCEDURE: o step-by-step description of how to Carry out the experiment DATA: all the measurements and observations you made during the experiment, Be sure to present data in an organized woy, such as in tables, Qraphs, or drawings. The best measurements ore ACCURATE ond PRECISE: PRECISION how consistent and exact your measurements are Scanned with CamScanner| CONCLUSION: a summary of what you learned from the_ | experiment, whether or not your results supported your_____ __ hypothesis, any errors, and questions for more experiments _| EVALUATING. SCIENTIFIC. REGU gs ee ___| When reading another. scientist's findings, think critically ___ ___| about the experiment. Ask yourself: Were observations _recorded during, or_ofter the experiment? Do the conclusions _make sense? Does the data conclusively prove the hypothesis, or are there other ways of interpreting the_ data? Can the results be repeated? Are the sources of information reliable? _ Scanned with CamScannerYou should also ask if the scientist or grovp conducting the experiment was UNBIASED, Being unbiased means that you have no special interest in the ovtcome of the experiment. | For example, if a drug company pays for on experiment to | ~ __ test how well one of its new products works, there is a | ~ __ special interest involved: The drug company profits if the | experiment shows that its product is effective. Therefore, the | experimenters aren't objective: They might ensure the | conclusion is positive and benefits the drug company. | ~ ___ When assessing results, think about any biases that may | be present! Scanned with CamScanner =ES & _lor round numbers, & What does a hypothesis fell ‘yoo ino lob report? a What. does a procedure tell yoo in. 0. fab report? = sess What should you include ino ‘conclusion? Sa eee scientific: fil ‘ndings. Bee aeeM geese Perec eae a Describe a sitvation 4 where you | would need to use. estimation ss ‘Define “bias. Scanned with CamScannerCHECK your ANSWERS & Precision is how consistent and exact a measurement is, while accuracy is how close to the actval or true valve o measurement is. : Ba A hypothesis describes the predictions you were testing, “3 A procedure is a list of the steps necessary to carry out the experiment. Ma summary of the results, a discussion of whether or not the dota supported the hypothesis, errors, and questions for further investigation ‘5. The person or group conducting the experiment is biased, the dota seems unreasonable, and/or the results aren't replicable. 1G Any sitvotion where mating an exact measurement isn't possible, or if you are calculating a number with a repeating decimal ‘7, # bias is having o special interest that prevents you from being objective or conducting a fair test of your hypothesis. | Scanned with CamScanner a: & Chepter ae ST UNITS ano __ MEASUREMENTS | — ° ; “=< ae | + i ” —s a—— = —= — ——<———_ Because we wont to use SI units to describe both the distance around someone's bicep and the distance around_ _ forth, we need to be able to change the size of a unit to fe __ the measurement. Scientists devised a system of prefixes “that. a —_!multiplies the base unit by factors of 10, Just by switching the | _ prefix, an ST unit. can be used for measurements big and small: SIPREFIX (symbol) MULTIPLIER —_____ Se Scanned with CamScanner—# Mnemonic for_ St Preise ___ | Great Mighty King Henry _| Died By Drinking Chunky. Milk Monday Wight ___ 7 TSUINTRCONVERSIONS Because the SI prefix system is based on powers of 10, itis __ 7 really easy to convert between units. Lf you are converting to__ ___|_a. smaller unit of measurement, simply move the decimal point __ _to the right as many places as the difference in place val |_Tf you are converting, +o.0 larger unit of measurement, move. ___| the decimal point to the left as many places os the difference _| in place wale, 0.0033 kilometers We 3.3 meters 330 centimeters ea Scanned with CamScannerTYPES of MEASUREMENT LENGTH: the distance between two points VOLUME: the amount of space something occupies MASS: the