Contents

Topic Page Number

1. p-Block Elements 3 – 11
Objective Assignment 13 – 18
2. Nomenclature 19 – 27
Objective Assignment 29 – 38
3. Isomerism 39 – 43
Objective Assignment 45 – 49

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 p-Block Elements
Group 13 Elements +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
General Properties :- +1 +1 +1
Boron 5B, Aluminium 13Al, Gallium 31Ga, Indium 49In, a. Inert pair effect
Thallium 81Tl b. +3 stability decreases down the gp
Valence Shell Electronic Configuration – ns2np 1 c. +1 stability increases down the gp
Atomic and ionic radii :- d. Due to less stability of Ga + and In +, their salts (+1)
i. Smaller than Gp II elements. disproportionate easily in aq. solution.
ii. Generally, increases down the gp. 3GaX   2Ga + Ga3+ + 3X–
Exception:- Size of Ga is smaller than Al, due to poor
3InX 
 2In + In 3+ + 3X –
shielding caused by 3d electrons.
Ionization enthalpy:- e. Tl + is more stable than Tl 3+ and that is why Tl3+ salts
acts as strong oxidising agents.
i. IE, of GP 13 element is less than GP II
Reaction with air
ii. Down the gp. B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
i. Pure crystalline B is almost unreactive at ordinary
Electronegativity:-
temperatures but finely divided amorphous B is more
i. More than s-block elements
reactive and at high temperature, it burns in oxygen to
ii. Down the gp- B > Tl > In > Ga > Al give oxide.
2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 ii. At high temperature all the elements form oxide.
Metallic character:-
i. B is metalloid, due to very high IE. 4M(s) + 3O 2(g) 
high T
 2M 2O 3(s)
ii. All other are metals and metallic character first Tl form Tl2O along with Tl2O 3
increases from B to Al and then decreases i.e., iii. Reactivity of Gp. 13 elements increases down the gp.
B << Al > Ga > In >Tl iv. With N2, B and Al form nitrides while other metals
Density:- do not react.
i. Higher than s-block 2M + N2 
high T
 2MN (M = B or Al)
ii. increases down the gp. B and Al have comparatively
lower values. v. BN is white slippery solid and has graphite like
structure therefore called inorganic graphite.
Melting and Boiling Points:-
(Borazone)
B >> Al > Ga < In < Tl
Acid Base character of oxides and hydroxides
m.pt/k 2453 933 303 430 576
B2O3 Al2O3 and Ga2O3 In2O3 and Tl2O 3 Tl2O
b.pt./k 3923 2740 2676 2353 1730
Acidic Amphoteric Basic More Basic
Very high m.pt. of ‘B’ is due to unusual crystal structure
B(OH)3 or H3BO3 Al(OH)3 and Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 and
of boron. It consists of Icosahedral units (crystal with 20
faces and 12 corners) resulting in a giant polymeric struc- Weakly acidic Amphoteric Basic
ture. Tl(OH)3 (water insoluble) & TlOH (watersoluble)
Reduction Potential:- Basic More basic
E°/V B Al Ga In Tl Action of acids.
M3++3e–  M – –1.66 –0.56 –0.34 +1.26 i. B does not react with non-oxidising acids like HCl
M+ + e–  M – 0.55 –0.76(acidic) –0.18 –0.34 or dilute H2SO4. But it reacts with strong oxidising
acids like HNO3, concentrated H2SO4 etc.
–1.39 (alkaline)
i. This is due to high heats of hydration of M 3+ ions. e.g. B + 3HNO3   H3BO3 + 3NO2
ii. Al is strong reducing agent. Reducing character ii. All other metals form salts with acids
Al > Ga > In > Tl 2Al + 6HCl 
 2AlCl3 + 3H2 
iii. Tl (I) is more stable than Tl (III).
2Tl + 3H2SO4 
 Tl2(SO4)3 + 3H2 
Nature of bonding
i. B always form covalent compounds iii. Ga and Al become passive in concentrated HNO3 due
to formation of oxide layer on the surface.
ii. Other elements also form covalent compounds when
anhydrous, like AlCl3, GaCl3, but in aq. solution they Action of Alkalies
give M3+ ions, this is due to high hydration energy. i. B does not react with alkalies up to 773K, but at
Chemical properties:- higher temperature, borates are formed.
Oxidation state:- 2B + 6KOH 
T>773K
2K3BO3 + 3H2 
i. B Al Ga In Tl ii. Al and Ga also dissolve in alkali to give aluminate and

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 gallates and are amphoteric. Borax, Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O or Na2B4O7.10H2O
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O   2NaAl(OH)4 + 3H2 Tincal (Suhaga) or Sodium tetra-borate.
or 2NaAlO2.2H2O Structure of [B4O5(OH)4]2– ion
sodium tetrahydroxy aluminate
Reaction with NH 3:-
Both B and Al form nitrides
2M + 2NH3   2MN + 3H2 (M = B or Al)
Reaction with hydrogen:-
i. Do not combine with hydrogen directly
ii. B form number of volatile covalent hydrides, called Properties:-
boranes. Boranes are of two types: i. White crystalline solid, soluble in hot water.
a. Nidoboranes(BnHn+4) ii. Its aqueous solution is alkaline, due to hydrolysis.
b. Arachnoboranes(BnHn+6)
Na2B4O7 + 2H2O   2NaOH + H2B4O7
iii. Al form only one colourless, solid, polymeric hydride
(strong alkali) Tetraboric acid
(AlH 3)n which is known as Alane.
iv. Ga form dimeric hydride, digallane (Ga2H6). (weak acid)

In form polymeric hydride, Indane (InH 3) n. H2B4O7 + 5H2O 

 4H3BO3
Tl does not form hydride. Boric Acid
Reaction with halogens:- iii. Action of heat
All form trihalide MX3. TlI3 is not known. 
Na2B4O7.10H2O 
60°C
 Na2B4O7.5H2O   Na2B4O7

2M(s) + 3X 2(g) 
 2MX 3 (X= F, Cl, Br, I) Decahydrate Pentahydrate Anhydrous swollen
Halides white mass
i. All trihalides of boron are covalent. 
  2NaBO2 + B2O3
ii. Except BF3, all are hydrolysed to boric acid.
Sodium metaborate Glassy mass (Borax bead)
BX3 + 3H2O   B(OH)3 + 3HX (X= Cl, Br, I)
Borax bead is used in qualitative analysis for the detection
BF3 forms an addition product with water. of certain coloured basic radicals such as Ni2+, Co 2+, Cr3+,
Cu 2+, Mn 2+, etc.
BF3 + H2O 
 H+[BF3OH]– 
H2 O
  H3O+[BF3OH]–

The coloured salt containing these cations is heated with
iii. All trihalides are Lewis acids. borax bead on a platinum wire. The salt decomposes to
iv. Acid character decreases in the order. form the corresponding metal oxide which then combine
B > Al > Ga > In with B 2O 3 present in the glassy bead to form coloured
v. Among BX 3, acid character order is metaborates. Test is called Borax bead test.

BI3 > BBr3 > BCl3 > BF3 CoO + B2O3   Co(BO2)2
This can be explained with π -back bonding. Cobalt metaborate(Blue)
Structure

NiO + B2O3   Ni(BO2)2
Nickelmetaborate(Brown)

Cr2O3 + 3B2O3 
 2Cr(BO2)3
vi. B–F bond length in BF3 compared with B–F bond
[Chro. trioxide] [Chro. metaborate (green)]
length of BF4– is small

MnO + B2O3   Mn(BO2)2
vii. The fluoride of Al, Ga, In and Tl are ionic and have
high m.pt. Manganese metaborate (pink violet)
viii. Other halide of Al, Ga, In and Tl are largely covalent 
CuO + B2O3   Cu(BO2)2
in anhydrous state and possess low m.pt.
ix. AlCl 3 exist as dimer at 400°C. The dimer structure Cupric metaborate (dark blue)
disappears when the halides are dissolved in water. iv. Action of NaOH :-
Al2Cl6 + 12H2O   2[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 6Cl– Na2B4O7 + 2NaOH 
 4NaBO2 + H2O
Note:- Boron halides do not exist as dimer due to small size Calculate amount Sodium metaborate
of boron atom which makes it unable to coordinate four v. Action with H2SO4 :-
large sized halide ions. Na2B4O7 + H2SO4   Na2SO 4 + H2B4O7
Compounds of Boron

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 Hot conc. Calculated Tetraboric acid
solution amount
vi. Action with ethyl alcohol and sulphuric acid :-
On heating borax with C2H 5OH and concentrated
H2SO 4, vapours of triethylborate are produced.
When ignited these vapours burn with green edged
flame.
Na2B4O7 + H 2SO4 + 5H2O   Na2SO 4 + 4H3BO3
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH 
 B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
Uses :-
i. In manufacture of tiles, pottery etc. (Resistant to heat) Diborane:- B2H6
ii. As a flux in soldering Preparation:-
iii. In preparation of medicinal soaps. (Antiseptic) i. By reduction of boron trifuluoride etherate with LiAlH4
iv. In manufacture of heat resistant borosilicate glass in diethyl ether.
(pyrex)
4BF3.Et2O + 3LiAlH4 
Diethyl
 2B2H6 + 3LiF + 3AlF3 + 4Et2O
v. In softening of water. ether

Orthoboric acid (Boric acid) H3BO 3 or B(OH)3 ii. 2NaBH4 + I2 

Diglyme
B2H6 + 2NaI + H2
Preparation:-
Diglyme is diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
i. From borax
CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
Na2B4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2O   4H3BO3 + 2NaCl
iii. 2BF3 + 6NaH 
450K
 B2H6 + 6NaF
Hot and concentrated
Properties:-
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O 
 4H3BO3 + Na2SO4
i. It is colourless highly toxic gas with a b.pt. of 180K.
Properties:- ii. Stability:- Stable only at low temperatures.
i. White crystalline solid with soft soapy touch
2B2H6   B4H10 + H2
353–363K
ii. Acidic nature:- Weak monobasic, Lewis acid. It does 250 atm,5hr

not contain acidic hydrogen. iii. Combustibility:- Catches fire spontaneously on

iii. Action of heat :- exposure to air.
H3BO3 
370K
 HBO2 + H2O B2H6(g) + 3O 2(g)  B 2O3 + 3H2O; Δ C H0 = – 1976 kJ mol–1
Metaboric acid iv. Hydrolysis:- Readily hydrolysed by water to boric acid
4HBO2 
 H2B4O7 
410K
 2B2O3 + H2ORed heat B2H6(g) + 6H 2O(l)   2H3BO3 (aq) + 6H2(g)
–H 2 O
With methanol
Tetraboric acid
iv. Reaction with ethyl alcohol B2H6 + 6CH3OH 
 2B(OCH3)3 + 6H2
Trimethylborate
B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH 
Conc.H 2 SO 4
B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
v. Reaction with Lewis bases
Triethylborate
B2H6 + 2NMe3   2BH3.NMe3
(its vapours burn with green edged flame)
Uses :- B2H6 + 2CO 
 2BH3.CO
i. Manufacture of heat resistant borosilicate glass. vi. Reaction with NH3
ii. Preservation of milk and food stuffs. 3B2H6 + 6NH3(Excess) 
Low temperature

iii. Manufacture of enamels and glazes in pottery.
iv. Its aqueous solution is used as a mild antiseptic espe- 3[BH2(NH3)2]+[BH4]– 
473K
 2B3N3H6 + 12H2
cially as eye wash under the name boric lotion. Addition product (Volatile) (Borazine or Borazole)
Structure:- Borazine is isoelectronic and isosteric with benzene and its
i. Planar, due to sp 2 hybridization. structure is similar to that of benzene except that in benzene
ii. Layered structure. the π –electrons are completely delocalized but in borazine,
they are only partially delocalized.
Structure of Borazine

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Note:- Compounds of Aluminium
Aluminium Chloride, AlCl3
B2H6 + NH3(Excess) 
High temperature
(BN)x (Boronitride)
Prepration:
vii. Formation of complex borohydrides:-

All these contain [BH4]– 2Al + 6HCl 
In presence of air 2AlCl3 + 3H2

2NaH + B2H6 

Diethyl
 2Na+[BH4]– 2Al + 3Cl2 
 2AlCl3
ether
10000 C
Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2 
2LiH + B2H6 
Diethyl
 2Li+[BH4]–  2AlCl3 + 3CO
ether
Vapours
Act as reducing agent.
On cooling these vapours give anhydrous AlCl3
viii. Reaction with alkalies:-
Properties:
B2H6 + 2KOH + 2H2O   2KBO2 + 6H2
i. Anhydrous AlCl3 is a white deliquescent solid which
Strong alkali Potassium metaborate fumes in air due to hydrolysis
Structure of Diborane ii. It is a covalent compound and does not conduct
In diborane two boron atoms and four hydrogen atoms are electricity in fused state
in one plane. The remaining two H-atoms act as bridges be- iii. In water Al3+ ion gets hydrated and it exist as
tween the B-atoms. One of this H-atom is above the plane [Al(H2O)6]Cl3
and other is below the plane. Alums:- These are double salts corresponding to the formula
Hybridization of B-atoms – sp 3 M2SO 4.M2’(SO 4)3.24H 2O, where,
2c – 2e – bonds – 4 M is monovalent cation like Na +, K+, Rb +, Cs +, Tl +, Ag+
3c – 2e – bonds – 2 (banana bond) M’ is trivalent cation like Al3+, Cr 3+, Fe 3+, Co3+, Mn3+ etc.
Potash alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Sodium alum Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Ammonium alum (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Ferric alum (NH4)2SO 4.Fe2(SO 4)3.24H 2O
Gp 14 Elements:-
C Si Ge Sn Pb
6 14 32 50 82
Properties of Aluminium Electronic configuration:- [Noble gas] ns 2np 2
Action of air:- Not affected by dry air. In moist air, a thin Physical state:-
film of oxide is formed over its surface. In presence of All members are solids:-
oxygen, it burns producing brilliant light.
C Si Ge Sn Pb
4Al + 3O 2   2Al2O3; H = –ve Non-metals metalloid Metals
This reaction is highly exothermic and that is why it is Covalent radius:-
used in the thermite process for the reduction of oxides of i. Smaller than corresponding gp13 members
Cr, Mn, Fe, etc. ii. Regularly increases down the gp
Action of water:- Pure Al remains unaffected by pure water. Ionization enthalpy:-
However impure Al is readily corroded by saline water. It
i. IE, of gp 14 is higher than IE of gp 13 of same period.
decomposes boiling water to H 2.
ii. Down a gp C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn. This is due to
Action of alkalies:- Dissolves in alkalies with the evolution
poor shielding of inner d and f electrons.
of H2.
Electronegativity:-
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O   2NaAlO2 + 3H2 
i. Higher than corresponding gp 13 members
(Solution) Sodium meta-aluminate(soluble) ii. Decreases from C to Si then remain almost constant
2Al + 6NaOH 
Fused
 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2  C Si Ge Sn Pb
Sodium aluminate 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
Action of acids:- Density:- C Si Ge Sn Pb
3.51 (diamond) 2.34 5.32 7.26 11.34
2Al + 6HCl   2AlCl3 + 3H2 
2.22 (graphite)
2Al + 3H2SO 4 
 Al2(SO 4)3 + 3H2  Note:- Liquid Ge is more dense than solid. This property
With hot conc. H 2SO 4, SO 2 gas is evolved is unique to Ga, Ge and Bi.
2Al + 6H2SO4   Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O M.pt. order C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
Al becomes passive in HNO3 due to formation of a layer of 4373K 1693K 1218K 505K 600K
its oxide on its surface. Catenation:- Tendency to form long chain by the combina-

6
tion of atom in themselves. number of hydrides formed decreases down the gp.
C >> Si > Ge  Sn >> Pb iii. Hydrides of carbon:-
This is due to high bond energy. Hydrocarbons:- CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Ability to form p π -p π multiple bond Silicon:- Silanes:- Si nH2n+2 ( n > 8 )
i. C has strong tendency to form p π -p π multiple bonds Germanes:- GenH2n ( n > 5 )
either with itself or with other atoms like N, O, S etc. Tin:- Only two hydrides:- SnH 4 (Stannane)
This ability depend upon small size and high electrone- Sn 2H6 (distannane)
gativity.
Lead:- Only one hydride:- PbH4 (Plumbane)
ii. Ability to form p π -p π multiple bond decreases down
iv. Thermal stability order.
the group
CH4 > SiH4 > GeH4 > SnH4 > PbH4
iii. Elemental Si is known only in diamond structure and
Explained on the bases of weakening of M–H bond and
no form of Si is known to possess graphite structure
EN diff.
iv. CO2, containing C = O bonds, is a gas while SiO2 is
v. Reducing character:-
solid having 3-D network of Si–O bonds.
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH 4 < SnH4 < PbH4.
v. CO is known but SiO is not known
Oxides:-
Ability to form d π -p π multiple bond
Gp 14 elements form two type of oxides.
i. C does not have d-orbitals and hence does not form
d π -p π multiple bonds MO (Monoxides) MO2 (Dioxides)
ii. other members form d π -p π multiple bond with i. Formed by all except Si i. Formed by all
smaller atoms like N, O etc. This ability decreases ii. CO is gas at room temp. ii. CO2 is gas, rest all
down the group. e.g. are crystalline solids
(CH3)3N and (SiH3)3N, d π - p π multiple bonding exist with high m.pt.
in (SiH3)3N as it has planar structure and not in (CH3)3N iii. GeO, SnO and PbO iii. CO2, SiO2] – Acidic;
as it has pyramidal structure. -amphoteric GeO2, SnO 2, PbO 2]–
Structure Amphoteric
iv. CO is neutral
Q. CO2 is gas and SiO2 has 3-D network of Si–O bonds.
Oxidising–reducing character of oxides:- Among monox-
ides CO is strongest reducing agent and is used in extraction
Allotropy of many metals from their oxides.

i. All members of this group except Pb show allotropy. Fe 2O3 + 3CO   2Fe + 3CO2
ii. Allotropy of carbon 
I. Crystalline II. Amorphous ZnO + CO   Zn + CO 2
a. Diamond a. Coal Pb is more stable in + 2 oxidation state, therefore PbO2 is
b. Graphite b. Charcoal strong oxidising agent.
c. Fullerene c. Lamp black Halides:- Tetrahalides MX4 Dihalides MX2
Oxidation states:- (Except PbBr4 and PbI4) (Except carbon &
C Si Ge Sn Pb silicon)
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 Non existence of PbBr 4 and PbI 4 is because Pb 4+ ion is
strong oxidising agent while Br – and I– ions are stronge
+2 +2 +2
reducing agents. Thus Pb 4+ ion cannot survive in their
Ge4+ > Sn 4+ > Pb 4+
presence and is reduced to Pb 2+.
Ge2+ < Sn 2+ < Pb 2+
The Pb-I formed initially does not release enough energy
Ge 4+ > Ge 2+ ; Sn 4+ > Sn 2+ but Pb 4+ < Pb 2+ to unpair 6s2 e–s and excite one of them to 6p- orbital to have
Thus, Sn2+ act as reducing agent and Pb 4+ act as oxidizing four unpaired e –s around Pb-atom.
agent ii. Thermal stability order of tetrahalides
Maximum covalency – Complex formation:- a. CX 4 > SiX4 > GeX4 > SnX4 > PbX4
i. Maximum covalency of carbon is 4. It can not b. MF4 > MCl4 > MBr4 > MI4
extend its covalency due to absence of d-orbitals. (Due to decrease in M–X BE)
ii. Others can form penta or hexa coordinated complexes. iii. The tetrahalides(except CX4) are readily hydrolysed by
e.g. [SiF5] –, [SiF6]2–, [GeCl 6] 2–, [Pb(OH) 6] 2– etc. water. This is because C does not have vacant d-orbit-
Chemical properties:- als in valence shell.
Hydrides:-
SiCl4 + 4H2O   Si(OH)4 + 4HCl
i. MH4
Silicic acid.
ii. The ease of formation of hydrides as well as the

7
iv. Due to presence of vacant d-orbitals, Si, Ge, Sn and
Pb also form hexahaloanions of the type [MX6] 2–.
Therefore, they can act as Lewis acids.
v. For dihalides, stability increase down the group.
vi. Dihalides are more ionic and have m.pt. and b.pt.
higher than tetrahalides. e.g. SnCl2 is solid where as
SnCl4 is liquid at room temperature.
Allotropes of Carbon :-
Diamond:-
i. C is sp 3 hybridized
ii. Each C is tetrahedrally bonded to four other C-atoms.
The network extends in 3-D.
iii. C–C bond length = 154 pm
iv. Hardest element known and has high density and m.pt.
Hardness order of some abrasive is:-
Boron nitride > Diamond > (B4C) Boron carbide > Silicon
carbide (SiC)
v. It is bad conductor of electricity, since all the e–s are
firmly held in C–C σ -bonds.
vi. Because of its high refractive index (2.5), diamond can
reflect and refract light. It is therefore a transparent
substance.
Uses:-
i. Used for cutting glass, making bores for rock drilling
and for making abrasives.
ii. For making dies for drawing thin wires from metals.
iii. Cut and polished diamond is used for making precious
gems and jewelry.
Graphite:-
i. C is sp 2 hybridized
ii. Each carbon is bonded to three other C–atoms, making
hexagonal rings.
iii. Unlike diamond, it has 2-D sheet like (layered) structure
consisting of a number of benzene rings fused together.
iv. C–C bond length = 141.5 pm
v. Distance b/w layers= 340 pm
vi. The two successive layers are held together by weak
vander Waal’s forces. Therefore, one layer can slip
over the other and thus making graphite soft and a
good lubricating agent.
viii. Graphite is good conductor of heat and electricity due
to one free e –/atom, which is delocalized.
ix. It is a dark, opaque and light (density 2.22 g/cc)
x. Graphite on heating with concentrated HNO3 gives
benzene hexacarboxylic acid i.e.,
COOH
HOOC COOH
HOOC COOH
COOH
Uses:-
i. As a reducing agent in steel manufacturing
ii. Making electrodes for dry cell
iii. It marks paper black and therefore called black lead
8
iv. For making crucibles which can withstand high temp.
v. As moderator for fast moving neutron in atomic
reactors.
vi. As solid lubricant for heavy machinery.
Fullerene:-
i. Buckyballs or Buckminster fullerene.
ii. Consists of large spheroidal molecules of composition
C2n (where n  30)
iii. Fullerenes are the only pure form of carbon because
they do not have dangling edge or surface bonds which
attract other atom as is the case of graphite or
diamond.
iv. Unlike graphite and diamond, fullerens dissolve in
organic solvents. e.g. A solution of C60 in toluene is
purple and that of C70 in toluene is orange red.
Structure:-
i. Of all the fullerenes, C60 allotrope is most stable.
ii. It looks like soccer ball and is sometimes called as
bucky ball.
iii. It consists of 20 six membered rings and 12 five
membered rings.
iv. Six-membered rings are fused both to other six-mem-
bered rings and five-membered rings, but the five-
membered rings are connected only to six-membered
rings.
v. All the C-atoms are equal and they undergo sp 2-
hybridization. Each C-atom forms 3- σ bonds with
other 3 C-atoms. The remaining e – of each carbon
is delocalized which, in turn give aromatic character
to the molecule.
vi. As all the C-atoms are equivalent, the strain caused by
the distortion of the bonds from coplanarity is equally
distributed among all the C-atoms. Consequently the
molecule is stable.
Oxides of Carbon :-
Carbon monoxide:- CO
i. Structure
ii. Lewis base or ligand.
iii. CO as fuel
a. Water gas : Mixture of CO and H2
b. Producer gas : Mixture of CO and N 2
iv. Poisonous nature (asphyxiation)
Oxyhaemoglobin 
–O2
+CO
 Carboxyhaemoglobin
Carbon dioxide:- CO 2
i. Structure
ii. Non-poisonous
iii. Non-Combustible nature
iv. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water. Solubility, however,
increases with pressure.
 H+ + HCO3–
v. Acidic nature: H2CO3 
vi. Dry ice: As refrigerant under the name drikold or
cardice.
vii. Super critical CO 2: Used as solvent to extract organic
i. R3SiCl + H2O 
–HCl
 R3SiOH
compounds from their natural sources.
viii. Artificial respiration: For victims of CO poisoning, R3SiOH + HOSiR3 
–H 2 O
 R3Si–O–SiR3
mixture of 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 is used under the
name carbogen. Dimer is formed

Silicon dioxide, silica (SiO 2):- R

Occurs in several crystallographic forms like quartz, ii R2SiCl2 + 2H2O   HO Si OH
–2HCl
cristobalite and tridymite. R
It is a covalent, 3-D network solid in which each silicon Two types of silicones are possible.
atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms which are arranged a. Linear thermoplastic polymer
tetrahedrally around it and each oxygen atom is bonded to
two silicon atoms by covalent bonds.
R R R R
HO Si OH + HO Si OH 
Polyon
Si O Si O Si O Si O Si

O O O R R R R
b. Cyclic or ring silicones are formed when water is
Si O Si O Si
eliminated from the terminal –OH gps of linear
silicones.
Since Si–O bonds are very strong (368 kJ mol–1), silica is
relatively inert and has a very high melting point. R R
It does not react with halogens (except F2), dihydrogen and
Si
most of the acids (except HF) and metals even at high
temperatures. O O
R R
However, it is attacked by F2, HF and NaOH. Si Si
SiO2 + 2F2   SiF4 + O2 R R
O
SiO2 + 4HF 
 SiF4 + 2H2O
R
SiF 4 , thus formed dissolves in HF to form hydrofluoro

Polyon

silicic acid. iii. RSiCl3 
3H 2 O
–3HCl
 HO Si OH
SiF4 + 2HF   H2SiF6 OH

SiO2 + 2NaOH 
 Na 2SiO3 + H2O R R R
Sodium silicate O Si O Si O Si O
Thus, HF can not be stored in glass bottles. HF can be used O O O
for etching of glass.
Silicones:- O Si O Si O Si O
These are synthetic organo silicon compounds containing R R R
repeated R2SiO units held by Si–O–Si linkages.
Properties:-
R can be CH 3, C 2H 5 or C 6H 5. They can be of three types
i. Lower members are oily liquids, silicones with medium
i.e., linear, cyclic and cross-linked.
chains behave as viscous oils, jellies and greases, those
Preparation :- These are formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl
with very long chains behave as rubbery elastomers and
or aryl substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent
resins.
polymerisation. The alkyl and aryl substituted chlorosilanes
ii. Chemically they are inert, i.e. resistant to oxidation,
are prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent and silicon
tetrachloride. thermal decomposition or to attack by organic reagents/
chemicals.
RMgCl + SiCl4   R–SiCl3 + MgCl2
iii. They have water repelling nature as they are surrounded
2RMgCl + SiCl4 
 R2SiCl2 + 2MgCl2 by non-polar alkyl gps.
3RMgCl + SiCl4 
 R3SiCl + 3MgCl2 iv. They are heat resistant and have high dielectric
strength; have good electrical insulating properties.
The alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes are industrially
Uses:-
obtained by the reaction of alkyl halide with silicon in pres-
i. For making water proof papers, wool, textiles, wood,
ence of metallic copper catalyst.
etc., by coating them with a thin film of silicone.
2RCl + Si 
Cu powder
570K
 R2SiCl2. ii. As sealants and electrical insulators.
Hydrolysis and Polymerisation:- iii. As lubricants at high as well as low temperatures

9
 since there is little change in their viscosities with 6. 3-D sheet 4 (SiO2)n Quartz
temperature. silicates Crystobalite
iv. Being biocompatible, they are used in surgical and Tridymite etc.
cosmetic implants. Carbides:-
Silicates:- These are binary compounds in which carbon combines
These are the compounds in which the anions present are with the elements of lower or about equal electronegativity.
either discrete SiO4– tetrahedra or a number of such units Thus, compounds of carbon with N, S, Cl are not included
4
in carbides.
joined together through corners.
Types:- Three types
O O i. Salts like
Si O or .
O ii. Covalent
iii. Interstitial
.
O O O O
Salt like or ionic or Electrovalent Carbides:-
O = Oxygen and = Silicon
i. Formed by strong electropositive elements of gp 1,
Types:- Depending up on the number of corners of SiO4– 4 2, 13 (except B), coinage metals Zn, Cd and some
tetrahedron shared (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4), with other tetrahedron, lanthanoids.
they are classified as:- ii. These are transparent, crystalline substances, do not
Silicate No.of O– General Example conduct electricity in solid state.
atoms shared Formula iii. These are further classified in to three classes on the
basis of hydrolysis products.
1. Ortho 0 SiO4–
4
(Zircon) ZrSiO 4
a. Methanides (Methides):-
2. Pyro 1 Si2O6–
7
Give methane on hydrolysis, contain C 4– ions e.g.,
Zn3(Si2O7)Zn(OH)2.H 2O Be2C + 4H2O   2Be(OH)2 + CH 4
(Hemimorphite) Beryllium carbide
O O Al4C3 + 12H2O 
 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
O O O Aluminium carbide
O O
b. Acetylides:-
3. Cyclic or 2 (SiO32– )n or (SiO3 )2n– Ca3Si3O9
n
Give acetylene on hydrolysis, contain C2–
2 (C  C) 2 –
ring If n = 3 (Wollastonite)
e.g., CaC2, BeC2, MgC2.
O c. Allylides:-
O
O O Give propyne or allylene on hydrolysis, contain C34– ions.
O O e.g.
O O O
Mg2C3 + 4H2O 
 2Mg(OH)2 + CH3 - C  CH
O Covalent Carbides :-
O
O O O O i. Compounds of carbon with elements having almost
O O similar electronegativity.
O O ii. These are covalent, polymeric, thermally stable,
If n = 6 Be3Al2Si6O18(Beryl) O O
O O O O extremely hard, high melting solids. e.g. B4C
O (Boron Carbide), SiC (Carborundum).
O iii. Structure of SiC is similar to diamond, with alternate
C–atoms of diamond replaced by Si.
4. Chain 2( SiO 32  )n or (SiO3 )n2n  [CaMg(SiO3)2]
iv. Due to diamond like structure, carborundum possesses
(Diopside) hardness, high dissociation temperature, and chemical
Double 2 [(Si4O11)6–]n [CaMg3O(Si4O11)] inertness
chain Asbestos Metallic or Interstitial or Refractory carbides:-
(Amphiboles) i. Formed by transition metals by the direct union of
5. 2-D 3 ( Si2O52 )n or (Si2O5 )n2n  [Al2(OH)4Si2O5]n metal and carbon or the reduction of the oxide with
sheet silicates Kaolinite carbon at about 2000°C.
Mg2(OH)2Si4O10 ii. C–atoms occupy, interstitial sites in the lattice structure
Talc of metal.

10
iii. The free e– structure and other characteristic properties Na 2HPO4 + NH4Cl + H2O 
 Na(NH 4)HPO 4.4H2O
of pure metal are not altered, e– stabilizes the lattice, + NaCl
increasing hardness and raising the melting point.
When microcosmic salt is heated, it produces a transparent
iv. The carbides Cr3C2 and M3C (M = Mn, Fe, Co or Ni) bead of sodium metaphosphate (NaPO 3)
are easily hydrolysed by water and dilute acids to give
Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O  
a mixture of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Thus, their  NH3 + 5H 2O + NaPO3
properties are intermediate of ionic and covalent Sodium metaphosphate combines with certain metal oxides
carbides. to form coloured beads of the corresponding orthophos-
Microcosmic salt, Na(NH 4)HPO 4 .4H 2O: phates.
It is obtained by adding ammonium chloride to a hot NaPO3 + CuO   CuNaPO4 (Blue)
solution of disodium hydrogen phosphate in equimolar It is therefore used in place of borax for performing bead
quantities. test for coloured basic radicals.

11
12
 Objective Assignment
Choose the most appropriate answer : (3) Diborane and nitrogen
1. Boron is found in form of (4) Diborane and ammonia
(1) Borax (2) Colemanite 12. Inorganic graphite is
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Bauxite (1) BF4– (2) (BN)x
2. Which element of group III A has + 1 oxidation state (3) B3N3H6 (4) B2H6
most stable?