amount of matter in a liquid, solid, or gas WEIGHT: the force exerted by. mass When you measure someone's | they erect on the earth, WASS AND WEIGHT | ¢ } Mass is the amount of matter in ect, and weight is the | a force applied by a mass. Weight relies on gravity (a force), but |} mass doesn’t. For example, the moon has less gravity than the earth, so objects weigh Jess there than on Earth Mass always | |, remains the same. Wei eet DENSITY: the amount of matter ina volume, TEMPERATURE: how hot _| or cold something is. While _ the SI unit for temperature _ is Kelvin, most scientists use the SI-derived unit, Celsius, fo measure _ temperature, Scanned with CamScanner weight, you measure the force |This is the formula to convert Celsivs and Kelvin: z +273.15_0% T,2T, n the US., we usvolly vse Fahrenheit to. measure temperature. _ This is the formula to convert Fahrenheit and Celsivs: Ton? Teg 5 $)tn on. Trot Ton: 3) * ak i — Cann Fahrenheit 98.6°F Human Body ———>_Temperature —| Warm Day > eae 7 Fi Paunst__ H H vot Water 972 16% oF 213,15 459672 Absclote os! Leal Fiske qe —* 9 iis _TINE:4 the. 2. period between events, or how. ong, something lasted, The SI unit for time is seconds. Other units for time __ | include hours, days, months, and years. __ aoe Scanned with CamScanner~ [Distence\ eee __WETERSTICK: like a ruler, except it is 1 meter long (100 cm), ~ —_Ttis.o bitlonger than a yardstick - _TRUNDLE WHEEL: To measure | ——the trundle wheel on the ground, and every time __ ~ you walk a meter, the trundle wheelmakesa _| - __clicking sound. Simple—just remember to count the clicks. ~ TAPE. NEASURE: “for measwring distances that would | be hard +o measure using o meterstick or a trundle - wheel -such os the distance around a round object ul STE CYLINDER: cylinder marked on ~ the outside to indicate how much fluid it contains, _« ~ Toke your volume reading from__ ~ __the bottom of the MENISCUS -and_moke sure you ore. taking the_ reading, ot eye level. _ VOLUME OF SOLIDS: To Figure_ out the volume of a rectangular __Solid, simply measure its height, _Width, and length using any of Scanned with CamScanner_|_something of Known mass in one pan, and in the. |_other_pan, place the object of unknown mass. volume length * width x heigh’ VOLUNE OF IRREGULAR SOLIDS: The best way to measure the volume of an irregular solid is to place it in water and find the volume of water it displaces. The difference between the new and old volume. measurements is equal to the ___ volume of the object. (Next time_you get into a bath, look __| at the water you displace—___ that's your volume!)__ VOLUME ELECTRONIC BALANCE: Just put the object_on the pan_and read the mass, DOUBLE PAN BALANCE: This compares the weight of _ objects in pans on each side of a balance. To find mass, place __ When the pans are level, the masses are equal.__ Scanned with CamScannerTRIPLE BEAM BALANCE: works like a double pan balance, but instead of having a pan.on each side of the balance, there is 4 pan.on one side, and three 4 beams, each with sliding weights, called RIDERS, on the other. | Density | Goel Because density is simply the amount of matter in a certain Volume, you can calculate density by measuring the volume ~ and mass of an object, and dividing like so: i density = mass. ac volum oR RE To. measure time, you can use a clock or a stopwatch. If you are using a requiar clock, subtract the start time from the end time to __ figure ovt how much time has lapsed. _ ~ THERMOMETER: used to measure i temperature. A thermometer can be digital, or. it. can_be a liquid thermometer, which contains a liquid thot changes volume with temperature. When ~ __ taking temperature, make sure the bulb at the end of the ~ thermometer is in the middle of the liquid you are measuring i and not touching the sides or bottom of the container. | | i I | | Scanned with CamScanner@® CHECK rove KNOWLEDCE Qa What are the SI units for mass, length, and temperature? @ What tool would you use to measure the height of your dog? 8 Where do you look to take a volume reading of a liquid in a graduated cylinder? fal What is the easiest tool used to measure mass? B How do you find the volume of a rectangular solid? ‘e Describe the difference between mass and weight. Gq Convert 50 centimeters to kilometers. | {3 Define "volume" and list some common volumes measured. TE the boiling point of water in Celsius is 100°, what is the {boiling point in Kelvin? 