(1) In (2) Al 13. Na2B4O7.10H2O   NaBO2+ (X) + H2O

(3) Tl (4) Ga (X) + MnO   (Y). (X) and (Y) are
3. What is not true about boron? (1) Na3BO3, Mn3(BO3)2
(1) Elemental boron is very hard (2) Na2(BO2)2, Mn(BO2)2
(2) It has very high electric conductivity (3) B2O3, Mn(BO2)2
(3) It has two isotopes (4) None is correct
(4) Its compounds are covalent 14. The borax bead test can be used to detect the pres-
4. The correct order of melting points of B, Al and Ga ence of
is (1) Al3+ (2) Mg2+
(1) B > Al > Ga (2) Al > B > Ga (3) Ni 2+
(4) Na +
(3) Ga > B > Al (4) B > Ga > Al 15. Reactivity of borazole is greater than that of benzene
5. The first ionization energy of aluminium is smaller because
than that of magnesium because (1) borazole is polar compound
(1) atomic size of aluminium is greater than that of (2) borazole is non-polar compound
magnesium (3) borazole is electron-deficient compound
(2) atomic size of aluminium is less than that of (4) hybridisation of B in borazole is sp 3
magnesium 16. Diborane on hydrolysis yields
(3) electronic configuration of magnesium is more (1) B2O3 (2) H3BO3
stable (3) HBO2 (4) H2B4O7
(4) electronic configuration of aluminium is more 17. B–H–B bridge in B2H6 is formed by the sharing of
stable
(1) 2 electrons (2) 4 electrons
6. Which element of group III A is the strongest reduc-
(3) 1 electron (4) 3 electrons
ing agent?
B2H6 + 6NH3   A. Identify A
low temp.
(1) B (2) Al 18.
(3) Tl (4) Ga (1) B3N3H6 (2) B6H6
7. The strongest Lewis acid is (3) B4N2H6 (4) [BH2(NH3)2]+[BH4]–
(1) BF3 (2) BCl3 19. Which of the following is an example of borane?
(3) BBr3 (4) BI3 (1) B3H9 (2) B4H6
8. In BF3 (3) B3B8 (4) B4H9
(1) all the B–F bonds are single covalent in nature 20. The banana bond in diborane is constituted by
(2) B–F bond has some double bond character and (1) 2 atoms and 2 electrons
this bond is delocalised (2) 3 atoms and 2 electrons
(3) bond energy and bond length of B–F bond (3) 2 atoms and 3 electrons
indicate its single bond character (4) 3 atoms and 3 electrons
(4) all the bonds are ionic 21. Which of the following is a false statement?
9. Which of the following boron trihalides does not (1) BH3 is a Lewis acid
fume in moist air ? (2) All the B–H distances in diborane (B2H6) are
(1) BF3 (2) BCl3 equal
(3) BBr3 (4) All fume in air (3) Boranes are easily hydrolysed
10. 4BCl3 + 3LiAlH4   2x + 3AlCl3 + 3y. (4) LiAlH4 reduces BCl3 to borane
In the equation x, y are respectively 22. Which of the following statements regarding
(1) LiH & H2 (2) B4H9 orthoboric acid (H3BO3) is false ?
(3) B2H6 & LiCl (4) LiCl & B2H6 (1) It acts as a weak monobasic acid
11. Borazine is the product of reaction between (2) It is soluble in hot water
(1) Boron and sulphuric acid (3) It has a planar structure
(2) Boron and nitric acid (4) It acts as a tribasic acid

13
23. The molecular shapes of diborane is shown: 33. Out of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb which forms stable ionic
compounds in divalent state?
H 3Å H 9Å H (1) Pb (2) Sn
1.3 1.1
B B (3) Ge (4) Si
H H H 34. Carbon and silicon belong to (IVA) group. The maxi-
Which of the following are correct statements? mum co-ordination of commonly occuring com-
pounds of carbon is 4, whereas that of silicon is 6.
a. Boron is approximately sp 3 hybridised
This is due to
b. B–H–B angle is 180°
(1) large size of silicon
c. There are two terminal B–H bonds for each
(2) more electropositive nature of silicon
boron atom
(3) availability of d-orbital in silicon
d. There are only 12 bonding electrons available
(4) more electronegative nature of silicon
(1) a, c and d (2) a, b and c
35. In graphite, additional electrons are
(3) b, c and d (4) a, b and d
(1) localised on each C-atom
24. Al dissolves in molten NaOH with the formation of
(2) localised on every third C-atom
(1) sodium aluminate (Na3AlO3)
(3) present in anti-bonding orbital
(2) sodium metaluminate (NaAlO2)
(4) delocalised forming extended π -bonding
(3) aluminium hydroxide
system
(4) alumina
36. The hybrid state of C atom in C60 molecule is
25. Alumina is ..... in nature
(1) sp (2) sp 3
(1) Acidic (2) Basic 2
(3) sp (4) sp 3d
(3) Amphoteric (4) Neutral
37. The C–X bond energy order for carbon tetrahalide is
26. In aqueous solution GaCl disproportionates to
(1) CF4 > CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4
(1) GaCl2 and GaCl3 (2) Ga and GaCl3
(2) CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4 >CF4
(3) GaCl2 and Ga (4) GaCl3 and GaCl5
(3) CI4 > CBr4 > CCl4 > CF4
27. Boron differs from the other members of group 13
(4) CI4 > CF4 > CCl4 > CBr4
because it
38. CCl4 is used in fire extinguishers under the name
(1) has much lesser radius
(1) Pyrene (2) Phosphine
(2) is non-metal
(3) Phosgene (4) none of these
(3) is ionic in its compounds
39. Unlike PbCl4, PbI4 & PbBr4 are not found because
(4) has maximum covalency of 6(B2H6)
(1) chlorine is more electropositive
28. The compound which is not known
(2) iodine & bromine are of larger size
(1) B2Cl6 (2) B2H6
(3) iodine & bromine are unable to oxidise Pb to
(3) Al2Cl6 (4) none of these
Pb4+
29. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity while
(4) iodine & bromine have relatively low
diamond is non-conductor because
electronegativity
(1) diamond is hard, graphite is soft
40. Carbon dioxide is an acid anhydride of
(2) diamond and graphite have different atomic
(1) HCOOH (2) (HO)2CO
configuration
(3) CH3CO2H (4) HCHO
(3) graphite is composed of positively charged
carbon ions 41. Carbon monoxide is formed by the action of concen-
trated H2SO4 on
(4) graphite has hexagonal layered structure with
delocalized π electrons while diamond has (1) formic acid (2) acetic acid
continuous tetrahedral structure with no free (3) methyle alcohol (4) ethyl alcohol
electrons 42. Which of the following oxides is acidic?
30. Which element of group 14 does not exhibit allotropy? (1) B2O3 (2) Al2O3
(1) Pb (2) C (3) Ga2O3 (4) In2O3
(3) Si (4) Ge 43. Which of the following oxides is acidic as well as solid
31. In which case geometry of the molecule is pyramidal at room temperature?
(1) N(CH3)3 (2) N(SiH3)3 (1) SiO2 (2) CO2
(3) Both 1 and 2 (4) None of these (3) CO (4) N2O
32. p π - p π multiple bonds occur between 44. Structural units of ice & dry ice are respectivley
(1) C and C (2) C and O (1) H2O, CO (2) H2O, H2O
(3) C and N (4) in all cases (3) CO2, H2O (4) H2O, CO2

14
45. Silicones are (2) Statement – A is true, statement – B is true
(1) Synthetic polymers containing repeated but not the correct explanation for
R2SiO units statement A.
(2) Silicates with common SiO 44– unit (3) Statement – A is true, statement – B is false.
(3) Ketones with silyl group (SiH3) similar to alkyl, (4) Statement – A is false, statement – B is true
(SiH3)2CO 54. STATEMENT - A
(4) Zircon (ortho silicates) BCl3 is a strong Lewis acid in comparison to GaCl3.
46. Formula of the following silicate anion is because
STATEMENT - B
Atomic size increases down the group.
55. STATEMENT - A
Borax bead test is applicable only to coloured salt.
(1) SiO44– (2) Si2O76– because
(3) Si2O8 6–
(4) Si3O96– STATEMENT - B
47. Basic building unit of all silicates is In borax bead test, coloured salts are decomposed to
(1) Si2O5 (2) SiO44– give coloured metal meta-borates
(3) Si2O76– (4) Si4O116– 56. STATEMENT - A
48. Which of the following is called carborundum Aluminium and zinc metal evolve H2 gas from NaOH
solution
(1) Be4C (2) CaC2
because
(3) Al4C3 (4) SiC
STATEMENT - B
49. Wood charcoal is used in gas masks because
Several non-metals such as P, S, Cl etc. yield a
(1) it is poisonous (2) it liquifies gas
hydride instead of H2 gas from NaOH
(3) it is porous (4) it adsorbs gases
57. STATEMENT - A
50. Percentage of lead in lead pencil is
Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature
(1) Zero (2) 20
because
(3) 80 (4) 70
STATEMENT - B
51. Select incorrect statement
It can not be used as an antacid
(1) Si uses all its valence electrons in sp3-hybridisation
58. STATEMENT - A
(2) diamond is an electrical conductor, graphite is
Diamond is harder than graphite
an electrical insulator
because
(3) silicon is a semi conductor
STATEMENT-B
(4) most common silica is quartz
Graphite is more stable than diamond.
52. Select incorrect statement
59. STATEMENT - A
(1) CCl4 is easily hydrolysed
Out of SiCl4 and CCl4 only SiCl4 reacts with water.
(2) AlH3 is colourless solid and is polymeric
because
containing Al–H–Al bridges
STATEMENT - B
(3) LiAlH4 is an ionic compound
SiCl4 is ionic while CCl4 is covalent.
(4) AlX3 (X= Cl, Br, I) have low m.p., are covalent
and have halogen-bridged dimeric structure 60. STATEMENT - A
53. Which of the following is incorrect ? HF is used for etching of glass
(1) CO is used as a reducing agent because
(2) Tl (III) salts undergo disproportionation STATEMENT - B
(3) CO 2 is a green house gas SiO2 can only reacts with HF among all acids.
(4) SiO2 is a covalent solid 61. STATEMENT - A
Level –II Silicones are very inert polymers.
Section – I (Assertion – Reason type) because
Each question in this section contains statement – A STATEMENT - B
(Assertion) and Statement – B (Reason). Each question has Both Si–O and Si–C bond energies are very high.
four choices as given below out of which only one is Section - II
correct. This section contains multiple choice questions. Each
(1) Statement – A is true, statement – B is true question has four choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of
and correct explanation for statement A. which one or more than one is / are correct.

15
62. Which of the following statements is/are correct 68. What is true for carbon?
regarding B2H6? (1) It has maximum tendency of catenation
(1) Banana bonds are longer than normal B–H (2) It shows highest tendency to form p  -p 
bonds bonds
(2) B2H 6 is also known as 3c - 2e compound (3) It has highest value of IE1 in the group
(3) The hybrid state of B in B2H6 is sp 3 while that (4) It has highest atomic size in the group
of sp 2 in BH3 69. Carbon and silicon belong to group IV. The maxi-
(4) It cannot be prepared by reacting BF3 with mum coordination number of carbon in common
LiBH 4 in the presence of dry ether. occuring compounds is 4 whereas that of silicon is
63. Select correct statements about B2H 6 6. This cannot be attributed to
(1) Bridging groups are electron-deficient with (1) larger size of silicon
12 valence electrons (2) availability of vacant of d-orbital
(2) It has 2c - 2e B–H bonds (3) more electro-positive nature of silicon
(3) It has 3c - 2e B–H–B bonds (4) silicon being more vulnerable to attack by
(4) It is a sweet smelling gas nucleophilic reagents
64. When an inorganic compound (X) having 3c - 2e as Section – III (Matrix – Match type)
well as 2c - 2e bonds reacts with ammonia gas at a In this section, each question contains statements given
certain temperature, gives a compound (Y), iso- in two columns which have to be matched. Statements
structural with benzene. Compound (X) with ammo- (a, b, c, d) in column – I have to be matched with state-
nia at high temperature produces a substance (Z)
ments (p, q, r, s) in column – II.
(1) (X) is B2H6
70. Match the compounds in column I with charactristics
(2) (Z) is known as inorganic graphite in column-II
(3) (Y) is B3N3H6 Column-I Column-II
(4) (Z) is soft like graphite a. AlCl3 p. Aq. solution can be basic
65. The true statement about boric acid is that it in nature
(1) exists in polymeric form due to intermolecular b. B3N3H6 q. Isostere of benzene
hydrogen bonding c. Na2B4O7 r. Lewis acid
(2) is used in manufacturing of optical glasses. d. Al2O3 s. Amphoteric
(3) is a tri-basic acid t. Fumes in moist-air
(4) with borax is used in the preparation of a 71. Match the characteristics in column I with com-
buffer solution pounds in column II
66. The correct statement(s) related to allotropes of car- Column-I Column-II
bon is/are
a. Amphoteric p. B2H6
(1) Graphite is the most stable allotropes of
b. Polymeric covalent q. Al2O3
carbon and having a two dimensional sheet like
c. 3c-2e bond r. SnO 2
structure of hexagonal rings of carbon (sp 2)
d. HF is the only acid which s. AlH3
(2) diamond is the hardest allotrope of carbon and
attack the given compound t. SiO2
having a three dimensional network structure
of C(sp 3 ) Section - IV (Linked comprehension type)
(3) Fullerene (C60) is recentaly discovered non- This section contains paragraph and based upon each para-
crystalline allotrope of carbon having a football graph, multiple choice questions have to be answered. Each
like structure questions has four choice (1), (2), (3) and (4) out of which
(4) vander Waals’s force of attraction acts only one is correct.
between the layers of graphite 6.14 Å away Paragraph for questions no. 72 to 74
from each other Boron forms a number of hydrides having the general
67. Which of the following is/are correct for group 14 formulae BnHn+4 and BnHn + 6 .These hydrides are called
elements ? boranes. The simplest hydride of boron in diborane,
(1) The stability of dihalides are in the order B2H6. Boranes have high heat of combustion.
GeX2 < SnX2 < PbX2 72. The type of hybridization of boron is diborane is
(2) The ability to form p  - p  multiple bonds (1) sp (2) sp 2
among themselves increases down the group (3) sp 3 (4) dsp 2
(3) The tendency for catenation decreases down 73. Which of the following is electron deficient compound
the group (1) C2H6 (2) SiH4
(4) They all form oxides with the formula MO2 (3) PH3 (4) B2H6

16
74. In B2H6 (3) All the B - H bond distances are equal
(1) There is direct boron- boron bond (4) All the atoms are in one plane
(2) The boron atoms are linked through hydrogen
bridges

17
 Answer Key
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (2) 7. (4)
8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (3)
15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (1) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (2) 21. (2)
22. (4) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (1) 28. (1)
29. (4) 30. (1) 31. (1) 32. (4) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (4)
36. (3) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (3) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (1)
43. (1) 44. (4) 45. (1) 46. (2) 47. (2) 48. (4) 49. (4)
50. (1) 51. (2) 52. (1) 53. (2) 54. (2) 55. (1) 56. (2)
57. (3) 58. (2) 59. (3) 60. (1) 61. (1) 62. (123) 63. (23)
64. (123) 65. (124) 66. (12) 67. (134) 68. (123) 69. (134)
pq r s t pq r s t
a a
70.( b
c ) 71.( b
c ) 72. (3) 73. (4) 74. (2)
d d