40, You piace a paper clip in a cup of soda and it sinks. Which is denser—the paper clip or the soda? Would the paper clip most | likely have a density of 2.8, 10, or 0.3 g/mL? | Scanned with CamScannerCHECK your ANSWERS “1. Grams, meters, Kelvin “2, Ameterstick (3. The bottom of the meniscus ® An electronic balance 5) You measure the length, width, and height of an object: You then multiply all three numbers to find the volume of the object (Volume = length x width x height). “@) Mass is the amount of matter in an object, and weight is the force applied by a mass. | ‘7, 0.0005 kilometers 'B. Volume is the amount of Space something occupies, such as | the volume of liquid in a soft drink, the volume of a serving, of cereal, or the volume of a backpack. 9) 373.15" Kelvin - L _ 0, The paper clip is denser, 2.8 g/mL. | | t 48 has more than one correct answer I Scanned with CamScanner@? Chapter 5 ae AT IIS SF LAB SAFETY | eee AND ae SCIENTIFIC TOOLS 7 LAB SAFETY The most important thing is to think before you act. Being thoughtful and cavtious while __ experimenting will help prevent many accidents. Scanned with CamScannerSAFETY RUL $ Wear protective clothing—apron and/or lab coat, goggles, and gloves— ~ | to protect your eyes, skin, and clothing from burns, chemical spills, splashes, and flying objects. Also, make sure that you aren't wearing | _ loose clothing that could get caught on something or liton fire. | Tie back long hair—it might get caught in something and yanked,_} or if you are working with heat, it could even catch on fire. Wash your hands after handling chemicals and living or _once-living things. ~ | Don't eat or drink in the lab—you dont want to mix toxic _ ~ | lab chemicals with things you are consuming, Don't.run or throw things—someone could get seriously | hort. | 1 | { | | = { | | | | Scanned with CamScanner__on ire, wrap them in the blanket and have __, them roll on the floor, _is contaminated with chemicals and rinse | yourself under water for 15 minutes. _FIRE BLANKET: Use to smother small __aind touches your skin either directly or EYEWASH: Use if 0 chemical spills or splashes into your eye. Rinse your eye immediately for 15 minutes. Sometimes there is 0 water fountain in the lab just for this. THERMAL MITTS OR TONGS: Use when handling hot beakers or equipment. FIRE EXTINGUISHER: Use to put out electrical, chemical, or gas fires. _ oes fires on people or surfaces, If 0 person is SHOWER: Use if a chemical is spilled Te erat through clothing, Remove any clothing that Scanned with CamScannerGOOPS! Despite all of the safety precautions we take, things |_ happen. Make sure to tell the teacher or lab supervisor about any accidents. _ Leino | BURN: Pub nea rnin wae rest _ | Siminvtes, es a tap FIRE: Get adult help immediately, # big fire isnt like _ a.birthdoy candle: Blowing on it will NOT petit ovtand can _ Make the fire spread. Also, water will not put out an electrical fire = “Most: labs will have garbage containers abeled with the 4 a _..oF waste you can_put inside. Ask the lab.supervisor if. you're _ -not sure where to dispose of something, _ eee One L Scanned with CamScanner| There ore six mojor types of hazardous waste you may — encounter_in lab, and each type has its own symbol: 4. BIOLOGICAL WASTE: blood, mold, dead animals, ___ animal waste, or any objects contaminated by these hing aes — 2. TORIC WASTE: anything poisonous, such as __ chemicals, solutions, or certain cleaning materials___ 3. RADIOACTIVE WASTE: anything contaminated __ __by radiation (the emission of energy through waves or] _particles), perhaps from labor X-roy equipment. ___ _ You probably won't see.a lot