18
 Nomenclature of Organic compounds
Organic Chemistry bons. They are further of two types:-
It is chemistry of organic compounds. Classically, organic i. Saturated hydrocarbons:- They contain single bond
compounds were those whose source of origin was living between carbon atoms. They are named as alkanes.
things. ii. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:- They have one double
And inorganic substances were those whose source of or one triple bond between carbon atoms in molecule.
origin were non-living things. For one double bond suffix is ‘ene’, therefore they are
Vital Force Theory:- (Vital – Mysterious) Given by named alkenes. For on triple bond suffix is ‘yne’,
Berzelius therefore they are named alkynes.
Urea was a first organic compound to be synthesized ar- Closed Chain
tificially. It was done by a student of Berzelius, Wohler. They contain a closed chain or a ring of at least 3 atoms in
the molecule. They are further of three types:-
NH4Cl + KCNO NH4CNO + KCl i. Alicyclic:- They contain cyclic ring of carbon atom
Ammonium Potassium Ammonium (Inorganic)
chloride cyanate cyanate and have properties similar to aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Rearrangment
e.g.,
O
ii. Aromatic:- They generally contain a benzene ring in the
NH2–C–NH2 molecule. e.g.,
Urea (Organic)
iii. Heterocyclic:- In these compounds in addition oxygen
Modern Definition of Organic Compounds:- Hydrocar- or sulphur are also present in the ring. e.g.,
bons and their derivatives are called organic compounds. Homologous Series:-
Representation of an organic compound: A series of similarly constituted compounds in which the
It generally consists of two parts R and G members possess same functional group and similar prop-
R—G erties.
Characteristics of a Homologous Series.
Alkyl Part Functional Group 1. All the members can be represented by same general
It is framework It is an atom or group of atoms responsible formula.
of H & C. for properties of organic compound. 2. The successive members differ by CH2 unit or 14 amu.
Different Formulae of an Organic Compounds e.g., Functional gp – OH (alcohol)
1. Condensed or Molecular formula CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH
Ethane – C2H6 3. All members have similar chemical properties and a
Ethene – C2H4 gradual variation in physical properties.
Ethyne – C2H2 4. The members of homologous series can be prepared by
almost similar methods of preparation.
2. Complete Structural Formula
IUPAC Name of an Organic Compound
H H The name has following components:-
Ethane – H–C–C–H Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word root + Primary
suffix + Secondary suffix
H H
Word Root:- Number of carbon atoms in a carbon chain.
H H Number of carbon atoms Word root
Ethene – C=C
1 Meth
H H
2 Eth
Ethyne – H – C C – H
3 Prop
3. Bond Line Formula:-
4 But
Carbon in almost all organic compounds is tetravalent.
5 Pent
In this formulae only C – C bonds are represented. The
6 Hex
edges and the ends of zig-zag chain represent carbon
atom. e.g., 7 Hept
or CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 8 Oct
9 Non
Classification of Hydrocarbons
1. Open chain or acyclic 10 Dec
2. Closed chain or cyclic or ring compounds 11 Undec
12 Dodec
Open Chain
They contain an open chain of carbon atoms with or with- Primary Suffix :-Nature of Bonding:
out branching. They are also known as aliphatic hydrocar- Nature of bond b/w C-atoms Suffix

19
 All single ane by a, e, i, o, u or y.
One double ene 8. Complex Substituent:- If a substituent is further
One triple yne substituted, i.e., a branched chain further contain
Secondary Suffix:- For functional group. e.g., For alcohol branching. Such substituents are named in parenthesis
sec. Suffix is ‘ol’ (small brackets). The numbering of branched chain
Secondary Prefix:- For substituents or side chains. starts from the carbon atom directly bonded to main
Primary Prefix:- It is used for representing cyclic nature chain.
of compound. e.g., cyclo, bicyclo, spiro. For complex substituents multiplying prefixes, bis for
Nature of C & H atoms in alkanes:- 2, tris for 3, tetrakis for 4
C– Atoms :- 9. For complex substituents complete name is considered
for alphabetical preference.
Primary or 1° C–atom:– A C–atom bonded to one or no
other carbon atom. e.g., CH 4, CH 3–CH 3 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1° 1° 1° Alkenes Alkynes
Secondary or 2° C–atom–C–atom bonded to two other car- G. formula CnH2n CnH2n–2
bon atoms. e.g., CH3–CH2–CH3 – C C –
C=C
1° 2° 1°
Tertiary or 3° C–atom–C–atom bonded to 3 other carbon 1. The parent chain must contain multiple bond even if
atoms. longest chain rule is violated.
Quaternary or 4°C – atom:- When a C–atom is bonded to CH2=C–CH 2–CH2– CH3
4 other carbon atoms. CH2–CH3
H–atom:- The degree of H–atom will be same as that of C– 2. No the carbon chain is such a way that carbon atom
atom with which it is bonded. bearing multiple bond gets minimum possible number
Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon if lowest set of locants rule is violated.
Alkanes:- For above: 2-Ethylpent-1-ene
Gen – CnH2n + 2 3. If a compound contain more than one multiple bonds,
Common System:- preference for numbering is decided by lowest set of
CH4 Methane locants rule.
CH3–CH3 Ethane CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – C CH
CH3–CH2–CH3 Propane While naming such compounds, double bond always
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 n – Butane get primary suffix and triple bond get sec. suffix.
Iso butane, n-pentane, Isobutane, Neopentane, Neohexane For above:- Hex-4-en-1-yne
Naming of Different Alkyl Group 4. If there is a choice double bond gets preference over
triple bond for numbering.
–H
R – H  R– CH2 = CH – CH2 – C CH Pent-1-en-4-yne
Alkane Alkyl group 5. If a compound contain more than 1 double or triple
CH4 Methane CH3 – Methyl bond, the word root has ending of ‘a’. e.g.,
Common names of Alkanes: CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 Buta-1, 3-diene
Rules for writing IUPAC Name of Alkanes CH2 = CH – C = CH2
1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain in the 2-Methylbuta-1, 3-diene
molecule. CH3
2. No the carbon atoms of the chain from an end in such Summary of Functional Groups
a way that the carbon atom bearing substituent or 1. Alkene:-
locant gets the minimum possible number. General Formula = CnH2n
3. If same substituent is present more than once, multi-
Functional Group = C=C
plying prefixes, ‘di’ for 2 ‘tri’ for 3, ‘tetra’ for 4 are
used. Primary Suffix/ 1° Suffix = ene
4. Lowest set of locants rule. H
H
5. If there is a choice preference for numbering is C=C
Example: C2H4 
decided alphabetically. While writing the substituents H H
alphabetical order is followed.
Ethene or CH2 = CH2
6. When the molecule has 2 or more chains of same
C3H6  CH3–CH = CH2 Propene
length, the parent chain is one which contain maximum
number of substituents. C4H8  CH3–CH2–CH = CH2 But–1–ene
7. Terminal e of primary suffix is droped if it is followed CH3–CH = CH–CH3 But-2-ene

20
2. Alkyne 4. Alcohol
General formula = CnH 2n–2 General Formula : CnH2n+1 – OH
Suffix = yne Representation : R – OH
Example:- Suffix : ol
C2H2  HC  CH Ethyne (Acetylene) Name : Alkanol
CH3 – C  CH Propyne Examples:-
3. Haloalkanes or Alkyl Halides CH3OH  Methanol (Methyl Alcohol or carbinol)
General Formula:- CH3–CH2–OH  Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
–H OH
CnH2n+2 
+X  CnH2n+1 – X
CH3–CH–CH3  Propan-2-ol (Isopropyl alcohol)
(Alkene)
Functional Group – X Diols (Never geminal)
Prefix – Halo CH2 – CH2  Ethane-1, 2-diol (Ethylene glycol)
F = Flouro, Cl = Chloro, Br = Bromo, I = Iodo OH OH
Name – Haloalkane (Alkyl Halides)  Propane-1, 2-diol
CH3 – CH – CH2
CH3Cl  Chloromethane (Methylchloride)
OH OH
CH3–CH2–Br  Bromoethane (Ethylbromide)
(Propylene glycol)
CH3–CH2–CH2–Cl  1-Chloropropane
Triols
(n-Propylchloride)
CH2 – CH – CH2  Propane-1, 2, 3-triol
CH3 – CH – Br  2-Bromo propane
OH OH OH
CH3 (Glycerol)
(isopropyl bromide) 5. Aldehyde
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br  Bromobutane O
(n-Butyl bromide) Functional group : –CHO or H–C–
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3  2-Bromobutane Representation : R–CHO
Br Suffix : al
(sec-butyl bromide) Name : Alkanal
Note:- It is a chain terminating group. The functional group
CH3 – CH – CH2 – Br  1-Bromo-2-methyl propane
carbon atom is included in carbon chain. Numbering starts
CH3 from functional group C–atom.
(isobutyl bromide) Examples:-
IUPAC Naming of di, tri and poly halogen compounds. HCHO  Methanal (Formaldehyde)
Multiplying prefix di, tri etc. are used. CH3CHO  Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)
CH2Cl2  Dichloromethane (Methylene dichloride) CH3CH2CHO  Propanal (Propanaldehyde)
Cl 6. Ketones
Alkylene CH2 – CH2
CH3 – CH Alkylidene O
dihalides
Cl Cl dihalide Functional group :
Cl –C–
Alkylene dihalides Alkylidene dihalides O
(Ethylene dichloride) (Ethylidene dichloride) Representation :
R–C–R’
1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane If R = R’  Simple Ketone
Br If R  R’  Mixed Ketone
Br
CH3 – C – CH3 Suffix : one
CH3–CH–CH2Br
Propylene dibromide Name : Alkanone
Br
Examples:-
Rules for naming organic compounds containing a func-
tional group O
: Propanone (Acetone)
i. Select the longest chain containing C-atom bearing CH3 – C – CH3
functional group.
O
ii. Number the C-chain in such a way that the carbon
bearing functional group gets minimum possible CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3 : Butanone
number.
(Ethyl methyl ketone)

21
 O If R = R’ Simple anhydride and if R  R’ Mixed
: Pentan-3-one anhydride
CH3 – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3
O
(Diethyl ketone)
–C
7. Ether Functional group : O
–C
Functional Group : –O–
O
Representation : R – O – R’
If R = R’, Simple ether O
If R  R’, Mixed ether R–C
Representation : O
Prefix : Alkoxy (smaller alkyl gp) R’–C
Name : Alkoxy alkane O
Examples:- Suffix : oic anhydride
CH3–O–CH3 : Methoxy methane (Dimethyl ether) Name : Alkanoic anhydride (simple)
CH3–O–C2H5 : Methoxy ethane (Ethyl methyl ether) Examples:-
CH3–O–CH–CH3 : 2-Methoxy propane O
CH3
CH3–C
(Isopropyl methyl ether) O : Ethanoic anhydride
CH3–C
8. Carboxylic Acids O
O
Functional gp : –COOH or –C–O–H O
Representation : R–COOH
CH3–C
O : Ethanoic propanoic anhydride
CH3–CH2–C
Suffix : oic Acid
O
Name : Alkanoic acid
Note:- It is a carbon containing chain terminating group. iii. Ester
The numbering should start from functional group carbon O
atom. Functional Group : – C – OR or – COOR
Example:- Representation : R – COOR’
HCOOH  Methanoic acid (Formic acid) Suffix : oate
CH3COOH  Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) Name : Alkyl alkanoate
CH3CH2COOH  Propanoic acid (Propionic acid) R’ – bonded to O-atom
CH3 – CH – COOH  2-Methyl propanoic acid Examples:-
(Isobutyric acid) Methy methanoate : HCOOCH3 (Methyl formate)
CH3
CH3COOC2H5 : Ethyl ethanoate (Ethyl acetate)
Dicarboxylic Acid
Acid Derivatives:- CH3 O
: Methyl-2-methyl propanoate
–OH
CH3–CH–C–O–CH3
R–COOH 
+G  R–COG
iv. Acid Amide
O O O
or
R–C–OH R–C–G Functional Group : –CONH2 or –C–NH2
i. Acid Halides Representation : R – CONH2
G = X Halogen (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Suffix : amide
O Name : Alkanamide
Functional Gp : –COX or –C–X Example:-
Representation : R–COX HCONH2 CH3CONH2
Suffix : ‘oyl’ halides Methanamide Ethanamide
Name : Alkanoyl halides (Formamide) (Acetamide)
e.g., HCOCl CH3COCl CH3CH2COCl 9. Cyanides:-
Methanoyl Ethanoyl Chloride Propanoyl Functional Group : –C  N
Chloride (Acetyl Chloride) Chloride Representation : R–C  N
ii. Acid Anhydride (By loss of water molecule): Suffix : Nitrile
O O Name : Alkane nitrile
R–C–OH R–C Note:- It is carbon containing chain terminating group. The
– H2O
O numbering of carbon chain should begin from functional
R’–C–OH R’–C
(Acid anhydride)
O O
22
group carbon atom. Suffix : Nitrile
Example:- Name : Alkane nitrile
CH3CN : Ethane nitrile (Methyl cyanide) Example:-
CH3 CH3 – O – N = O : Methane nitrite
: 2-Methyl propane nitrile (Methyl nitrite)
CH3–CH–CN
(isopropyl cyanide) Rules for Naming Organic Compounds Containing
Functional Groups, Multiple Bond and Substituent
10. Isocyanide (or Carbylamine or Isonitrile):-
i. Select the longest chain containing C-atom bearing
Functional group : –N  C functional group and multiple bond.
Representation : R–N  C ii. For numbering carbon chain the preference order is
Suffix : Isocyanide Functional gp > Double bond > Triple bond > Substitu-
Name : Alkanisocyanide ents.
Example:- iii. If an organic compound contain 2 or more functional
CH3 N  C : Methanisocyanide groups, one group is regarded as principle functional
11. Amine group and all other group are treated as substituents.
Functional group : NH2 The preference order for selecting principle functional
group is
Representation : R – NH2
carboxylic acid > sulphonic acid > acid anhydrides > ester
Suffix : Amine
> acid chloride > acid amide > nitrile > aldehyde > iso nitrile
Name : Alkanamine
> ketone > alcohol > amine > ether.
Example:-
O O
CH3NH2 : Methanamine (methyl amine) –COOH > –SO3H > –C–O–C– > –COOR > –COCl >
CH3 – CH2 – NH2 : Ethanamine (Ethyl amine)
O
CH3 
: Propan- 2-amine –CONH2 > –CN > –CHO > –N C > –C– > –OH > –NH2
CH3–CH–NH2 > –O–
Amines can further be divided into three different functional Nomenclature of Cyclic Hydrocarbons
groups:- For alicyclic compounds
i. Primary amine (1°) i. Primary prefix cyclo is used. e.g., cyclopropane
ii. Secondary amine (2°) ii. When an alkyl chain is attached to cyclic ring. e.g.,
iii. Tertiary amine (3°) Alkyl cycloalkane
IUPAC Naming of 2° and 3° Amines iii. If the ring contain multiple bond.
CH3– NH – CH 3 (2° amine) iv. If a functional group is attached to ring.
N - Methyl methanamine (Dimethyl amine) v. If the number of carbon atoms in side chain are greater
CH3–NH–CH2–CH3 than ring, ring is considered as substituent. If the num-
N-Methyl ethanamine (Ethyl methyl amine) ber of carbon atoms in the side chain are less than or
CH3 CH3 equal to that in ring, side chain is considered as sub-
stituent.
CH3–NH–CH–CH–CH3
vi. If more than one cyclic rings are present with the side
N, 3-Dimethyl butan-2-amine
chain, they are considered substituents irrespective of
CH 3 the no. of carbon atoms.
CH 3–CH 2–N (3° amine)
CH3 vii. If a functional group or multiple bond is present in the
N, N-Dimethyl ethanamine side chain, it considered parent chain irrespective of its
12. Nitro Compounds:- length.
O Nomeclature of alicyclic compounds containing carbon
Functional group : – NO2 or –N containing functional group
O
Representation : R – NO2 The C-atom of functional group is not included in the
parent name of the alicyclic system. Therefore, certain
Prefix : Nitro
prefix and suffix are provided to such functional groups.
Name : Nitroalkane
Func. group Prefix Suffix
Example:-
–COOH Carboxy carboxylic acid
CH3NO2 : Nitromethane
–COOR Alkoxycarbonyl alkylcarboxylate
CH3 – CH2 – NO2 : Nitroethane
or Carbalkoxy
13. Nitrites
–COX Haloformyl carbonyl halide
Functional group : NO 2 or – O – N = O
–CONH2 Carbamoyl carboxamide
Representation : R–O–N=O

23
–CN Cyano carbonitrile CH3
–CHO Formyl carbaldehyde
: 1,3-Dimethyl benzene (m-xylene)
Writing formula of an organic compound from its CH3
name
i. Write straight chain of C-atoms according to the word CH3
root
ii. Number the C-chain from either end : 1,4-Dimethyl benzene (p-xylene)
iii. Place double and triple bond if any at desired locations CH3
iv. Attach substituents and functional groups at desired CH3
locations.
v. Make each carbon tetravalent by attaching H-atoms. : 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (Mesitylene)
CH3 CH3
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compound
An aromatic compound can have two parts:- CH=CH2
i. Benzene nucleus : Ethenyl benzene (Styrene)
ii. Alkyl side chain

R Side chain CCH

: Ethynyl benzene (Phenyl acetylene)
Nucleus

A nucleus substituted compound means the specific group CH2–CH=CH2

is attached to benzene ring. The side substituted compound : 2-Propenyl benzene
means the specific group attached to alkyl side chain.
H
: Naphthalene
–H

: Anthracene
Benzene (C6H6) C6H5 – Phenyl
or Phene
Different Positions in Benzene Ring with respect to Alkyl : Phenanthracene
Group
R R R Halogen Derivatives
ortho X
meta : Halobenzene (Phenyl halide)
para
Prefixes when Hydrogen is Removed from Side Chain
Cl
: Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride)
CH3 CH2 CH –C–
–H –H –H Br
CH3
: 2-Bromotoluene (o-Bromotoluene)

Nomenclature of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Cl
Cl
: Benzene : 1, 2-Dichlorobenzene (o-Dichlorobenzene)

CH3
Cl
: (Methyl benzene) Toluene
: 1, 3-Dichlorobenzene (m-Dichlorobenzene)
Cl
C2H5
: Ethyl benzene Cl

: 1, 4-Dichlorobenzene (p-Dichlorobenzene)
CH3
CH3 Cl
: 1,2-Dimethyl benzene (o-xylene)
Side Chain Substituted

24
 CH2Cl CH2CH2OH
: Phenyl chloromethane (Benzylchloride) : 2-Phenyl ethanol

CHCl2 Aromatic Ethers

: Phenyl dichloro methane (Benzal chloride) O–CH3
: Methoxy benzene (Methyl phenyl ether)
CCl3
Anisole
: Phenyl trichloromethane (Benzochloride)
O–C2H5
Alcohol Derivatives : Ethoxy benzene (Ethyl phenyl ether)
OH
Phenetole
: Phenol
–O– : Phenoxy benzene (Diphenyl ether)
OH Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones:-
CH3
: 2-methyl phenol (o-Cresol) CHO
: Benzaldehyde
OH
: 3-methyl phenol (m-Cresol) COCH3
CH3
: Acetophenone (methyl phenyl ketone)
OH
O
: 4-methyl phenol (p-Cresol) C : Benzophenone (Diphenyl ketone)
CH3

OH OH
OH CHO
: Benzene-1, 2-diol (Catechol) : 2-Hydroxybezaldehyde (salicyaldehyde)

OH Aromatic Acid
: Benzene-1,3-diol (Resocinol) COOH
OH : Benzoic Acid
OH
CH3
: Benzene-1,4-diol (Quinol) COOH
: 2-methyl benzoic acid
OH
OH OH
OH COOH
: Benzene-1, 2, 3 triol (Pyrogallol) : 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid (salicylic acid)
OH
COOH
OH : Ethanedioic acid (Oxalic acid)
COOH
: Benzene-1, 3, 5-triol (Phloroglucinol)
COOH
HO OH CH2 COOH: Propane-1, 3-dioic acid (Malonic acid)
OH CH 2COOH
OH : Butane-1, 4-dioic acid (Succinic acid)
CH 2COOH
: Benzene-1, 2, 4-triol (Hydroxyquinol)
CH 2COOH
OH CH 2 : Pentane-1, 5-dioic acid
CH 2COOH
Side Chain Substituted
(Glutaric acid)
CH2OH
CH 2CH 2COOH
: Phenyl methanol : (Adipic Acid)
CH 2CH 2COOH
COOH
: Phthalic acid
COOH
25
 COOH OH
: Isophthalic acid O2N NO2
COOH : 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (Picric acid)
COOH
NO2

CH3
: Terephthalic acid
COOH : 3-Ethyl toluene
C2H5
Acid Derivatives
F
COCl
: Benzoyl chloride : 2-Ethyl-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene
C2H5
NO2
CONH2
: Benzamide NH2
: 3-Ethyl-5-methyl aniline
COCH3 CH3 C2H5
: Methylbenzoate Br
H3C CH3
O : 2-Bromo-1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene
C6H5–C O CH3
C6H5–C : Benzoic anhydride Nomenclature of Bicyclo Compounds
O 1. 2 rings are fused with each other.
Aromatic Amine 2. There are 2 common carbon atoms. Thus, there are
NH2 3-loops of carbon atoms. e.g.,
: Aniline
Bridge head
C–atom

NH2
CH3
: 2-methyl aniline (o-Toluidine)
3. Primary prefix is bicyclo
Side Chain Substituted 4. Word root corresponds to total number of carbon atoms
in all three loops.
CH2NH2 5. Numbering of C-atoms should begin from a bridge
: Phenyl methanamine (Benzylamine) head C-atoms.
6. Numbering should be done in such a way that the loop
Aromatic Sulphonic Acid with maximum number of C-atoms is numbered first
SO3H and then subsequent loops. e.g.,
: Benzene sulphonic acid 1
4 2
Bicyclo [1,1,0] butane
SO3H
3
: 4-methyl benzene sulphonic acid Let number of carbon atoms in loops are x, y, z; such
CH3 that x > y > z
Name:
Aromatic Nitro Compounds
Sec. prefix + Bicyclo [x, y, z] word root + 1° suffix
NO2 + 2° suffix.
: Nitrobenzene HO
7-methylbicyclo [2,2,1]
: hept-5-en-zol
NO2
Spiro Compounds
: 1, 3-Dinitrobenzene (m-Dinitrobenzene)
NO2 1. They have one common carbon between two rings.
2. Smaller ring is numbered first followed by bigger ring.
CH3 3. Numbering of carbon atoms should begin from carbon
O2N NO2 next to spiro carbon.
: 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
NO2
26
 Name : Spiro [a, b] alkane a < b are number of 3 4
2’ 2” 3’’
C-atoms in ring excluding spiro carbon.
4 1 2 1 1’ 3’ 1” 4’’
Example : 3 Spiro [2,2] pentane 4’
5 2
1, 1’, 3’, 1” - Tercyclobutane
: Spiro [2,5] oct-4-ene Replacement Nomenclature
1. In this system ethers, sulphides, selenides and amines
IUPAC Nomenclature of compounds having un- are named as oxa, thia, selena and aza derivatives re-
branched identical cyclic hydrocarbon units joint by a spectively of alkanes corresponding to total number of
single bond carbon atoms and oxygen or sulphur or selenium or
1. Multiplying prefixes like:- nitrogen atoms.
bi for 2, ter for 3, quarter for 4, quinque for 5 are used 2. The location of these heteroatoms in the carbon chain
2. For numbering such compound ring of either end is are indicated by numerals in accordance with lowest
taken, subsequent rings are numbered with primes( ’). set of locants rule. e.g.,
3. The connecting points of hydrocarbon units should get CH3–O–CH2–CH2–O–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
minimum possible number and they are indicated by 2, 5, 7-trioxanonane
placing their locants before the names. e.g.,
O
3 2” 4-oxa spiro (2, 4) heptane
2’
2 1 1’ 1” 3’’

3’ N Azacyclohexane
1, 1’, 2’, 1’’, -Tercyclopropane H
3 4 2” 3’’ N
1, 4-Diazacyclohexane
2 1 1’ 2’ 1” 4’’ N
4’ 3’
1, 1’, 2’, 1’’ - Tercyclobutane

27
28
 Objective Assignment
Choose the most appropriate answer : (3) 2, 3, 5-trimethyl hexane
1. All the members of a homologous series have same (4) 2, 3, 4-trimethyl hexane
(1) molecular mass 10. The IUPAC name of the compound
(2) molecular formula CH3 CH2CH3
(3) empirical formula CH3CH2CH2CH– CH– C– CH2CH3 is
(4) general molecular formula CH(CH3)2 CH2CH3
2. Which of the following molecules does not contain
any secondary hydrogen atom? (1) 3, 3-Diethyl-4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane
(1) n-Pentane (2) neo-Pentane (2) 3, 3-Diethyl-4-methyl-5-isopropyloctane
(3) neo-Hexane (4) iso-Pentane (3) 6, 6-Diethyl-5-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) octane
3. What is not true about homologous series? (4) 6, 6-Diethyl-4-isopropyl-5-methyloctane
(1) All the members have similar chemical 11. The IUPAC name of the compound
properties CH3– CH– CH– CH(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2
CH3 CH3
is
(2) They have identical physical properties
(3) They can be represented by a general formula (1) 1, 1-Dibutyl-2, 3-dimethylbutane
(4) Adjacent members differ in molecular mass (2) 2, 4, 4-Dibutyl-3, 3-dimethylbutane
by 14 (3) 5-(1, 2-Dimethylpropyl) nonane
(4) 4-Butyl-2, 3-dimethyl octane
4. The IUPAC name of the compound is
12. The IUPAC name of the compound is
(1) 2-Ethyl-3-(1-propyl) pentane
(2) 4-Ethyl-3-methylheptane
(3) 3-(1-Methylpropyl) hexane (1) 5-(2-Methylpropyl)-5-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)
(4) 2, 3-Dimethylhexane nonane
5. The correct IUPAC name of the compound (2) 5, 5-Dibutyl-3, 3, 6-trimethylheptane
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)2 is (3) 5-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)-5-(2-methylpropyl)
(1) 4-Ethyl-3-methylhexane nonane
(2) 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane (4) 5-(2-methylpropyl)-5-(3,3-Dimethylpropyl)
nonane
(3) 4-Methyl-3-ethylhexane
13. The IUPAC name of (CH3)3C – CH = CH 2 is
(4) 2, 4-Diethylpentane
(1) 2, 2-Dimethylbut-3-ene
H C4H9 (2) 2, 2-Dimethylpent-4-ene
6. The IUPAC name of CH3– CH2– C– C– CH3 is
(3) 3, 3-Dimethylbut-1-ene
CH3CH3
(4) Hex-1-ene
(1) 3, 4, 4-Trimethylheptane
14. The correct IUPAC name of the compound
(2) 3, 4, 4-Trimethyloctane
(3) 2-Butyl-2-methyl-3-ethylbutane
is
(4) 2-Ethyl-3, 3-dimethylheptane
(1) 5, 6-Diethyl-8-methyldec-6-ene
7. The IUPAC name of the alkane is
(2) 6-Butyl-5-ethyl-3-methyloct-4-ene
(1) 2, 2, 6, 6, 7-Pentamethyloctane (3) 5, 6-Diethyl-3-methyldec-4-ene
(2) 2, 3, 3, 7, 7-Pentamethyloctane (4) 2, 4, 5-Triethylnon-3-ene
(3) 5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2-methylpentane 15. The compound is named as (IUPAC)
(4) 2-Isopropyl-2, 6, 6-trimethylheptane (1) vinyl acetylene (2) 1-hexen-4-yne
8. Systematic nomenclature of (3) 2-butyne-5-ene (4) Both 2 and 3
– CH – CH – CH – CH is
2 2 3

CH3
(1) 2-methylbutyl (2) 3-methylbutyl 16. The IUPAC name of is
(3) isopentyl (4) s-pentyl
9. 1°, 2°, 3° and 4° carbon atoms are present in (1) 4-Ethyl-5, 6, 7, 9-tetramethyldeca-2, 9-diene
(1) 2, 2, 3-trimethyl pentane (2) 7-Ethyl-2, 4, 5, 6-tetramethyldeca-1, 8-diene
(2) 2, 3, 4-trimethyl pentane (3) 8-Ethyl-2, 4, 5, 6-tetramethyldeca-1, 7-diene

29
 (4) 7-(1-Propenyl)-2, 3, 4, 5-tetramethyl-non-1- (1) 2, 4-Dimethyl-3-(1-methylethyl)pentan-3-ol
ene (2) Tri-isopropylcarbinol
17. The IUPAC name of CH2=CH–CH=CH–C  CH is (3) 2, 4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentan-3-ol
(1) 3,5-hexadien-1-yne (4) Tri-isopropylmethanol
(2) 3,5-hexadien-1-yne O
(3) 1,3-hexadien-5-yne 25. The IUPAC name of compound is
O H
(4) vinyl acetyl ethene
(1) Ethanoic Acid
18. The IUPAC name of the compound
(2) Methylmethanoate
Br2CH – CH – CH – CBr3
is (3) Formylmethylether
C2H5 C2H5
(4) Methoxymethanal
(1) 3-(Dibromomethyl)-4-(tribromomethyl) hexane
26. Correct IUPAC name of CH3CH2CONHCH 3 is
(2) 1,1,1,4,4-Pentabromo-2,3-diethylbutane
(1) N-Ethylethanamide
(3) 4-(Dibromomethyl)-3-(tribromomethyl) hexane
(2) N-Methylethanamide
(4) 1,1,4,4,4-Pentachloro-2,3-diethyl butane
(3) N-Methylpropanamide
19. The IUPAC name of the compound
(4) N-Ethylmethanamide
BrCH2CH(Cl) – CH – CH – CH(Br)CH2Cl
is O
CH3– CH2– CH2 CH2– CH2– CH3 27. The IUPAC name of the compound
(1) 4-(1-Bromo-2-chloroethyl)-5-(2-bromo-1-
chloroethyl) octane (1) Tetra methyl propylene oxide
(2) 1, 5-Dibromo-2,6-dichloro-3,4-dipropyl hexane (2) 1, 1, 2, 3-tetramethyl oxopropane
(3) 2,6-Dibromo-1,5-dichloro-3,4-dipropyl hexane (3) 1, 1, 2, 2-tetramethyl epoxy propane
(4) None of these (4) 2, 3-epoxy-2, 3-dimethylbutane
20. The IUPAC name of the compound Et
CH 3–CH = C–CH–CH2–C CH 28. The IUPAC name of the compound is
Cl CH3 Me OH
(1) 5-chloro-4-methyl hept-5-en-1-yne (1) 3-Ethyl-4-methyl hex-5-en-2-ol
(2) 5-chloro-4-methyl hept-1-en-5-yne (2) 4-Ethyl-3methyl hex-1-en-5-ol
(3) 3-chloro-4-methyl hept-2-en-2-yne (3) 3-Methyl-4-ethayl hex-1-en-5-ol
(4) 3-chloro-4-methyl hept-6-en-2-yne (4) 4-Methyl-3-ethyl hex-5-en-2-ol
O 29. The structure of 2-methoxy-2-methyl propane is
CH3
21. The IUPAC name of compound is (1)
H3C – CH – O – CH3
(1) 4-Methyl-4-ethenyheptane CH3
(2) 3-Methyl-4-(1-propyl)hex-5-en-2-one (2) H3C–C–O–CH3
(3) 4-Methyl-3-(1-propyl)pent-1-3n-5-one CH3
(4) 4-(1-Propyl)-3-methylhex-5-en-2-one (3) CH3–O–CH2CH2CH3
C2H5–C–CH2OH (4) CH3CH2–O–CH2CH3
22. The IUPAC name of the compound, CH2 30. The IUPAC name of the compound,
is CH  C – CH 2 – CH 2 – COOH is
(1) 2-Ethylprop-2-en-1-ol
(1) 1-pentyn-4-oic acid
(2) 2-Hydroxymethylbutan-1-ol
(2) Pentyn-1-oic acid
(3) 2-Methylenebutan-1-ol
(3) 5-pentyn-1-oic acid
(4) 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyprop-1-ene
(4) Pent-4-yn-1-oic acid
23. The correct IUPAC name of the compound
31. Urea is named in IUPAC as
CH3–CH2–NH–CH=O is
(1) Amino acetamide
(1) N-Formylaminoethane
(2) diamino ketone
(2) N-Ethylformylamine
(3) Amino methanamide
(3) N-Ethylmethanamide
(4) 1-Amino ethanamide
(4) Ethylaminomethanal
HO
24. The correct IUPAC name of the alcohol, 32. The IUPAC name of compound is
[(CH3)2CH]3COH is