of this. _____kind_of waste in your school lab._ i FLAMMABLE WASTE: things that.can easily catch on fire suchas gasoline, solvents, or_alcohol. he 5. CORROSIVE CHEMICAL WASTE: highly corrosive. _ (damaging) chemicals such as acids, bases, and old___ batteries | 6. SHARP OBJECTS AND GLASSWARE: broken glass or. sharp objects such as needles or blades Scanned with CamScanner{Never taste or_directly Smell. chemicals, # safer way to t_smell.a chemical is. = wafting it. Always wear. loves and protective clothing, If yourre _ A not careful, antransmitf) | _| BACTERIA ond disease. YIKES! _ Scanned with CamScanner| Be sure to wash your _ hands, even after __wearing gloves, | Handle living, Specimens with care, and___ make sure to provide them withthe Proper food and habitat. It's important to treat all living specimens ethically. _ Make Sure cords are.not damaged (damaged cords _can couse electrical fires), Moke sure electrical outlets are either grounded (this will | usually mean the outlet has o litte red button in the middle) _or_are ot least six feet from a water source, such asa sink. Make sure to keep electrical equipment dry; water on plugs, outlets, or equipment.can couse an electrical shock. Scanned with CamScannerheat. Usually, flvid-containing fesh _tubes are heated using a hot-water bath. | __ Rang sta stand — ~__# ‘A BUNSEN, BURNER is also 0 used f for__ ee ___heating things. UNLIKE o hot plate, _____ =___ Bunsen burner is.an open flame fed by __} ignited by 0 teacher or other adult. __ A RING STAND: is usedtohold_ —|— -___up beakers, flasks, and test tubes. It is usually used. when __|— _heating, mixing, or measuring chemicals. a = # BEAKER looks kind of like o glass cup i with a. spout to make pouring fluids easier. | Rough measurements can be made using, the lines on the beaker's side (these aren't the most accurate), | Se a Scanned with CamScannerbt #& FLASK is like 0 beaker, except that its mouth is much narrower, so it can be closed with a stopper... Like o beaker, the measurements on the. /_Side only give anestimation. Se | A TEST TUBE is like a long glass tube rounded at the | _|_end—sort of like a Jong, hollow glass finger. ye a _ STOPPERS ore. rubber tops that it into the. rock, nn _of test tubes and flasks. Sometimes stoppers have __-holes in the top for sticking in glass tubing, which ___ ___can be used to connect the test tube or flask to _ATEST TUBE BRUSH helps you _clean. een aneT ek A FUNNEL is used: to help a __cleanly pour liquids from one. container to__. __ another. A funnel is wide ot the top and narrow __at the bottom, so liquid is caught.and pushed___ ___ovt ina concentrated stream. Scanned with CamScannerthings up close. # microscope is essentially o really # MICROSCOPE is 0 tool that allows you to see smalll Powerful magnifying glass, [4 When using 0 microscope, we vsvally examine things on a SLIDE, which is either a flat piece of glass or 0 Flat piece of glass <> a with o small depression to — \ hold o specimen, _In lab, we usvally vse a COMPOUND MICROSCOPE, which is. microscope with two lenses for super powerful Magnification. You can change the Magnification by rotating | toa different lens that is closer to the slide, Be careful notto_| crush the slide when you focus on, high power! _ Scanned with CamScanner| SCHELL vou RWOWLEDCE = @ What is used to heat things with an open flame? | @ What is a safer way to smell a chemical? cana & What can you use to protect ym os during labs? ci Don't ——— or drink in lab! —— [52 What instrument is like 0 beaker with a narrower mouth? . ~ © What is the kind of waste that includes living or once- a things? — by & ____ stand is used in ‘conjunction with a Bunsen = burner. | i) What is used to smother small fires or to wrap a Person on fire? =a |-Never leave a heat source = I fol What holds the specimen wien ye use a microscope? ; Scanned with CamScannerCHECK vour ANSWERS faa Bunsen burner [2) Wasting it a Goggles ci €or 15) A lost @ Biological waste A) (8. 4 fire blanket ree Unattended f slide Scanned with CamScanner