30
 (1) 3,4-dimethyl-2-buten-4-ol (1) Lactic acid
(2) 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenol (2) 2-Hydroxy propanoic acid
(3) 3-methyl pent-3-en-2-ol (3) α -Hydroxy propanoic acid
(4) 2, 3-dimethyl-3-pentenol (4) Carboxypropanol
33. The IUPAC name of the compound 41. The IUPAC name of the compound,
CH 3 O O CN
is
CH2=C–CH2–C–OC2H5 CH3– C– CH2– C – CH3 is
(1) Ethyl aceto ethanoate CH3
(2) Ethyl methyl butenoate (1) 2-Cyano-2-methyl-4-oxopentane
(3) Ethyl acrylate (2) 4-Cyano-4-methyl-2-pentanone
(4) Ethyl-3-methylbut-3-enoate (3) 4-Cyano-4-methyl-2-oxopentane
34. The IUPAC name of the compound having molecular (4) 2, 2-Dimethyl-4-oxopentanenitrile
formula Cl3C – CH2CHO is
(1) 3, 3, 3-Trichloropropanal 42. The IUPAC name of CH 3–CH–CH=C–CHO is
OH CH3
(2) 1, 1, 1-Trichloropropanal
(1) 4-Hydroxy-1-methylpentanal
(3) 2, 2, 2-Trichloropropanal
(2) 4-Hydroxy-2-methylpent-2-en-1-al
(4) Chloral
(3) 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-en-5-al
CH3 O
35. The IUPAC name for the formula, CH –C=CH–C–OH (4) 2-Hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-en-5-al
3
43. The IUPAC name of the compound,
is
(1) 2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid CH2–CH–COOH is
(2) 3-Methyl-3-butenoic acid OH NH2
(3) 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid (1) 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
(4) 2-Methyl-3-butenoic acid (2) 1-Hydroxy-2-aminopropan-3-oic acid
36. Choose the correct IUPAC name of the compound (3) 1-Amino-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Me (4) 3-Hydroxy-2-aminopropanoic acid
H3C – N – C – Et
44. The IUPAC name for the compound
Me CH2CH3 O

(1) N-Dimethyl-1-methyl-1-ethyl propane CH3 – CH – CH2OH is

(2) 3-Methyl-3-(N,N-dimethyl amino) pentane (1) 1, 2-Epoxy-3-propanol
(3) N-Dimethyl amino-3-methyl pentane (2) 1, 2-Oxa-propanol
(4) N, N, 3-trimethyl pentan-3-amine (3) 2, 3-Epoxy-1-propanol
37. The correct IUPAC name of the compound (4) 2, 3-Epoxyallyl alcohol
CH3CH(OH)CH2C(OH)(CH3)2 is 45. The IUPAC name of the compound,
(1) 2-Methylpentane-2, 4-diol CH3CH=CHCH2CHCH2COOH
(2) 4-Methylpentane-2, 4-diol is
NH2
(3) 1, 1-Dimethyl-1, 3-butanediol (1) 5-Amino-2-heptenoic acid
(4) 1, 3, 3-Trimethyl-1, 3-propanediol
(2)  -Amino-  -heptanoic acid
H3C O
38. The IUPAC name of compound N is (3) 5-Aminohex-2-ene-carboxylic acid
H3C H (4) 3-Amino-5-heptenoic acid
(1) N, N-dimethyl formamide
OH
(2) N,N-dimethyl amino methanol O
(3) N, N-dimethyl formamine 46. OH
O2N
(4) N, N-dimethyl methanamide O
39. Theprincipal functional group in the compound
The IUPAC name of the above compound is
Cl O
(1) 7-nitro-4-(carboxymethyl) heptanoic acid
HOCH2CHCH2–C–CH2CHO is (2) 6-nitro-3-(carboxyethyl) hexanoic acid
(1) – OH (2) – Cl (3) 4-(3-nitropropyl) hexane-1, 6-dioic acid
(3) –CHO (4) – CO – (4) 3-(3-nitropropyl) hexane-1, 6-dioic acid
40. The correct IUPAC name of compound having 47. The IUPAC of the compound
structural formula CH3 – CH(OH) – COOH is

31
 O OH NO2 CH2 – COOH
is
H3C – C – CH – CH – CO 2H
HOOC – CH 2 – CH – CH 2 – COOH is
(1) 2-Nitro-3-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid
(1) 3-(carboxymethyl)-pentane -1,5 -dioic acid
(2) 2-Nitro-3-hydroxy-4-pentanon-1-oic acid
(3) 2-Nitro-3-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid (2) 3-(carboxyethyl)-pentane-1,5-dioic acid
(4) 3-Hydroxy-2-nitro-4-oxopentanoic acid (3) 3-(ethanoic) pentane -1,5 -dioic acid
(4) Isobutane-1,1’,3-tricarboxylic acid
H C N
48. The IUPAC name of the compound is OH
H C N 54. The IUPAC name of the compound is
(1) 1, 2-dicyano ethene CH3
(2) But-2-ene-1, 4-dinitrile
(1) 4-Methylcyclopent-1-en-2-ol
(3) Di-but-2-en-1, 4-nitrile
(2) 5-Methylcyclopent-2-en-1-ol
(4) none of these
(3) 2-Methylcyclopent-4-en-1-ol
49. Consider following structures and the IUPAC
nomenclatures following it, of these correct (4) 3-Methylcyclopent-1-en-2-ol
nomenclatures are of 55. The IUPAC name of the compound

CH3–CH–CH3 OH O
H–C–C–OH
CN O O OH is
I II O NH2
2-cyanopropane 2-oxo-ethanoic acid
(1) 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-2-ketopentanoic acid
O (2) 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid
OH (3) 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid
HO
(4) 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-pentan-4-on-1-oic acid
O 56. The correct IUPAC name of the compound
III
2-butene-1, 4-dioic acid
(HOCH2CH2O)2CH–COOH is
(1) 4-Carboxy-3,5-dioxaheptane-1, 7-diol
(1) I, II, III (2) II, III (2) 2,2-Bis (2-hydroxyethoxy) ethanoic acid
(3) II (4) None (3) 4-(Carboxy-3,5 dioxoheptane-1,7-diol
50. The IUPAC name of compound having structure (4) None of these
CN CN CN 57. The IUPAC name of the compound
is
CH2 – CH – CH2 OH OH
(1) 1, 2, 3-Cyanopropane
(2) 1, 2, 3-Tricyanopropane is
(3) Propane-1, 2, 3-tricarbonitrile HO OH
(4) 3-Cyano-1, 5 pentane dinitrile
(1) 2, 2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1, 3-diol
(2) 2, 2-Dihydroxymethyl propane-1, 3-diol
51. The IUPAC name of the compound is
O OO (3) 1, 2, 3, 4–Tetrahydroxyneopentane
(1) 1, 2, 3-Tri-formyl propane (4) 2, 2-Dihydroxymethyl-1,3-dihydroxy propane
(2) 3-Formyl -1, 5-pentane dial 58. The IUPAC name of the compound
(3) Propane -1, 2, 3-trial O H
(4) Propane-1, 2, 3-tricarbaldehyde O
52. The IUPAC name of the compound is
COOH O
O Cl
is
HOOC COOH (1) Methyl-3-(chlorocarbonyl)-2-formyl
(1) Tripentane-1, 3, 5-carboxylic acid pentanoate
(2) 4-carboxy-1, 7-heptanedioic acid (2) 2-Carbaldehyde-3-chlorocarbonylmethyl
(3) Pentane-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid pentanoate
(4) 4-carboxy-1, 7-heptanedicarboxylic acid (3) 3-Chlorocarbonyl-2-methylcarbonyl pentane
53. The IUPAC name of (4) 3-Methoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-4-oxo butanoyl
choride

32
 CH2OH OH
59. The IUPAC name of (1) (2)

(1) 2  Δ  butane
H
(2) 2-butyl cyclopropane O
(3) (4) None of these
(3) 2-cyclopropyl butane
(4) none of these 66. Assign the IUPAC name of the compound
Cl COOH
CH2OH O
60. The IUPAC name of the compound is
Cl CH2-CH-CH2-CH-C-CH3 is
Cl Cl
(1) Octyl benzene
(2) Octyl-cyclo hexane (1) 3, 4, 5-Trichloro-2-[4-chloro-2-(hydroxy
(3) 3-cyclohexyl octane methyl)-5-oxohexyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic
acid
(4) 3-phenyl octane
(2) 3, 4-Dichloro-6-[4-chloro-2-(hydroxy methyl)-
O 5-oxohexyl]cyclohexane carboxylic acid
CH2CH2COCH3
61. The IUPAC name of is (3) 4, 5-Dichloro-2-[4-acetyl-4-chloro-2-
(hydroxymethyl) butyl] cyclohexane carboxylic
(1) 4-(2-Oxobutyl)cyclohexane-1-one acid
(2) 2-(3-Oxobutyl)cyclohexane-1-one (4) None of these
(3) 1-(2-Oxocyclohexyl)butan-3-one Cl
(4) 4-(2-Oxocyclohexyl)butan-2-one CH3
62. The correct IUPAC name of the compound 67. The IUPAC name of is
O CH3
COOH
(1) 4-chloro-meta-xylene
is
(2) 4-Chloro-1, 3-dimethyl benzene
OHC
(3) 1-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl benzene
(1) 5-Carboxy-3-oxocyclohexanecarbaldehyde
(4) 4-chloro-1, 3-methyl toluene
(2) 2-Carboxy-5-formylcyclohexane
68. What of the following is Cumene ?
(3) 4-Formyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
(4) 4-Carboxy-3-oxocyclohexanal
(1) (2)
OH
63. The IUPAC name of the compound is
OH
(3) (4)
(1) 1, 2-dimethyl cyclo 3, 4-butenen-di-ol
(2) 1, 2-dihydroxy 3, 4-dimethyl cyclo but-3-ene
(3) 2, 3-dimethyl cyclo but-2-ene-1, 4-diol
(4) 3, 4-dimethyl cyclo but-3-ene-1, 2-diol 69. The IUPAC name of the compound is
64. The correct IUPAC name of the compound
(1) 2-cyclohexylbutane
CH3 (2) 3-cyclohexylbutane
(3) 2-phenylbutane
is
H3C CH3 (4) 3-phenylbutane
O
Cl
(1) 1, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanone 70. The IUPAC name of compound is
(2) 1, 3, 5-trimethyl benzophenone
(1) Phenylchloromethane
(3) Trimethyl cyclobutanone
(2) Benzyl chloride
(4) 2, 4, 6-trimethylcyclohexanone
(3) Chloromethylbenzene
65. Cyclohexyl alcohol has which of the following
(4) Toluene chloride
structural formula
71. The IUPAC name of the compound,

33
 OH (1) 6,6’-Dinitrodiphenic acid
(2) 6,6’-Dinitrodiphenyl-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid
CH2 – CH – C(CH3)2 is
(3) 2,2’-Dinitrodiphenyl-6,6’-dicarboxylic acid
CH(CH3)2 (4) 2,2’-Dinitrodiphenic acid
(1) 2-isopropyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-3-butanol Cl
(2) 3-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-phenyl-2-butanol 78. The IUPAC name of the compound is
(3) 3-Benzyl-2, 4-dimethyl-4-pentanol
(4) 3-Benzyl-2, 4-dimethyl-2-pentanol (1) 6-Chlorobicyclo [3,2,1] octane
(2) 2-Chlorobicyclo [2,2,2] octane
O (3) 6-Chlorobicyclo [3,2,2] octane
72. The IUPAC name of the compound (4) 2-Chlorobicyclo [3,2,2] octane
OH
79. The IUPAC name for the compound
is
(1) Cinnamic acid OH
(2) 2-benzyl eth-2-enoic acid is
(3) 2-phenyl prop-2-enoic acid
(4) 3-phenyl prop-2-enoic acid (1) Bicylo[2.4.0]octan-3-ol
(CH3)2CCOOC2H5 (2) Bicylo[4.2.0]octan-3-ol
(3) Bicylo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol
73. Correct IUPAC name of is
NO2 (4) Bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-6-ol
(1) Ethyl-2-methyl-2-(3-nitrophenyl)propanoate
(2) Ethyl-2-methyl-2-(3-nitrophenyl)propanoic 80. The IUPAC name of the compound is
acid
(3) Ethyl 2-methyl-2-(3-nitrophenyl)propionate (1) Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane
(4) None of these (2) 1, 2-Cyclopropylcyclobutane
(3) 1, 2-Cyclobutylcyclopropane
OH
HO OH (4) 1, 2-Methylenecyclobutane
74. The IUPAC name of the compound 81. The Diels-Alder reaction between 1, 3-cyclo
HO OH is
OH hexadiene and acerylonitrile gives the product,
(1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexahydroxybenzene
(2) Benzene-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexol
. Its IUPAC name is
(3) Benzenehexol
CN
(4) None of these
75. The correct IUPAC name of the compound (1) Bicyclo [2.2.2]oct-2-en-5-nitrile
(2) Bicyclo [2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-carbonitrile
(3) 3-Cyanobicyclo [2.2.2]oct-5-ene
C (4) 2-Cyanobicyclo [2.2.2]oct-5-ene
is 82. Which one is correct ?

(1) Tetra phenylmethane (1) is Bicyclo [4,4,0] decane

(2) neophenyl
(3) 3, 3-diphenyldodecane
(4) none of these (2) is Bicyclo [4,1, 0] heptane

76. The IUPAC name of SHC COOH

(3) H3 C is 8-methylbicylco [4,3,0]
(1) 4-Carboxy benzocarbothialdehyde
(2) 4-(Thioformyl)benzoic acid non-1-ene
(3) 4-Carboxythiobenzaldehyde (4) All of these
(4) 4-Sulphanylbenzoic acid 83. The IUPAC name of the well known terpane
NO2 HOOC O
77. The IUPAC name of is camphor having the structure is
COOH NO2

34
 (1) 6-Oxo-1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (3) 1, 1', 3', 1''-Tercyclobutane
(2) 1,7,7-Trimethyl bicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-one (4) 1, 1', 3', 1''-Tricyclobutane
(3) 1,5,5-Trimethylbicyclo [2.1.1] hexan-2-one Level –II
(4) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo [2.1.2] heptan-2-one Section – I (Assertion – Reason type)
CH3 Each question in this section contains statement – A
(Assertion) and Statement – B (Reason). Each question has
84. The IUPAC name of the compound,
four choices as given below out of which only one is
is correct.
(1) 2-Methyl spiro [4.5] dec-1-ene (1) Statement – A is true, statement – B is true
and correct explanation for statement A.
(2) 2-Methyl spiro [5.4] dec-1-ene
(2) Statement – A is true, statement – B is true
(3) 2-Methyl spiro [4.5] dec-2-ene
but not the correct explanation for
(4) 2-Methyl spiro [5.4] dec-2-ene
statement A.
85. The IUPAC name of the compound,
(3) Statement – A is true, statement – B is false.
CH3 (4) Statement – A is false, statement – B is true
is 90. STATEMENT-A:
(1) 2-Methylspiro [5.4]deca-1, 6-diene
The IUPAC name for O is
(2) 2-Methylspiro [4.5]deca-1, 6-diene
(3) 8-Methylspiro [4.5]deca-1, 7-diene 7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane.
(4) 3-Methylspiro [5.4]deca-3, 7-diene because
STATEMENT -B :
86. The IUPAC name of the compound, is The prefix oxo is used for >C = O group
O
91. STATEMENT-A :
(1) 5-Oxaspiro [3.4] octane
The locant (2.7.8) is preferred over the locant
(2) 1-Oxaspiro [4.3] octane
(3.4.9)
(3) 5-Oxaspiro [4.3] octane
because
(4) 1-Oxaspiro [3.4] heptane
STATEMENT -B :
N Lowest locant number of first difference is
preferred.
87. The name of the compound by the aza
92. STATEMENT-A :
O
The IUPAC name of CH3–CH=CH–C  C–H is pent-
system is 3-en-1-yne and not pent-2-en-4-yne.
(1) 3 – Azacycloheptan-1-one because
(2) 1-Azacycloheptan-3-one STATEMENT -B :
(3) 3-Oxo-1- azacycloheptane Lowest locant rule for multiple bond is preferred.
(4) 1-Oxo-1-azacycloheptane 93. STATEMENT-A :
O The IUPAC name for the compound
88. The IUPAC name of the compound is C6H5COOCH2CH2COOH is 3-benzoyloxy propanoic
acid.
O because
(1) Dioxane STATEMENT -B :
(2) Diethylene-1, 4-dioxide C6H5CH2O is called benzoyloxy group.
(3) 1, 4-Dioxycyclohexane 94. STATEMENT -A :
(4) 1, 4-Dioxacyclohexane The correct IUPAC name for the compound
89. The IUPAC name of compound, CH(CH3)2 is 1-methyl ethyl cyclopentane.
because
STATEMENT -B :
is It is named as derivative of cyclopentane because
the number of carbon atoms in the ring is more than
(1) 1, 3-Biscyclobutylcyclobutane the side chain.
(2) 1, 3-Dicyclobutylcyclobutane Section - II
This section contains multiple choice questions. Each

35
question has four choices (1), (2), (3) and (4), out of group is included in
which one or more than one is / are correct. the parent chain
O COOH
95. The compound CH3 – CH2 – C – CH2 may be named as c. The compound in r.
CH3
which the multiple
(1) 2-ethyl-2-methyl oxirane
bond is present
(2) 1, 2-epoxy-2-methylbutane
(3) 1, 2-oxapentane CH 3 CH3 C2H5
(4) 2-methyl-2-butoxide d. Compound which s. CH2 = C– C– C – OH
96. The name chloromethyl acetylene implies CH3 C2H5
(1) CH3–CH=CHCl (2) ClCH2–CH=CH2 contains polyfunctional groups
(3) CH3–C  CCl (4) ClCH2–C  CH Section - IV (Linked comprehension type)
97. The compound (CH3)2 C(OH)CH2CH3 is called This section contains paragraph and based upon each para-
(1) 2-methyl butan-2-ol graph, multiple choice questions have to be answered. Each
(2) isoamyl alcohol questions has four choice (1), (2), (3) and (4) out of which
(3) ethyl dimethyl carbinol only one is correct.
(4) tert.-pentyl alcohol Paragraph for questions no. 101 to 103
98. Which of the following names are correct for the The priorities for citing principal groups in a carboxylic
compound CH3 – C – CH2COOH ? acid derivative are as follows : acid > anhydride > ester
O > acid halide > amide> cyanide. All of these groups
(1) 3-Keto butan -1- oic acid have citation priority over aldehydes and ketones as well
(2) 4-carboxy butan -2-one as the other functional groups.
(3) 3-Oxo butan -1-oic acid Name of carboxylic acid derivatives when used as
(4) 3-carboxy acetone substituent groups are
99. Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Spiro compounds contain fused rings at Group Name Group Name
quaternary carbon –COOH carboxy O
methoxy
(2) Bicyclo compounds contain two rings O –C–O–CH3 carbonyl
connected by a bridge –C–OC2H5 ethoxy O
O carbonyl carboxy
(3) – CH2 – CH – CH3 is called isobutyl group acetoxy
–CH2–C–OH methyl
–O–C–CH3
CH3 O O
(4) (CH3) 3C – is called tert. butyl group –C–NH2 carbamoyl –C–Cl Chloroformyl

Section – III (Matrix – Match type)

In this section, each question contains statements given 101. Which of the following structure has correct locants?
in two columns which have to be matched. Statements O 5 6 COOH
(a, b, c, d) in column – I have to be matched with state- (1) Cl–C 4 CO2CH3
1
ments (p, q, r, s) in column – II. 3 2
NC
100. Match the terms in column I with compounds in
column II O 6 CO2H
1
Column I Column-II (2) Cl–C CO2CH3
5 2
4 3
NH2 CH3 C2H5 O NC
a. The compound which p. CH3 – C – C – CH – C – H
CH3 CH3
O 2 1 CO2H
(3) Cl–C CO2CH3
contain three methyl 3 6
4 5
NC
and one ethyl group
after selecting the O 6 5 CO2H
4 CO CH
parent chain (4) Cl–C
1 2 3

2 3
NC
b. The compound in q. OH O
CHO
102. Cl C – NH – CH3
which C-atom of
secondary functional Which of the following is the correct IUPAC name

36
of the above compound ? 103. Select the correct IUPAC name among the following
(1) p-acetamide chlorocyclohexane O
(2) 4-chloro-N-methylcyclohexane for the compound CH3–CH–CH2–C–O–CH2–CH–CH3
carboxamide Cl Br
(3) N-methyl amido chlorocyclohexane (1) 3-chlorobutyl-2-bromopropanoate
(4) none of these (2) 2-chlorobutyl-3-bromoproponoate
(3) 2-bromopropyl-3-chlorobutanoate
(4) β -bromopropyl- β -chlorobutyrate

37
 Answer Key
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (1)
8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (3)
15. (2) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (2)
22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (1)
29. (2) 30. (4) 31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (4) 34. (1) 35. (3)
36. (4) 37. (1) 38. (4) 39. (3) 40. (2) 41. (4) 42. (2)
43. (1) 44. (3) 45. (4) 46. (4) 47. (4) 48. (2) 49. (2)
50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (3) 53. (1) 54. (2) 55. (2) 56. (2)
57. (1) 58. (1) 59. (3) 60. (3) 61. (2) 62. (3) 63. (4)
64. (4) 65. (2) 66. (1) 67. (3) 68. (2) 69. (3) 70. (1)
71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (1) 74. (2) 75. (1) 76. (2) 77. (2)
78. (2) 79. (2) 80. (1) 81. (2) 82. (4) 83. (2) 84. (1)
85. (2) 86. (1) 87. (2) 88. (4) 89. (3) 90. (2) 91. (1)
92. (1) 93. (3) 94. (1) 95. (12) 96. (34) 97. (134) 98. (13)
pq r s
a
b
99. (134) 100. (c ) 101. (2) 102. (2) 103. (3)
d

38
 Isomerism
Isomerism: Phenomenon in which different compounds O O
have same molecular formula but different structural for- CH3–C–OH and H–C–O–CH 3
mulae and thus different properties is called isomerism.
Such compounds are called isomers. If n = 3, C3H6O 2
Types of isomerism: O O O
A. Structural isomerism B. Stereo isomerism CH3–CH2–C–OH and CH 3–C–OCH 3 or H–C–O–C 2H 5
Strucutral isomerism: Compounds having same molecular d. Alkynes and alkadiens: C nH 2n–2
formula but different structural formulae and thus different If n = 3, C3H 4
properties is called structural isomer and phenomenon is CH3–C  CH and CH2=C=CH2
called structural isomerim. If n = 4, C4H 6
Types of structural isomerism CH3–CH2–C  CH and CH2=CH–CH=CH2
i. Chain or nuclear isomerism: The isomers which or or
differ in length of parent carbon chain. e.g. CH3–C  C–CH3 CH3–CH=C=CH2
CH3–CH–CH3 e. Cyanides and isocyanides
C4H10 :– CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 and
CH3 CH3–C  N and CH3–N  C
CH3–C=CH3 f. Nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites (Ambident group)
C4H8 :– CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 and CH3–CH2–NO2 and CH3–CH2–O–N=O
CH3
ii. Position isomerism: Isomers which differ in position g. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines are func-
or location of functional group or multiple bond or tional isomers of each other. e.g. C 3H 7NH 2
substituent are called position isomers. e.g. CH3–CH2–CH2–NH2 Primary amine
CH3–CH2–NH–CH3 Secondary amine
CH3–CH–OH
CH3–CH2–CH2–OH and CH3–N–CH3
CH3 Tertiary amine
CH3
CH 3–CH–CH 2–CH3
(I) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH, (II) and CH3–CH–CH3
OH
Primary amine
CH3–CH–CH2–OH NH2
(III) h. Aromatic alcohols, aromatic ethers and phenols.
CH3
e.g. C7H8O
Chain isomers: I and III Position isomers I and II
iii. Ring - chain isomerism: Alkenes and cycloalkanes CH2OH OCH3 OH OH OH
have same general formula and therefore they are CH3
isomers of each other. e.g. CH3
If n = 3, C3H 6 CH3
I II III IV V
CH2
CH3–CH=CH2 and III, IV and V are position isomers of each other.
H2C CH2
i. Amides and oximes
If n = 4, C4H 8
O
H2C CH2 R–C–NH2 and R–CH=N–OH
CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 and Determination of total no. of structural isomers:
H2C CH2 To calculate total no. of structural isomers we use concept
iv. Fuctional isomerism: Isomers having same molecular of double bond equivalence (DBE)
formulae but different functional groups and thus
different physical and chemical properties. e.g. DBE =
 n(v  2)  1 , where,
a. Alcohols and ethers: C nH 2n+2O 2
If n= 2, C2H6O n = no. of atoms of an element
CH3–CH2–OH and CH3–O–CH3 v = valency of the element
b. Aldehydes and ketones: C nH 2nO Significance of DBE
If n = 3, C3H6O If DBE = 1, then molecule has either 1 double bond or 1
cyclic ring. e.g.
O O
For C4H8, DBE = 1. Therefore possible isomers are
CH 3–CH2–C–H and CH 3–C–CH 3
CH3–C=CH3
c. Carboxylic acids and esters: CnH2nO 2 CH 3 –CH 2–CH=CH 2 , CH 3–CH=CH–CH 3 , ,
CH3
If n = 2, C2H4O 2

39
 percentage at equilibrium. e.g.
and
O OH
Q. Predict total no. of structural isomers for
i. C4H6 ii. C3H6O CH3–C–H CH2=C–H
Acetaldehyde Vinyl alcohol
v. Metamerism: Isomers which differ in the no. of
(≈100%) (only traces)
carbon atoms in chain along a polyvalent atom or
group. It is generally observed in ethers, ketones, O OH
thioethers, secondary amines etc. e.g.
CH3–C–CH3 CH2=C–CH3
O O > 99% < 1%
CH3–CH 2–C–CH 2–CH 3 and CH3–C–CH2–CH2–CH 3
O OH
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 and CH 3–O–CH 2–CH2–CH3 H
NH NH H
and
98.8% 1.2%
and Reason for higher percentage of keto form
Keto form is more stable than the enolic form because
vi. Tautomerism: In this isomerism, the two isomers are C = O  bond is stronger than C = C  bond.
readily interconvertible and coexist in equilibrium with OH
O O O
each other. This isomerism arises due to wandring of
hydrogen atom between two atoms of a molecule. CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 CH3–C=CH–C–OC2H5
93% 7%
If the H-atom is exchanged between two adjacent
atoms, it is called dyad system. If hydrogen is The increase in percentage of enolic form is due to the
presence of interamolecular hydrogen bonding in enolic
exchanged between alternate atoms, i.e. 1st and 3rd,
form.
it is called triad system.
This isomerism is also known as desmotropism. O O OH O
Example: CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3 CH3–C=CH–C–CH3
24% 76%
dyad system H–C  N 
 H–N  C
The further increase in percentage is because keto group
triad system is stronger EWG than ester group and therefore acidic
(I) Keto - enol tautomerism nature of  - H is more.

H O OH O O OH O
–C – C– –C = C– C6H5–C–CH2–C–CH3 C6H5–C=CH–C–CH3
11% 89%
keto enol The further increase in percentage is because enolic double
Conditions for keto - enol tautomerism bond is in conjugation with benzene ring.
Molecule should contain atleast one  - H atom. e.g. OH
O
O O
O
CH3–C–H –C–CH3
, CH 3–C–CH 3 , ,
Acetaldehyde Acetone only traces ≈100%
Acetophenone
The reason for higher percentage is that phenol is resonance
O O O O stabilized and is aromatic.
CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3 , CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 2. Steric factor or steric hindrance
Acetyl acetone (acac) Acetyl acetoacetate
Consider acetyl acetone and  - methyl acetyl acetone.
Following molecules will not show tautomerism as they
donot contain  - H atom. OH O OH O
CH3–C=CH–C–CH3 CH3–C=C–C–CH3
O O
CH3
–C–H –C–
, 91 - 93% 43.5 - 44.5%
Benzaldehyde Benzophenone in gas phase in gas phase
Factors affecting relative amounts of keto and enol 3. Effect of polarity of solvent
forms at equilibrium Polar protic solvents like water, acetic acid etc. which
1. Stability of keto or enol form form hydrogen bonds with carbonyl oxygen of keto
Greater is the stability of enolic form, higher is its form decrease enol contents.

40
 Aprotic solvents such as hexane, benzene etc. or even CH3 COOH CH3 H
absence of solvent increases enol contents. e.g. C=C C=C
H H H COOH
Enol contents of acetyl acetone in ethanol are 76%
Crotonic acid Isocrotonic acid
and 93% in hexane or gaseous phase.
Enolisation increases in the order Cinnamic acid
CH3CHO < CH3COCH3 < CH3COCH2COOC2H5 < C6 H 5 COOH C 6H 5 H
C=C C=C
C6H5COCH2COOC2H5 < CH3COCH2COCH3 < H H H COOH
CH3COCH2CHO cis trans
Tautomerism in system containing nitrogen ii. Oximes
1. Nitrous acid (HNO 2) Dyad system Acetaldoxime
O CH3 CH3 OH
H–O–N=O H–N C=N C=N
O H OH H
Nitrite form Nitro form
syn anti
2. Nitro methane (CH3NO 2) Triad system
Ethyl methyl ketoxime
H
O O–H CH3 CH3 OH
H–C–N H–C=N C=N C=N
O O C2 H 5 OH C 2H5
H H
syn anti
Nitro form Aci form
STEREO ISOMERISM iii. Azo compounds
Compounds having same molecular formula and same C6H5–N C6H5–N
structural formula but different orientation of atoms or N–C6H5
C6H5–N
groups in space. They in general have similar properties. syn anti
Types of stereoisomerism
iv. Alicyclic compounds
1. Configurational isomerism: The conversion of one
isomer to another require breaking of bonds. H H H CH3
2. Conformational isomerism: The conversion of one
isomer to another do not require breaking of bonds. CH3 CH3 CH3 H
Types of configurational isomerism cis trans
A. Geometrical isomerism
B. Optical isomerism
Geometrical isomerism: This isomerism arises due to H H OH H
restricted rotation along a bond in molecule.
Systems in which geometrical isomerism is observed. OH OH H OH
i. Alkenes C=C cis – trans cis trans
ii. Oximes C = N–OH syn – anti Properties of cis - trans isomers
iii. Azo compounds –N = N– syn – anti i. In general, the dipole moment of cis isomer is higher
than the dipole moment of trans isomer. Therefore, cis
isomer has higher intermolecular forces of attraction
iv. Cyclo compounds cis – trans and thus higher boiling point and higher solubility.
X X ii. In general, trans isomers are more stable due to less
steric repulsions. Thus, melting point of trans isomers
i. Alkene system:
are higher than corresponding cis isomers.
Conditions
a. Presence of double bond
b. The two groups bonded to doubly bonded carbon
should be different cis
Energy

a a a b
C=C C=C
b b b a trans
cis trans
HOOC COOH HOOC H
C=C C=C Cl CH3 Cl H
H H H COOH C=C C=C
Maleic acid Fumaric acid Exception: H H H CH3
cis trans

41
Difference in chemical properties N O O
Cis - trans isomers have similar but not identical properties. –C–N –C–H –C–OH
O N O O
H–C–COOH 130°C H–C–C –CH2OH < –CHO < –COOH
–H2O O
H–C–COOH H–C–C CH3 2 CH3 COOH 2
O
2 H 2
C=C C=C
Maleic acid Maleic anhydride e.g. 1 Cl Br 1 1 HO NH2 1

Z - isomer Z - isomer
H–C–COOH Does not form Total number of geometrical isomers in a molecule contain-
HOOC–C–H anhydride easily ing ‘n’ double bonds
Fumaric acid i. Whan two ends of molecule are different i.e. the
molecule does not contain symmetry
COOH COOH No. of geometrical isomers = 2 n
H–C KMnO 4, OH– H–C–OH ii. When the two ends of molecule are identical i.e the
H–C cold H–C–OH molecule possesses symmetry
Baeyer’s a. If n is even, then no. of geometrical isomers =
COOH reagent
COOH
n
(syn addition) 1
Maleic acid Meso tartaric acid 2n 1  2 2
(optically inactive)
b. If n is odd, then no. of geometrical isomers =
n 1
COOH COOH COOH 2n 1  2 2
H–C Baeyer’s H–C–OH HO–C–H Conformational isomerism: The different arrangment of
+
C–H reagent
HO–C–H H–C–OH atoms that result from free rotation of groups about C–C
(syn addition)
single bond is called conformational isomerism. A molecule
COOH COOH COOH
can have infinite no. of conformational isomers. e.g.
Fumaric acid Racemic mixture Conformation in C 2H 6
E – Z system of nomenclature of geometrical isomers Out of infinite isomers of ethane, the two extreme are
This system is introduced when all four groups bonded to Staggered and Eclipsed
doubly bonded carbon atoms are different. Before predict- i. Saw horse projection
ing E – Z isomers, we provide priorities to the groups
bonded to a doubly bonded carbon. Eclipsed form is 12.55 kJ mol –1 more energetic than the
1 a d 1 1 a e 2 staggered form. This energy difference is small and the two
C=C C=C isomers always coexist.
2 b e 2 2 b d 1
Most of the ethane molecules have staggered conforma-
Z - isomer E - isomer tion.
Priority sequence for atoms ii. Newmann’s projection
1. Higher is the atomic number higher is the priority. e.g.
I > Br > Cl > F > H
2. In case of isotopes, higher is the atomic mass, higher
is the priority. e.g.
1
D2 > 1H1 17
Cl37 > 17Cl35
3. In case of groups, priority is decided on the basis of
atomic number of first atom. e.g.
–SH > –OH > –NH2 > –CH3
4. If priority could not be decided at first atom, it is
decided with respect to second and subsequent atoms.
e.g. –CH3 < –CH2CH3 < –CH(CH 3)2 < –C(CH3)3 <
–CH2OH < –CH2Cl
5. In case of groups having multiple bonds with first atom,
the atom is considered to be bonded with same atom
equal to the number of multiple bonds seperately. e.g.
–C N –CHO –COOH
All other intermediate conformations are called skew con-
formations.

42
Conformational isomerism in n-butane Torsional strain is due to repulsions between electron pairs.
3. Non - bonded interactions: The atoms or groups
present on adjacent carbon atoms are called non-
bonded atoms or groups and the interactions between
them are called non bonded interactions. These inter-
actions can be attractive or repulsive.
i. Steric strain: When the distance between two non-
bonded atoms or groups is less than the sum of their
vander Waal’s radii, the molecule possesses steric
strain or hinderance. e.g. In n-butane, both gauche and
anti conformations are staggered, but anti conformation
is more stable due to less steric strain.
ii. Dipole-dipole interactions: Non-bonded groups or
atoms tend to take positions which have more
favourable dipole-dipole interactions i.e. minimum
repulsions and maximum attractions. e.g.
In ethylene glycol gauche conformation is more stable
than anti conformation due to intramolecular H-bonding.
Similarly, in halohydrines like fluorohydrine,
chlorohydrine.
Conformational isomerism in cyclohexane
Out of infinite conformational isomers of cyclohexane, four
important are
Dihedral angle: Angle between planes of CH3–C–C and
i. Chair form ii. Boat form
C–C–CH3
iii. Twist boat iv. Half chair
Factors affecting stability of conformations
1. Angle strain: Every atom tends to have angle which
matches its orbital bond angle. Any deviation from
orbital bond angle introduces angle strain. e.g. For sp 3
hybridized carbon, orbital bond angle is 109  28’.
Therefore, cyclopropane having angle 60  is less
stable than cyclobutane having angle 90  .
Determination of bond angle in cyclic ring
360
  180 
No. of carbon atoms in ring

360
e.g. In   180   60
3
360
  180   90
4
360
  180   108
5 Stability order:
Chair form > Twist boat form > Boat form > Half chair
10928' 
Angle strain   form
2 Reason for higher stability of chair form than boat
Most stable cycloalkane is cyclohexane form
2. Torsional strain: Any pair of tetrahedral carbons 1. In chair form, conformation along all C-atoms is
attached to each other tends to have staggered confor- staggered whereas in boat form, conformation along
mation. Any deviation from this conformation intro- C-atom 2, 3 and 5, 6 is eclipsed.
duces torsional strain in the molecule. e.g. Eclipsed 2. The two flag pole hydrogens in boat conformation are
conformation of ethane is less stable than staggered close to each other which increases steric strain,
conformation due to torsional strain. therefore decreases stability.

43
44
 Objective Assignment
Choose the most appropriate answer : metamerism?
1. Isomers of a substance must have the same (1) Ethers (2) Thioethers
o
(1) Structural formula (3) 2 Amines (4) All of these
(2) Physical properties 13. One among the following pairs of compounds is not
(3) Chemical properties isomers?
(4) Molecular formula (1) (CH3)2CH–O–C2H5 and CH3(CH2)2–O–C2H5
2. The number of structural isomers for C 7H 16 are (2) CH3CH2CO2H and CH3CO2CH3
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) CH3COCH3 and CH3CH2CH2OH
(3) 8 (4) 9 (4) CH3CH2NO2 and NH2CH2COOH
3. Cycloalkanes are isomeric with 14. Compounds with C4H 11N as molecular formula can
(1) Olefins (2) Alkynes exhibit
(3) Alkadienes (4) All of these (1) Position isomerism
4. How many aromatic amines can be represented by (2) Metamerism
the molecular formula, C7H9N? (3) Functional isomerism
(1) 2 (2) 3 (4) All of the three
(3) 4 (4) 5 15. Metamerism is shown by
5. How many structural isomers does monobromo- (1) Diethyl ether and n-propyl methyl ether
dichlorobenzene have? (2) Ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) Acetone and propionaldehyde
(3) 5 (4) 6 (4) Propionic acid and acetic acid
6. Which of the following represent functional 16. The compound C 4H 10O can show
isomerism (1) Metamerism
(1) Nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites (2) Position isomerism
(2) Alkanenitriles and carbylamines (3) Functional isomerism
(3) Alcohols and ethers (4) All the three above
(4) All are functional isomers 17. In keto-enol tautomerism of dicarbonyl compounds,
7. Isomerism exhibited by acetic acid and methyl the enol form is preferred in contrast to the keto-
formate is form, this is due to
(1) Functional isomerism (1) presence of carbonyl group on each side of
(2) Position isomerism –CH2– group
(3) Chain isomerism (2) resonance stabilization of enol form
(4) Geometrical isomerism (3) presence of methylene group
8. Structure CH 3 COCH 3 and CH 2=CH(OH)CH 3 (4) rapid chemical exchange
represents 18. Mark the correct statements about tautomers.
(1) Metamerism (1) They possess different electronic as well as
(2) Keto-enol tautomerism atomic arrangements
(3) Functional isomerism (2) They possess different electronic arrangement
(4) Position isomerism but same atomic arrangement
9. Which of the following does not show tautomerism (3) They have different atomic arrangement but
(1) C6H5 – COCH3 (2) CH3CHO same electronic arrangement
(3) CH3COCH3 (4) C6H5COC(CH3)3 (4) They does not exist in equilibrium
10. Which of the following shows tautomerism? 19. Compounds whose structures differ markedly by
(1) Benzophenone (2) Di-tert-butyl ketone arrangement of atoms but which exists in equilibrium
are called
(3) Benzaldehyde (4) None of the above
(1) Conformers (2) Functional isomers
11. Maximum enol contents is observed in
(3) Tautomers (4) Position isomers
(1) CH3COCH2COOC2H5
20. A compound which is not isomeric with diethyl ether
(2) CH3COCH2COCH3
is
(3) O (1) n-propyl methyl ether
(2) 1-Butanol
(4) CH3COCH3
(3) 2-Methyl-2-propanol
12. Which of the following organic compounds show
(4) Butanone

45
21. Tautomerism will be exhibited by O
(1) (CH3)3CNO (2) (CH3)2NH CH3–C–CH3
(3) R3CNO2 (4) RCH2NO2 30. The proper decreasing order w.r.t. enolic form is–
22. Compounds CH3–O–C3H7 and C2H5–O–C2H5 exhibit
O O O O
(1) optical isomerism (2) cis-trans-isomerism
(1) CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3 > C6H5–C–CH2–C–CH3 >
(3) metamerism (4) chain isomerism
23. An isomer of propanal is O O
(1) Acetone (2) Propane C6H5–C–CH2–C–H
(3) Ethanol (4) Propanol O O O O
24. HCN and HNC are (2) C6H5–C–CH2–C–CH3 > CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3 >
(1) Tautomers (2) Position isomers
O O
(3) Metamers (4) Chain isomers
C6H5–C–CH2–C–H
25. The molecular formula of a saturated compound is
C2H4Cl 2. This formula permits the existence of two O O O O
(1) Functional isomers (3) C6H5–C–CH2–C–H > C6H5–C–CH2–C–CH3 >
(2) Position isomers O O
(3) Optical isomers CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3
(4) Cis trans isomers
O O O O
O O
(4) C6H5–C–CH2–C–CH3 C6H5–C–CH2–C–H >
>
26. CH3–C–CH2–CH2–CH3 & CH3–CH2–C–CH2–CH3
O O
show :–
(1) Position isomerism CH3–C–CH2–C–CH3
(2) Metamerism 31. Nitromethane & aci-nitromethane are .......isomers
(3) Tautomerism (1) Optical (2) Functional
(4) Functional isomerism (3) Geometrical (4) Tautomeric
27. C 6H 14 has ........structural isomers. 32. Which of the following is the correct order of
(1) 4 (2) 5 stability of the following four distinct conformation
of n-butane ?
(3) 6 (4) 7
(1) Staggered > Gauche > Partially eclipsed >
28. Keto-enol tautomerism is observed in
Fully eclipsed
O O (2) Gauche > Staggered > Partially eclipsed
(1) (2)
C6H5–C–H CH3–C–CH3 > Fully eclipsed
O CH3 (3) Staggered > Partially eclipsed > Gauche > Fully
O eclipsed
(3) (4) C6H5–C–C–C6H5
C6H5–C–C6H5 (4) Fully eclipsed > Staggered > Partially eclipsed
CH3 > Gauche
29. Correct order w.r.t. enolic percentage is– 33. The isomerism that arises due to restricted
O O O rotation about carbon-carbon double bond is called
(1) CH3–C–CH3 CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 >
> (1) Geometrical isomerism
(2) Optical isomerism
O
(3) Tautomerism
CH 3–C–H
(4) Conformational isomerism
O O O 34. Geometrical isomers
(2) CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 CH3–C–CH3 >
>
(1) Contain an asymmetric carbon atom
O (2) Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond
CH 3–C–H (3) Contain a carbon-carbon double bond
O O O (4) Rotate the plane of polarized light
(3) CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 > CH 3–C–H > 35. Select the E-isomer among the following :
O Cl Br
(1) C = C CH
CH3 2CH3
CH3–C–CH3
Cl
O O O (2) C = C CH2CH3
CH3 CHO
(4) CH 3–C–H CH3–C–CH2–C–OC2H5 >
>

46
 H CHCl2 (3) position isomerism
(3) CH3 C = C CHCl2 (4) chain isomerism
H CH2CH3 45. The dihedral angle between the two methyl groups
(4) H C=C H in gauche conformation of n-butane is
36. The Z-isomer among the following is (1) 120o (2) 180o
o
CH 3 CH3 (3) 45 (4) 60 o
(1) C=C
H CH2CH3 46. The most stable conformation of chlorohydrin at
room temperature is
CH 3 CH 2CH 3
(2) C=C (1) Fully eclipsed (2) Partially eclipsed
H CH 3
(3) Gauche (4) Staggered
C6H5 CH2OH
(3) C=C 47. Which of the following is the most stable
H COOH
conformation of cyclohexane ?
C6H5 COOH
(4) C=C (1) Boat form (2) Half chair form
Cl H
(3) Twist boat form (4) Planar form
37. Geometrical isomerism will be shown by
48. Which of the following rings is most strained ?
(1) 2-Butene (2) 1-Butene
(1) Cyclohexane (2) Cyclopentane
(3) Ethylene (4) Propylene
(3) Cyclobutane (4) Cyclopropane
38. The restricted rotation about carbon-carbon double
bond in 2-butene is due to 49. The Baeyer’s angle strain is expected to be
maximum in
(1) overlap of one s- and one sp2-hybridized
orbitals (1) Cyclodecane (2) Cyclopentane
(2) overlap of two sp2-hybridized orbitals (3) Cyclohexane (4) Cyclooctane
(3) overlap of one p- and one sp 2-hybridized 50. Which of the following molecules can exhibit
orbitals conformation isomerism?
(4) sideways overlap of two p-orbitals. (1) CH3OH (2) H2O2
39. Geometrical isomerism is shown by (3) NH2 – NH2 (4) All the three
(1) CH2 = C(Br)I (2) CH3CH = C(Br)I 51. In the anti (staggered) conformation of n-butane, the
two methyl groups are at an angle of
(3) (CH3) 2C = C(Br)I (4) CH3CH = CCl2
(1) 90 o (2) 45 o
40. Which of the following has zero dipole moment ?
(3) 180o (4) 60 o
(1) 1, 1-Dichloromethane
52. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(2) cis-1, 2-Dichloroethene
(1) Ethane has two conformations of which
(3) trans-1, 2-Dichloroethene
staggered conformation is more stable than
(4) 1-Chloroethane eclipsed conformation
41. Which is pair of geometrical isomers?
(2) Ethane has infinite number of conformations
Cl Br Cl Br of which eclipsed conformation is more stable
I. C=C II. C=C
H Br H CH 3 than the staggered conformation
Cl CH3 H Br (3) Ethane has infinite number of conformations
III. C=C IV. Cl C = C CH of which staggered conformation has the
Br H 3

(1) I and II (2) I and III maximum energy

(3) II and IV (4) III and IV (4) Ethane has infinite number of conformations
of which the staggered conformation is
42. Which of the following does not show geometrical
possessed by majority of the molecules at
isomerism?
room temperature
(1) 1, 2-dichloro-1-pentene
53. Which one is Gauche form of butane
(2) 1, 3-dichloro-2-pentene
(3) 1, 1-dichloro-1-pentene Me Me
H
(4) 1, 4-dichloro-2-pentene H H
(1) (2)
43. Which of the following compounds exhibits H
geometrical isomerism? H H H MeH
Me
(1) C2H5Br (2) (CH)2(COOH)2
(3) CH3CHO (4) (CH2)2(COOH)2 Me Me
Me H Me
44. Which of the following isomerism is not found in
(3) H (4)
alkenes
H HH H H
(1) metamerism H
(2) geometrical isomerism

47
54. Which one is the torsional energy of the ethane? 56. Which is the most stable structure of cyclohexatriene?
(1) 0 kJ mol–1 (2) 12.5 kJ mol–1 (1) Chair (2) Boat
(3) 26.0 kJ mol–1 (4) 44 kJ mol –1 (3) Planar (4) None
55. C–C–C angle in chair & boat forms of cyclohexane 57. The energy difference between boat & chair form of
are– cyclohexane is
(1) 120 o, 120o (2) 109.5 o, 109.5 o (1) 151 kJ mol–1 (2) 12.5 kJ mol–1
(3) 109.5 o, 120 o (4) 120 o , 109.5o (3) 27 kJ mol –1 (4) 44 kJ mol –1

48
 Answer Key
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (1)
8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (4) 11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (4)
15. (1) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (4) 21. (4)
22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (2) 26. (2) 27. (2) 28. (2)
29. (2) 30. (3) 31. (4) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (2)
36. (2) 37. (1) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (3) 41. (3) 42. (3)
43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (4) 46. (3) 47. (3) 48. (4) 49. (1)
50. (4) 51. (3) 52. (4) 53. (4) 54. (2) 55. (2) 56. (3)
57. (3)

49